绿洲冷岛的行星边界层结构

本文利用行星边界层二维定常数值模式研究了绿洲冷岛的温度、水平风速、涡旋系数和比湿的结构。并且分析了背景场层结稳定度与冷岛的关系。     

HEIFE区边界层某些结构特征

我们于１９９１年８，１０月，在ＨＥＩＦＥ实验区的三种下垫面（农田绿洲、戈壁、沙漠）上进行了边界层探测，分析结果表明，被大片戈壁或沙漠包围的绿洲在整个时次上２００－３００ｍ以下边界层内温度低于周围环境，湿度大于周围环境，绿洲“冷岛效应”明显，其影响高度可达２００ｍ。实验区的风具有明显的日变化特征。     

边界层参数化对海南岛海风环流结构模拟的影响

利用WRF V3.7详细分析了应用8种边界层参数化方案（YSU、MYNN2.5、MYNN3、ACM2、BouLac、UW、SH、GBM）所模拟的2014年5月25日海南岛海风环流结构的差异,其中YSU、ACM2和SH为非局地闭合方案,MYNN2.5、MYNN3、BouLac、UW和GBM为局地闭合方案。结果表明:对于海风环流水平结构的模拟,15时,YSU、ACM2、BouLac、UW和SH模拟的北部海风较强,SH和GBM的内陆风速偏大。温度与海风发展强度相对应,MYNN2.5与MYNN3模拟的岛屿温度偏低,海陆温差小,海风相对较弱。对于海风环流垂直结构的模拟,09时海风开始,但强度较小,且存在残余陆风,向内陆传播距离较短,YSU、MYNN2.5和SH方案的海风相对较强。12时,海风已呈现出较为清晰的环流结构,YSU和ACM2的海风厚度及向内陆传播距离相对强于其它方案,MYNN3的环流结构则不太明显,且向内陆推进距离短,海风相对较弱。15时,海风发展强盛,MYNN2.5和MYNN3方案模拟的海风垂直强度较小,ACM2方案的海风垂直环流特征最为明显。18时,海风的强度和扰动均有所减弱,ACM2、BouLac和UW的整体海风相对强于其它方案。21时海风已基本转为陆风,BouLac与UW的陆风环流结构最为清晰。位温、水汽及海风垂直环流强度的发展变化与海风的演变过程基本一致。造成ACM2模拟海风偏强的原因是其边界层垂直混合偏强,形成了足够的湍流混合强度所致。对于边界层高度的模拟,ACM2的边界层顶最高,这与此方案所模拟的海风强度偏大相吻合,其它方案的边界层高度与海风强度并不完全一致。      

行星边界层急流结构数值分析

利用行星边界层初值分析方法对行星边界层内急流结构进行数值分析。根据1979年6月10日20时华南地区的地面和850mb观测资料,计算得到边界层内各个层次的风场。计算结果与实况比较一致,并且清楚地显示出急流的细致结构。     

北京低层高空的风速分布

分析北京1954,1955两年气球测风的原始记录,根据500米高度上的风速,这些记录可以分作三类:大风,中风和弱风三种情形。中风情形的记录最多,因此根据中风情形记录所得到的平均风速分布较有代表性,本文对中风情形的实测风分布作了理论的研究。假定900米以下湍流系数 K 随高度改变,而且 K=(a-bz)~2;900米以上 K 为常数,则由湍流平均运动方程的确解所算得之风速分布几乎和实测者完全一致。最后,本文还讨论了所建议的根据实测风决定湍流系数 K 的方法,指出应用这种方法时所须注意之点。     

一次冷锋过境后的边界层结构

本文利用声雷达探测、80米铁塔观测的风、温资料和探生资料,结合天气图分析,讨论锋后强天气过程的边界层结构。结果表明,冷锋后大风的形成是与高层下沉冷空气有着密切的关系,并与边界层过程也有密切的联系。 资料分析表明,大风天气过程的形成可能是下沉运动引起的边界层动量和热量输送相互作用的结果。     

