高层混合结构滞回耗能比的研究

基于结构层间弯曲屈服强度的概念,提出了高层混合结构滞回耗能比的简化计算公式,该公式综合体现了结构以及地震动特征参数对结构滞同耗能比的影响。研究表明,结构滞回耗能比随地震动的峰值速度与峰值加速度的比值的增大而增大;随着地震动幅值的增大,滞回耗能比也线性增加;对于短持时地震动,滞回耗能比与强震持时之间没有一定的规律性,但对于长持时地震动,结构滞回耗能比会随强震持时的增大而线性增加。随着结构弯曲屈服强度系数的增大,结构滞回耗能比呈凹函数下降,结构的自振周期越大,同一弯曲屈服强度系数对应的滞回耗能比越小;钢框架与混凝土剪力墙承载力比值的增加能够降低结构的滞回耗能比。     

地震总输入能量与瞬时输入能量谱的研究

现有的抗震设计理论大多是基于承载力或强度的设计方法,与其相应的反应谱理论最大的缺陷是无法反映地震动持时的影响,而以地震动能量作为设计参数时就能弥补现有抗震理论的不足。本文按照反应谱理论的思路建立了线性单自由度体系的地震动总输入能量谱和瞬时输入能量谱。研究发现,阻尼比为5%时的地震动总输入能量谱和最大瞬时输入能量谱的等价速度谱可以分别用阻尼比为0.5%和10%下的拟速度谱来近似获得;地震波的V/A值大于0.15时,总输入能量谱的Δt谱峰值与地震波的强震持时呈线性增长关系,V/A值小于0.15时,两者间的关系无规律性。最大瞬时输入能量谱的Δt谱峰值基本不受地震波的V/A值与强震持时的影响;输入能量谱(总输入能量谱与最大瞬时输入能量谱)的特征周期随地震波V/A值的增大而增大,根据分析结果本文提出了线性单自由度体系输入能量谱的简化计算方法,方法简便,计算结果偏安全。     

Optimum strength ratio of hysteretic damper

This paper deals with steel moment frames combined with hysteretic dampers. Specifically, it examines the strength of dampers required to minimize damage to moment frames under earthquake loading. The important structural variables are the ratio of the dampers' shear strength to the maximum resistance, termed β in this study, and the relative stiffness between the damper and the main frame, termed k. The equivalent viscous damping ratio of the entire structural system is affected by the quantities β and k and the ductility ratio of the main frame. The optimum dampers' strength ratio (β_opt), which maximizes the equivalent viscous damping ratio, was formulated as a function of k, and it was found that β_opt is independent of the ductility ratio of the main frame. Earthquake response analysis confirmed that damage to the main frame can be significantly reduced by hysteretic dampers and minimized at the value of β_opt. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Formulation of elastic earthquake input energy spectra

The object of this paper is to introduce a procedure for the determination of elastic design earthquake input energy spectra taking into account the influence of magnitude, soil type and distance from the surface projection of the fault. Firstly, an accurate selection of a large set of representative records has been realized. Secondly, the construction of the design input energy spectra has required determining the spectral shapes and a normalization factor which measures seismic hazard in terms of energy. This factor, denoted as the seismic hazard energy factor, has been defined as the area under the earthquake input energy spectrum in the period interval between 0·05 and 4·0 s. Finally, due to the importance of the source-to-site distance in the evaluation of the input energy, an investigation into the attenuation of the seismic hazard energy factor has been carried out. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of hanging wall and footwall on demand of structural input energy during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

Systematic differences in the duration and frequency content of ground motions from the hanging wall and footwall during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake are investigated,focusing on the influence of these differences on structural input energy based on the elastic and inelastic energy responses of structures.A comparison of the input energy spectra between the hanging wall and the footwall reveal that the structural input energy on the hanging wall is not amplified due to the short duration and low peak ground velocity to acceleration ratio(V/A).However,the larger demand of structural input energy on the footwall in the range of medium and long periods is observed and the demand increases up to 50% relative to the average level of structural input energy for rupture distances larger than 30 km.The importance of considering the footwall effect on structural input energy when comparing ground motions in the range of medium and long periods is recognized.     

