龙滩水库枯水期N、P元素空间分布特征

为研究龙滩水库枯水期溶解态氮、磷营养元素的空间分布特征,在龙滩水库枯水期(2017年1月份)进行分层采样,现场测定水体理化性质及实验室分析水中营养盐浓度。结果表明:龙滩水库水温出现明显垂直分层:0~10m为温跃层;10~60m为混合层;60m以下为底温层;pH值为7.63~7.92,水体呈弱碱性。溶解无机氮(DIN)平均浓度为4.75mg/L。水体溶解性氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮平均值为0.07mg/L、2.62mg/L、2.05mg/L,分别占DIN的1.6%、55.2%、43.2%,硝态氮、亚硝态氮是组成龙滩水库溶解无机氮的主要成分。磷酸盐平均浓度为0.04mg/L。参照潜在性富营养化评价标准,N/P(质量比)比值为73.84,说明龙滩水库枯水期属于磷限制潜在性富营养状态,营养状态空间分布特征:坝前水体双江口红水河镇小马场。     

中国干旱内陆流域水体 N、P负荷特征与动态变化——以黑河流域为例

以黑河流域中游地区为研究区域，通过11年在不同河流断面的长期监测和区域内各类水体如地下水、泉水、水库和河流的空间选点取样分析，研究了干旱内陆流域水体 N、P等植物营养元素的负荷与时空分布及动态变化特征。浅层地下水与河水中NO₃-N含量普遍较高，含量超过 1．1 m g／L，大部分平原水库水中NH₄-N含量超过 0．3 m g／L；河水与浅层地下水TP、NH₄-N与NO₃-N含量均呈现沿流域从出山口至下游的显著递增变化，同时还具有明显的随时间递增趋势，其中NH₄-N含量在河流出山口及下游断面平均年增加幅度分别为 0．11 m g／L和 0．114 m g／L；流域水体 N、P含量的季节变化明显，黑河流域春季及春夏之交的枯水期大部分河段NH₄-N、NO₃-N和TP等要素含量为全年最高并出现水质超标污染。控制干旱内陆流域水域尤其是枯水期的 N、P污染，应成为干旱内陆流域水资源保护问题中值得关注的关键内容。     

南印度洋海区营养盐的分布特征

探讨了南印度洋海区总有机磷(TOP)、总有机氮(TON)以及溶解无机营养盐的分布规律。分析结果表明：研究海区内溶解无机营养盐受水体中生物活动和物理过程的综合影响,表层水体由于生物活动的消耗,其磷酸盐等无机营养元素的含量一般是采样水深范围内最低的;中深层水体由于生物活动的降低以及有机质矿化作用的影响,无机营养元素的变化范围较小。表层水体中TOP和TON含量占TP和TN的主要部分,说明表层水体中的氮和磷主要以有机态形式存在,且沿着37.8°S从西向东,TOP和TON的含量以及TOP/TP和TON/TN的比值呈降低的趋势。研究海区叶绿素a的分析结果表明,初级生产力的变化可能是控制研究海区TON和TOP空间分布的主要因素。不同形态氮、磷营养元素的相关分析表明,有机营养盐和无机营养盐之间互为补充,且表层水体中有机氮和磷是水体初级生产所需营养盐的重要来源,总氮、总磷的关系表明研究区初级生产力并不受氮、磷的限制。     

深水水库磷的生物地球化学循环

我国水能资源居世界第一。密集的水电开发形成数量庞大的梯级水库群,成为我国淡水资源最重要的存储形式之一。在这些水库中,磷的来源、生物地球化学循环过程与生态环境效应独具自身特点,但相关研究较为薄弱。本文以西南地区典型水库为例,系统地阐明了水库水体和沉积物中磷的赋存形态、时空变化特征、迁移转化规律及生物可利用性。随着国家水环境保护工作的有力推进,我国水库水体总磷(TP)浓度(0.02~0.21mg/L)呈持续降低趋势。统计结果表明,水库水体叶绿素a(Chl.a)与TP浓度呈显著正相关,表明水库藻类生长仍主要受TP浓度的影响。相较于中国东部浅水湖泊,西南地区水库沉积物中TP含量通常更高(均值>1300mg/kg),且活性磷组分(氧化还原敏感态磷：BD-P;Fe/Al结合态磷：NaOH-P;弱吸附态磷：NH₄Cl-P)占比超过50%。高分辨率观测发现,西南水库在夏季分层期显示出更高的内源磷释放速率(0.15~0.29mg/(m²·d)),远高于东部浅水湖泊(0.09~0.15mg/(m²·d))。季节性缺氧诱导的Fe/Mn结合态磷的还原溶解是水库沉积物内源磷释放的关键机制。此外,还论述了加强水库磷生物地球化学循环研究的重要意义,并提出了未来重点研究方向。

     

百花湖水体氮的空间分布研究

初步探讨了百花湖水体中氮的空间分布特征,并分析了氮及溶解氧(DO)的相关性。对8个站位的表层、4m、8m及12m水体中总氮、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮及溶解氧进行了测定。结果表明,百花湖水体中总氮的平均含量为1.18mg/L,氨氮的平均含量为0.144mg/L,硝酸盐氮的平均含量为0.20mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮的平均含量为0.018mg/L。百花湖入湖口附近的1号采样点总氮、氨氮和硝酸盐氮的平均浓度都较其它采样点高。分析表明百花湖中DO浓度与硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.629、-0.724。      