SOLAR ECLIPSE EFFECTS OBSERVED IN THE PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER OVER A DESERT

Boundary-layer meteorologicalmeasurements were made before, during, and after theMay 10, 1994 partial (94%) solar eclipse over thedesert at the Atmospheric Profiler Research Facilityat White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, U.S.A. A largenumber of sensors were located in the middle of theTularosa Basin to measure mean and turbulentquantities and the refractive index structureparameter (Cn2). This event permitted a rareopportunity to measure, examine, and document theeffects upon the atmospheric boundary layer of asudden cut-off and subsequent turn-on of the sun'sradiant energy. At the peak of the eclipse, whichoccurred for more than three hours, all of the heatexchange parameters were affected, the turbulentprocesses were diminished, and the refractive indexstructure parameter decreased dramatically. A time-heightdisplay from the FM-CW radar shows a Kelvin–Helmholtzwave that developed during theeclipse. The results of several analyses arepresented to document and characterize the eclipse-modifiedboundary layer.     

近中性条件下青藏高原行星边界层厚度及其特征分析

本文利用1979年5—8月常规气象资料,采用三种不同定义的确定边界层厚度的方法,得到近中性弱稳定条件下夏季青藏高原平均边界层厚度为600m左右。     

VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER HEIGHT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH PM2.5 CONCENTRATION OVER CHINA

The planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) was calculated using the radiosonde sounding data, including 120 L-band operational sites and 8 GPS sites in China. The diurnal and seasonal variations of PBLH were analyzed using radiosonde sounding (OBS-PBLH) and ERA data (ERA-PBLH). Based on comparison and error analyses, we discussed the main error sources in these data. The frequency distributions of PBLH variations under different regimes (the convective boundary layer, the neutral residual layer, and the stable boundary layer) can be well fitted by a Gamma distribution and the shape parameter k and scale parameter s values were obtained for different regions of China. The variation characteristics of PBLH were found in summer under these three regimes for different regions. The relationships between PBLH and PM2.5 concentration generally follow a power law under very low or no precipitation conditions in the region of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei in summer. The results usually deviated from this power distribution only under strong precipitation or high relative humidity conditions because of the effects of hygroscopic growth of aerosols or wet deposition. The OBS-PBLH provided a reasonable spatial distribution relative to ERA-PBLH. This indicates that OBS-PBLH has the potential for identifying the variation of PM2.5 concentration.     

黑河地区行星边界层大气的气候分析

分析指出:气温和比湿的季节变化基本上呈峰谷相当波型;各月气温和比湿的直减率分别小于和略大于自由大气的直减率。整层各月为准无辐散和弱有旋的西北气流,风速的季节变化在近地层也呈谷峰相当波型,其振幅随高度迅速增强,但位相恰与温、湿波型相反。张掖单站分时次的月平均资料分析表明,风向、风速和层结稳定度都有明显的气候日变化;当考虑湿度层结时,夏季7月19时的平均层结是真潜不稳定,其余季节和时次仍为稳定层结。扩展域边界层月平均温、湿、风场的分析指出,黑河地区近地层在1、4、10月基本上位在平浅温度槽区,而7月却处在纬向水平温度梯度矢端;该区比湿7月相对最高,而其余各月很低;全域近地层流场仅7月稍复杂点,黑河试验区位于弱辐合流场中,其余月份黑河地区边界层平均基本上为平直西北气流所控制。     

THE ADJUSTMENT OF WIND TO EKMAN FLOW WITHIN THE PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER

By using simple barotropic boundary layer equations with constant eddy viscosity,the analytical solution is obtained under the initial condition that the distribution of wind for a given pressure is not the well-known Ekman flow.We have found that the wind will finally adjust to the Ekman flow at a rate faster than that of geostrophic adjustment.We have also found that the thinner the boundary layer,the faster the rate of adjustment.     