Systematic development of a new hysteretic damper based on torsional yielding: part II—experimental phase

This paper reports on experimental studies carried out on a 200 kN, 120 mm‐capacity prototype of the newly developed multidirectional torsional hysteretic damper for seismic protection of structures. The main goal of the experiments is to test the validity of the theory developed in a companion paper and to evaluate the low‐cycle fatigue performance of the energy dissipaters of the damper. Because the design and configuration of the damper allow easy replacement of the energy dissipaters, four sets of energy dissipaters were produced out of S355J2 + N, C45 (two sets), and 42CrMo4 + QT steel grades. Force–displacement response of the multidirectional torsional hysteretic damper is studied through fully reversed cyclic quasi‐static displacement‐controlled tests that were carried out in compliance with EN 15129. Following the verification tests, with the aim of studying fatigue and fracture behavior of the cylindrical energy dissipaters of the device, certain numbers of them were subjected to further cyclic tests up to failure, and observations on their fatigue/fracture behavior are reported. The experimental verification test results proved the validity of the developed theory and component design assumptions presented in a companion paper. Furthermore, the energy dissipaters exhibited excellent torsional low‐cycle fatigue performance with number of cycles to failure reaching 118 at a maximum shear strain of 8% for S355J2 + N steel grade. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Systematic development of a new hysteretic damper based on torsional yielding: part I—design and development

Analytical and experimental studies into the behavior of a new hysteretic damper, designed for seismic protection of structures is presented in two papers. Although the subject matter of the papers is a specific system, they are also intended as an illustration of practical application of diverse engineering tools in systematic development of an anti‐seismic product. The Multi‐directional Torsional Hysteretic Damper (MTHD) is a recently patented invention in which a symmetrical arrangement of identical cylindrical steel energy dissipaters is configured to yield in torsion while the structure experiences planar movements due to earthquake shakings. The device has gone through many stages of design refinement, prototype verification tests and development of design guidelines and computer codes to facilitate its implementation in practice. The first of this two‐part paper summarizes the development stages of the new system, conceptual and analytical. The experimental phase of the research is the focus of the accompanying paper. The new device has certain desirable properties. Notably, it is characterized by a variable and controllable‐via‐design or adaptive post‐elastic stiffness. This feature gives the isolated structure the capability to evade the dominant period of the ground motion leading to reduced displacements while having force levels comparable to regular bilinear isolation systems. The device has already been applied to four major bridges. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

两类铅阻尼器的滞回性能研究

在研制一套具有竖向耗能能力的抗倾覆装置过程中,针对该装置对阻尼器的要求,设计了两种铅阻尼器,铅剪切阻尼器和钢铅组合耗能器。根据实验得出的两种铅阻尼器的滞回曲线的基础上,简化滞回规则,并通过算例分析,给出控制效果分析。分析表明,两种阻尼器对结构的竖向震动起到了一定的控制效果,适合工程应用。     

A new type of damper with friction-variable characteristics

Professor T.T.Soong is one of the early pioneers in fi eld of earthquake response control of structures.A new type of smart damper,which is based on an Energy Dissipating Restraint(EDR),is presented in this paper.The EDR by Nims and Kelly,which has a triangle hysteretic loop,behaves like an active variable stiffness system(AVS) and possesses the basic characteristics of a linear viscous damper but has diffi culty in capturing the output and large stroke simultaneously needed for practical applicataions in e...     

