新榕层控风化型铁锰矿特征及成矿机制浅析

介绍了粤西新榕铁锰矿床地质特征，分析了成矿机制，认为该矿为一个在断裂破碎带中就位的层控古风化型铁锰矿床，并经第四纪进一步氧化富集，这一成矿模式在罗定新榕地区具有普遍性。     

广东新熔锰矿伴生银的赋存状态初步研究

广东省西部新榕锰矿矿石中含银较高，平均达到100×10     

内蒙古额仁陶勒盖银矿床锰矿物的矿物学初步研究

额仁陶勒盖银矿床出现的锰矿物主要为软锰矿、水锰矿、六方锰矿、锰铅矿、锰钾矿、菱锰矿、铁菱锰矿及锰方解石。解主要以独立矿物和离子吸附状态的形式赋存于地表锰铅矿和锰钾矿中；而软锰矿、六方锰矿、锰铅矿、锰钾矿等锰的氧化物和锰的氢氧化物是原生锰碳酸盐矿物的氧化分解而形成的，而水锰矿可能为热液形成；菱锰矿等原生锰的碳酸盐类矿物形成于后期热液阶段。     

贵州松桃杨家湾大型锰矿床地质特征与勘查实践

松桃杨家湾大型锰矿床是典型的"大塘坡式"锰矿床。该矿床是在上世纪80年代103队松桃黑水溪锰矿床外围找矿预测的基础上,历经5年(2006—2011年)的勘查实践,提交锰矿资源储量逾2 000万吨,结束了黔东地区当时没有大型锰矿床的历史。在对该矿床的矿床特征和构造古地理等特征分析研究的基础上,认为杨家湾锰矿床位于南华纪大塘坡早期北东65°70°方向展布的黑水溪-杨家湾狭长带状的Ⅳ级地堑盆地中。结合该矿床矮河溪一带发现有被沥青充填的气泡状构造和渗漏管构造等古天然气渗漏沉积构造分布特征,该矿床的成因类型与松桃大塘坡锰矿床一样,属典型的古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床。     

四川黑水地区锰矿成矿特征及找矿前景分析

四川黑水锰矿属扬子地台西缘之松潘—甘孜地槽南缘拗陷盆地边缘沉积,锰矿赋存于下三叠统菠茨沟组浅海相泥质—碳酸盐类的混合沉积物中,地层、岩性控矿明显。在对黑水地区锰矿床成矿地质背景和下口锰矿床特征研究基础上,对黑水地区锰矿的成矿模式和找矿标志进行了分析探讨,预测该区沉积变质型锰矿床具有很大的找矿前景。对区域上锰矿勘查具有指导意义。     

古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床找矿模型——以黔湘渝毗邻区南华纪“大塘坡式”锰矿为例

产于Rodinia超大陆裂解背景下、武陵次级裂谷盆地中的黔湘渝地区南华纪古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床已成为中国最重要的锰矿床类型。通过分析总结该类型矿床地质背景、南华纪早期构造古地理与矿床地质特征,基于古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床的成矿模式,总结建立了该类型锰矿床找矿模型:即以南华纪早期同沉积断层、Ⅳ级断陷盆地、两界河组及其中古天然气成因的白云岩透镜体存在与否、锰矿成矿地质体与大塘坡组厚度和裂谷盆地古天然气锰矿成矿系统中渗漏喷溢中心相、过渡相、边缘相等为主要地质标志建立地质找矿模型;以Ⅳ级、Ⅲ级断陷盆地中不同的Mn/Cr微量元素比值指标和δ~(34)S值在中心相、过渡相、边缘相判别指标建立地球化学找矿模型;以锰矿成矿地质体的低电阻率、高极化率与其上覆及下伏地层高电阻率、低极化率的物性差异特征,建立AMT地球物理间接找矿模型。项目团队运用建立的地质、地球化学和地球物理找矿模型,在黔东地区锰矿整装勘查实践检验中,已先后新发现了亚洲最大的松桃道坨和松桃普觉(西溪堡)两个隐伏超大型锰矿床,最近又新发现松桃桃子坪、高地两个超大型锰矿床,使黔东地区成为新的世界级锰矿资源富集区。古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床已成为继传统的海相沉积型、沉积变质型锰矿床之后,全球最重要的三大锰矿床类型之一。     

浅谈主要锰碳酸盐矿物相沉积特征及应用

本文在综合部分沉积型工业锰矿床矿物相特征的基础上,试就主要锰碳酸盐的矿物测定、沉积物理化学环境、分带特征的地质应用,谈几点粗浅认识.沉积锰矿床的矿物相特征1.矿石中锰矿物的组成据实验室矿物相分析查定,已知的若干沉积型工业锰矿床中原生沉积含锰矿物有:菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、锰方解石、含锰方解石、镁菱锰矿、镁钙菱锰矿、镁锰云石、锰云石、铁菱锰矿、含铁菱锰矿、锰铁白云石、锰菱铁矿等.以上表明,矿石中的沉积含锰矿物基本上是由二价锰碳酸盐类矿物组成,且锰、钙、镁、铁普遍具有类质同象替换的特点.     

中国锰矿的现状与展望

新中国成立迄今,已累计探明锰矿石7.17亿t。中国锰矿床有4种类型:海相沉积型、沉积受变质型、层控型和风化型。锰矿以地台型为主,地槽型次之。锰矿具有多时代,多层位的特点。矿石贫,富矿短缺。多数矿区已开发利用。钢铁工业要求锰业同步发展。今后应加强我国中西部地区锰矿的勘查与开发,重视两种资源的利用。     

贵州超大型锰矿集区的多尺度三维地质建模

黔湘渝毗邻区"大塘坡式"锰矿床具有世界上独特的成矿环境和机制,借助三维地质建模及可视化方式,可以直观而形象地进行研判.在系统分析和处理贵州松桃县超大型锰矿田及区域相关资料的基础上,利用QuantyMine三维矿业软件,分别构建了黔渝湘毗邻区的南华纪早期武陵次级裂谷盆地原型、古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿田、松桃县大塘坡典型锰矿床等3个不同尺度的三维地质模型,科学地表达了该超大型锰矿独特成矿环境,揭示了成矿机理和赋存状况,为该类型的矿床研究和成矿预测提供了新的手段.      

湖南富锰矿床地质特征及找矿予测

湖南锰矿资源丰富,但富锰矿床规模小,难选矿石多.主要矿床有风化型、海相沉积型和层控铅锌铁锰型矿床等三种类型.本文主要根据湖南富锰矿床分布特点,提出综合找矿方向.     

土壤铁锰结核中锰矿物类型鉴定的探讨

用化学选择溶提、X射线衍射 (XRD)等技术 ,对土壤铁锰结核中锰矿物类型的鉴定进行了探讨。结果表明 :根据 0 .1mol·L-1盐酸羟胺 (HAHC)处理前后土壤铁锰结核的XRD峰的变化 ,可鉴定出其所含的锂硬锰矿和钙锰矿 ;分析HAHC处理前后同一XRD谱线上不受锰矿物干扰的相邻层状硅酸盐矿物衍射峰与所含锰矿物衍射峰强度的比值变化 ,确定了水钠锰矿的存在 ;结合铁锰结核中与锰矿物类型相关的元素含量 ,可鉴定出其所含的钡硬锰矿和铅锰矿。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).