太湖沉积物和湖岸土壤的污染元素特征及环境变化效应

太湖沉积物和湖岸土壤具有相似的物质组成，具有相同的物源，通过补给区的径流，营养元素和重金属元素随着土壤迁入湖泊，由于沉积物和土壤物化条件的不同，它们的营养元素和重金属含量有差异。土壤中氮，磷的总量和有效态均比沉积物中高，表明有一部分营养物质进入了水体；营养元素高的沉积物均靠近城镇，其原因为居民生活污水排放，土壤和沉积物中多数重金属元素尚未超过自然背景值，只有沉积物中Cd和Pb，土壤中的Cu,Cd和Hg超过，但沉积物中重金属元素大多比土壤中高，特别在北部沿岸沉积物中，重金属元素含量大大超过平均值，这种不正常的高值是由人类不合理的废水，废物敢排放引起。     

长江上游紫色母质养分溶出及环境效应预测

对侏罗系沙溪庙组(J2s)、蓬莱镇组(J3p)、遂宁组(J3s)、三叠系飞仙关组(T1f)母质小于0．25mm、0．25～0．50mm、0．50～1．00mm、1．00～2．00mm、2．00～5．00mm、＞5．00mm6个不同粒级，振荡时间为0．5h、1h、3h、6h不同振荡时间养分(全氮、全磷)溶出试验，模拟侵蚀颗粒在水流扰动中养分释放，分析母质颗粒养分溶出对水体富营养化的贡献。结果表明：振荡时间与母质颗粒溶出的全氮和全磷的含量呈正相关关系；粒级的大小对母质溶出的全氮和全磷的含量存在影响，随着粒级的增大，养分溶出量先增加后减小；以振荡6h氮、磷最大释放量与水体富营养化临界值比较分析，以氮释放量计，紫色母岩区泥沙含量临界值在8．30～11．94kg/m^3；以磷释放量计，紫色母岩区泥沙含量临界值在24．10～37．04kg/m^3；长江上游紫色岩区泥沙含量已接近临界泥沙含量。侵蚀母质颗粒由于受到水流的扰动，溶出的全氮和全磷是造成水体富营养化的重要原因。     

广东大宝山矿区速溶性矿物的理化特征及其生物毒性效应

通过理化分析及生物检测方法,对大宝山矿区土层中速溶性矿物的理化特征及其生物毒性进行了初步分析。结果表明,大宝山矿区土层中的矿物组成成分较为复杂,含有大量的氧化性硫酸盐及其他致酸物质和重金属。矿物易溶于水,所得溶液pH较低（pH〈2．15）,并富含大量的重金属Cu、Pb、压、Cd以及Fe、Mn等元素,因而具有极强的生物毒性。矿物水溶液的稳定性较差,溶液的理化指标变化较大。急性和慢性生物毒性试验表明,即使溶液pH被中和至7．22以上,但溶液仍显示出较强的生物毒性,3．117mg／L的矿物溶液即会使试验生物在24h内的死亡率达到100％,说明该水溶性矿物的生物毒性除了受强酸性物质的影响外,还与矿物中多种组分共存时的联合生物毒性有关。在一般的水体中,该水溶性矿物的安全排放浓度仅为0．006mg／L。研究结果可为对矿山废物外排对下游生态环境的影响及生态风险评价提供理论依据。     

长江中游鄂东南铜矿集区铜等重金属元素水环境地球化学特征

对鄂东南铜矿集区山间谷地各类水体Cu等元素的水环境地球化学研究表明：(1)区域各类水体Cu背景值含量范围为1．71—5．07μg/L，平均3．18μg/L，这表明了研究区各类水体富Cu、Zn元素的化学组成特征；(2)区域地质背景是制约区域水体Cu背景值的主导因素；(3)区域水环境污染有两类：一类为自然污染，是中生代酸性岩体与碳酸盐岩接触带夕卡岩型Cu、Fe等矿体(矿化)的裂隙水及流经二叠纪梁山煤系(P11)和龙潭煤系(P21)溪水；另一类属人为污染，它们是选矿厂、化工厂和有色金属冶炼厂等的工业废水；(4)各类水体的Cu等重金属元素含量、元素组合及pH、电导值(G)等理化特征迥异。     

多目标生态地球化学调查土壤样品中砷硒锑有效态分析方法的商榷

以0．10mol／L NaH2PO4和0．50mol／L NaHCO3为浸提剂，试验了其对土壤样品中As、Se、Sb的浸提效果；以氢化物发生-原子荧光法(HG-AFS)测定了浸提液中As、Se、Sb的含量。方法在武汉、宁镇测区应用试验表明：采用0．50mol／L的NaHCO3为As、Se、Sb的有效态浸提剂，以HG—AFS法测定其含量的方案可行，检出限分别为：0．006mg／kg、0．001mg／kg、0．002mg／kg。精密度试验，6个标准样品的RSD(n=12)As、Se、Sb均≤10．15％。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861