粘弹性阻尼器对建筑结构非线性地震反应的控制

粘弹性阻尼器是抗震被动控制中一十分有效的耗能减震装置,本文４推导了粘弹性阻尼器和斜支撑的组合间单元刚度矩阵,并建立了在罕遇地震作用下,设置粘弹性阻尼器斜支撑的钢筋混凝土框架结构非线性地震反应时程分析的方法。     

基于小波方法的多自由度体系地震动输入能量研究

对多自由度体系应用小波分解的地震激励,将地震动总输入能量表示为不同频段地震动输入能量的叠加.与单自由度体系相比,多自由度体系应用小波分解会产生较大的误差,这并不影响研究小波分解后各频段对单一固有振型输入能量的贡献.这样可以从频率的角度分析多自由度体系的地震动输入能量.     

On the estimation of hysteretic energy demands for SDOF systems

Based on a statistical study of the dynamic response of single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems subjected to earthquake ground motions, a rule to estimate hysteretic energy demands is proposed. Expressions for elastic–perfectly plastic, stiffness degrading and pinching SDOF systems were obtained. The proposed rule does not explicitly depend on the period of the system; instead, it depends on the elastic pseudo‐acceleration and elastic velocity spectra. It is shown that the proposed rule can be applied to compute hysteretic energy demands for systems located at different soil conditions. In addition, information about scatter and bias of the proposed rule is also presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于能量反应的地震动输入选择方法讨论

输入地震波的合理选择是影响结构时程分析结果可信度的重要因素。已有的最优双指标选波方案没有考虑地震动的持时和能量分布的影响。文中考虑地震动持时这一影响结构弹塑性反应的重要因素,以抗震结构的能量反应规律为基础讨论输入地震波选择问题,建议以地震动弹性总输入能反应作为补充指标的选波方案。     

Choice between series and parallel connections of hysteretic system and viscous damper for seismic protection of structures

Supplemental viscous damping devices are generally envisioned to be connected in parallel to the inelastic parent structure or hysteretic damping devices. This gives rise to higher base shear, and often greater ductility demand of the hysteretic system. The series connection of the viscous and hysteretic system (the inelastic structure or a damper) is an alternative approach. In this paper, comparisons between the series and parallel connections of the hysteretic system and viscous dampers are done through response spectra analyses of single degree of freedom structures. Ductility demand of the hysteretic system and the total base shear are chosen as the response quantities. For the series model, a semi‐implicit solution scheme for classical Maxwell model is modified to include the inelasticity of the time‐independent hysteretic spring. It is observed that the series connection of the 2 dampers gives lower base shear than does the parallel connection. For long‐period and low‐damping structures, the ductility demand of the hysteretic system in series connection is higher than that in parallel connection. Increasing the viscous damping in series connection reduces the ductility demand substantially, lower than that obtained in parallel connection. Practical methods for implementing the series and parallel connections, in line with roof isolation, are also suggested.     

内藏X形软钢板铅复合耗能器的力学性能及减震分析

在内藏X形软钢板铅复合耗能器和软钢耗能器低周反复荷载试验研究基础上,进行了理论分析,理论计算滞回曲线与实测滞回曲线吻合较好。建议了恢复力模型。将内藏X形软钢板铅复合耗能器应用到了悬挂减震结构中,进行了地震反应时程计算分析,计算结果表明,装有内藏X形软钢板铅复合耗能器的结构具有良好的减震性能。     

Buckling‐restrained brace using steel mortar planks; performance evaluation as a hysteretic damper

The authors developed a buckling‐restrained brace that enables increased design freedom at both ends of the core plate and strict quality control while providing stable hysteresis characteristics even under high strains. The buckling‐restrained brace can be formed by welding a core plate covered with unbonded material to a pair of mortar‐filled channel steels (steel mortar planks) as a restraining part. The use of this approach enables visual confirmation of the status of the mortar filling and also facilitates standardizing structural members and member‐by‐member quality control. Specimens of a buckling‐restrained brace with different steel mortar plank heights are fabricated to adjust the restraining force, along with specimens with different core plate width‐to‐thickness ratios. The tests were conducted to reveal the hysteretic characteristics of the braces, as well as their cumulative plastic strain energy, elastoplastic properties, and stiffening properties. A performance evaluation formula as well as a buckling‐restrained brace design method using the test results is proposed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An equivalent SDOF system model for estimating the response of R/C building structures with proportional hysteretic dampers subjected to earthquake motions