THE STUDY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BOUNDARY LAYER OVER HILL TERRAIN

Taking advantage of the actual continuous materials of hilly area, we analyse the structures of the wind and temperature fields of planetary bounday layer over hill terrain under different weather conditions. As the results show that being similar to the situation in flat area, the planetary boundary layer has striking characteristics of daily variation and distinct regularity. We also find that in certain weather situation or under certain weather condition, these characteristics are principally determined by complex effect of such factors as the features of specific radiation field and intensity of turbulent exchange, and the advection of wind, and the thermodynamic effect of valley or lake-land, and the extending direction of valley, as well as difference between states of sunlessness and sunshine of the surface. Therein, the local environmental situation, where the reference station stands, is of considerable importance to the formation of the characteristics of planetary boundary over hill terrain (shortened as HTBL). These results not only help us to disclose the characteristics of planetary boundary layer over hill terrain in theory, but also are of great value in practice, like developing hilly area, and implementing environment conservation etc.     

HEIFE绿洲和沙漠地区大气边界层湍流混沌特性研究

利用“黑河实验”期间张掖、沙漠观测站加强观测期间１９９１年６月２０日０９：００至１９９１年１０月２日０９：００时段内水平风速的观测资料,计算分析了有关测量混沌的特征量：关联维数。Ｌｙａｐｕｎｏｖ指数和Ｋｏｌｍｏｇｏｒｏｗ熵。     

WIND DISTRIBUTION IN THE NONLINEAR PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER OF A CIRCULAR VORTEX

In the PBL of a circular vortex in which the gradient wind is a function of radius,the equations ofmotion are solved under the assumption of K=l~2|(?)V/(?)_z|.The distribution of the wind and someboundary layer parameters are obtained.The vertical velocity at the top of PBL is also computed andcompared with other studies.     

复杂下垫面地域边界层结构的三维细网格数值模拟

建立了一个可供复杂下垫面地域使用的非静力的三维细网格边界层模式，就复杂下垫面条件下的边界层结构和湍流特征作了以实例为对照的数值模拟试验，模式采用能量闭合方案，舍弃了静力近似。以实测资料为初台输入，同时还做了一些数值试验，分别获得了采用静力与非静力模式和不同闭合方案对ＰＢＬ模型的结果。     

山地边界层中场变量的动力学研究

采用与实测较接近的二次函数来表达Ekman层中的湍流粘性系数K,在圆形气压场条件下,求得了山地上空边界层中的风速,进而求得散度、涡度和垂直速度等场变量随高度的分布。并作图分析了这些场变量的一些动力学特征。改进了以往在求解析解时,略去运动方程中湍流粘性力项中的关于高度的一阶导数项,以及取山坡面上风速为零作下边界条件等欠合理欠精确的做法。所求得的风速、散度、涡度和垂直速度均用简单的初等函数表示出来,有助于边界层参数化和深化对边界层动力学的认识。     

基于风廓线仪的华南地区夏季边界层湍流统计特征研究

采用双权重算法,使用2015年6—8月我国东南部业务风廓线雷达资料,通过湍流脉动垂直速度方差和偏度的计算和分析,对晴空和低云主导情况下的边界层湍流特征以及中小尺度局地环流对于边界层湍流的影响进行研究。主要结论如下:(1)晴天情况下垂直速度标准差和垂直速度偏度都具有明显的日变化特征,湍流主要由下垫面加热驱动发展;(2)在低云主导情况下,湍流明显弱于晴天对流边界层的湍流强度,边界层内湍流的发展不仅受地面加热的影响,而且在边界层上部存在明显的自上而下发展的湍流,这主要是由于边界层顶云辐射冷却造成的;(3)除了上述两种情况,边界层湍流发展同时受到局地中小尺度环流或者天气系统的影响,因而呈现出更多的复杂性。      

DYNAMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STREAM FIELD OF COLD FRONT IN BOUNDARY LAYER

The motion equation of atmospheric boundary layer with cold front surface under geostrophicmomentum approximation is solved and some characteristics of the stream field for the cold frontsurface in the boundary layer are derived,for example,the slope of the cold front surface increaseswith the increases of geostrophic vorticity and the temporal tendency of geostrophic wind speed,and also increases with the decrease of the component of thermal wind speed along the motiondirection of the front:the stream field above and below the cold front surface in the boundary layerdepends on the slope of the front surface,geostrophic wind speed and its temporal and spatialdistributions.A common characteristic is that there exist updraft motion above the cold frontsurface and downdraft motion below it.