For the purpose of estimating the earthquake response, particularly the story drift demand, of reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings with proportional hysteretic dampers, an equivalent single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) system model is proposed. Especially in the inelastic range, the hysteretic behavior of an R/C main frame strongly differs from that of hysteretic dampers due to strength and stiffness degradation in R/C members. Thus, the proposed model, unlike commonly used single‐spring SDOF system models, differentiates the restoring force characteristics of R/C main frame and hysteretic dampers to explicitly take into account the hysteretic behavior of dampers. To confirm the validity of the proposed model, earthquake responses of a series of frame models and their corresponding equivalent SDOF system models were compared. 5‐ and 10‐story frame models were studied as representative of low‐ and mid‐rise building structures, and different mechanical properties of dampers—yield strength and yield deformation—were included to observe their influence on the effectiveness of the proposed model. The results of the analyses demonstrated a good correspondence between estimated story drift demands using the proposed SDOF system model and those of frame models. Moreover, the proposed model: (i) led to better estimates than those given by a single‐spring SDOF system model, (ii) was capable of estimating the input energy demand and (iii) was capable of estimating the total hysteretic energy and the participation of dampers into the total hysteretic energy dissipation, in most cases. Results, therefore, suggest that the proposed model can be useful in structural design practice. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

菱形开洞软钢阻尼器及其在结构减震中的模拟分析

提出了菱形开洞加劲软钢阻尼器及其在整体结构中的数值模拟方法,并据此对菱形开洞软钢阻尼器的循环加载试验以及安装阻尼器的钢框架结构的震动台试验进行了模拟分析。验证了使用AN-SYS有限元程序进行数值模拟分析的可行性和准确性,同时证明了菱形开洞软钢阻尼器具有良好的滞回性能,在整体结构中能够达到较好的减震效果。     

A study on using wide‐flange section web under out‐of‐plane flexure for passive energy dissipation

It is not common to purposely subject the web of wide‐flange or I‐sections to out‐of‐plane bending. However, yielding the web under this loading condition can be a stable source of energy dissipation as the transition at the corner from the web to the flanges is smooth and weld‐free; this prevents stress concentrations causing premature failure and eliminates uncertainties and imperfections associated with welding. Further, short segments of wide‐flange or I‐sections constitute a simple and inexpensive energy dissipating device as minimum manufacturing is required and leftovers not useful for other structural purposes can be re‐utilized. This paper proposes a new type of seismic damper in the form of braces based on yielding the web of short length segments of wide‐flange or I‐shaped steel sections under out‐of‐plane bending. The hysteretic behavior and ultimate energy dissipation capacity is investigated via component tests under cyclic loads. The experimental results indicate that the damping device has stable restoring force characteristics and a high energy dissipation capacity. Based on these results, a simple hysteretic model for predicting the load–displacement curve of the seismic damper is proposed, along with a procedure for predicting its ultimate energy dissipation capacity and anticipating its failure under arbitrarily applied cyclic loads. The procedure considers the influence of the loading path on the ultimate energy dissipation capacity. Finally, shaking table tests on half‐scale structures are conducted to further verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the new damper, and to assess the accuracy of the hysteretic model and the procedure for predicting its failure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of seismic energy demand

In this paper, a method is proposed in order to obtain a simplified representation of hysteretic and input energy spectra. The method is based on the evaluation of the equivalent number of cycles correlated to the earthquake characteristics by the proposed seismic index I_D. This procedure allows us to obtain peak values of the hysteretic and input energy that depend on the demanded ductility, on the seismic index I_D and on the peak pseudo‐velocity. The assessment of the input energy represents a first step towards the definition of a damage potential index capable of taking into account the effect of the duration of the ground motions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.