Flexural–torsional behaviour of steel reinforced concrete members subjected to repeated loading

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the inelastic behaviour of steel reinforced concrete (SRC) members under cyclically applied bending and torsional loading. Fourteen steel reinforced concrete members made from three structural‐steel sections with different cross‐sectional properties were tested under various combinations of bending and torsion. Results indicate that the ultimate flexural capacity of an SRC member was significantly reduced under a moderate degree of torsion. Based on these findings, a quantitative evaluation of the effect of torsion was made and a simplified interaction curve between bending and torsion is proposed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

往复荷载作用下矩形钢管混凝土压弯构件承载力计算

本文基于往复荷载作用下矩形钢管混凝土压弯构件的实验结果，比较了国内外比较典型的设计规范(程)，包括英国BS5400(1979)、美国ACI318—99(1999)和AISC-LRFD(1999)、日本AIJ(1997)、欧洲EC4(1994)、中国GJB4142-2000(2001)和福建省地方标准(送审稿)，及本文数值方法在计算往复荷载作用下矩形钢管混凝土压弯构件承载力的差异。结果表明，在进行往复荷载作用下矩形钢管混凝土压弯构件承载力计算时，各种计算方法获得的承载力都偏于安全，其中，数值计算结果与实验结果最接近，GJB4142—2000(2001)的计算结果与实验结果吻合程度稍差，ACI318—99(1999)，EC4(1994)和福建省地方标准(送审稿)的计算结果比实验结果约低20％，而BS5400(1979)、AISC—LRFD(1999)和AIJ(1997)的计算结果比实验结果总体上低30％以上。本文结果可供进行矩形钢管混凝土结构设计时参考。     

Alternative method to locate centre of rigidity in asymmetric buildings

Response of asymmetric buildup under earthquake excitation often involves lateral vibration coupled with torsional vibration. Floor slab is, in general, assumed as rigid along the in‐plane direction. Building code provisions to account for the torsional effect in static force procedure are based on centre of rigidity or shear centre of the building. A convenient procedure is developed here to locate the centre of rigidity or shear centre, which can be implemented, using any standard building analysis software. The procedure is applicable for orthogonal as well as non‐orthogonal building systems and accounts for all possible definitions of static eccentricity to compute the design response. An irregular building is analysed to illustrate the proposed methodology. Significant variation in member force resultants is observed due to different definitions of static eccentricity. Finally, a mathematical proof is presented to substantiate the applicability of the proposed procedure to a non‐orthogonal building. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢混凝土组合梁低周反复荷载试验研究

本文基于钢－混凝土组合梁的低周反复荷载试验，对其破坏形态、滞回曲线、抗震延性、耗能能力、刚度退化、变形恢复能力等抗震性能进行了较为深入的研究，研究结果表明：钢－混凝土组合梁具有良好的抗震性能。     

偏心水平荷载下内藏钢桁架开洞混凝土核心筒抗震研究

对两个1/6缩尺的开洞核心筒结构模型进行了偏心水平荷载作用下的低周反复荷载试验研究,其中包括一个普通开洞混凝土核心筒和一个内藏钢桁架开洞混凝土组合核心筒。在试验的基础上,对比分析了两个试件的承载力、刚度、延性、滞回特性、耗能能力、破坏特征以及抗震机理。试验研究表明,在偏心水平荷载作用下,内藏钢桁架开洞混凝土组合核心筒比普通开洞混凝土核心筒抗震能力显著提高。     

Optimal placement of DVFC controllers on buildings subjected to earthquake loading

The dynamic responses of tall civil structures due to earthquakes are very important to the civil engineer. These dynamic responses can produce situations that can range from uncomfortable to unsafe for the building occupants. In recent years classical control theory has been used in civil engineering to reduce the dynamic responses of tall civil structures. Most optimal control algorithms for civil structures involve full state feedback control which requires good estimates of the velocity and displacements throughout the structure. However, there are several important advantages of output feedback control: it takes less computational effort and it has the robustness of passive systems. In this paper, optimal control algorithms are formulated for the optimization of feedback gains and controller placement for building structures. The fundamental basis for these algorithms is the calculation of the gradient of the performance function with respect to the gain matrix. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated for deterministic earthquake loads in the time domain. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

循环荷载特征对焊接工字形钢支撑低周疲劳性能的影响

通过14根铰支焊接工字形支撑在不同特征的循环轴向位移荷载下的低周疲劳试验，研究了循环轴向位移荷载的位移幅值、平均位移幅值及加载次序等因素对钢支撑低周疲劳及耗能性能的影响。研究发现，对称循环荷载中幅值越小，支撑翼缘局部屈曲发展越晚，其耗能及承载力退化也越平缓。文中提出了支撑在幅值6δ≤Δδ≤12δy的对称循环荷载下的疲劳寿命经验公式。试验表明，循环荷载的位移幅值是支撑疲劳损伤及耗能退化的最主要影响因素，过载峰效应及适当的平均压位移幅值改善了钢支撑低周疲劳及耗能性能。     

配筋混凝土空心小砌块墙抗震性能试验研究

通过对配筋混凝土空心砌块墙体在水平低周反复荷载作用下的试验研究,探讨了配筋混凝土空心砌块墙体的破坏形态、裂缝分布、极限承载力、位移延性与钢筋效应等工作性能,为以配筋砌块为承重材料的房屋城地震区的应用提供科学的依据。     

对称结构在水平地震作用下的扭转效应和抗扭设计探讨

针对水平地震作用下对称结构抗扭设计中存在的问题,分析了对称结构扭转振动的原因,然后分别采用静力和动力方法研究了考虑偶然偏心作用时结构反应的增大效应,比较了这两种方法计算结果的异同,最后结合我国抗震规范提出了适当的结论和改进建议,为对称结构的抗扭设计提供了理论依据。     

新型节能复合混凝土空心砌块砌体抗震性能的试验研究

本文通过2片开窗洞加窗台梁节能复合混凝土小型空心砌块墙体和2片不开窗洞墙体的水平低周反复荷载试验,研究了节能复合混凝土小型空心砌块砌体墙的受力全过程、开裂部位、裂缝发展情况以及破坏形态,分析了墙体的滞回特性、延性、耗能能力,刚度退化曲线等抗震性能,同时,考察了墙体外叶保护层的受力性能、破坏程度以及与墙体的共同工作机理,探讨了不同构造措施以及开窗洞对墙体抗震性能的影响。研究结果表明:复合混凝土小型砌块砌体从开始加载到最终破坏,砌块保护层都没有明显的鼓凸和脱落现象,说明聚苯层及横向拉结筋能够提供可靠的连接,保证外叶保护层在水平剪力和竖向荷载共同作用下和墙体整体工作,此外,开窗洞对墙体的抗震性能削弱较大。     

Inelastic response of one-storey asymmetric-plan systems subjected to bi-directional earthquake motions

The inelastic response of one-storey systems with one axis of asymmetry subjected to bi-directional base motion is studied in this paper. The effect of the system parameters on response is also evaluated: uncoupled torsional-to-lateral frequency ratio, stiffness eccentricity, and yield strength of the lateral resisting elements. The ensemble of earthquake records used consists of 15 two-component strong ground motions. The response to uni-directional excitation is considered first to examine the influence of the system parameters and to serve as a basis to examine the results of the bi-directional case, which are presented in terms of average spectra for bi- over uni-directional lateral-deformation ratios. It is shown that the effect of inelastic behaviour is, on the average, noteworthy for stiff structures, in turn, the same structures are the most affected by the action of bi-directional ground motions. The effect of the relative intensity of the two orthogonal ground motion components is also studied. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低周反复扭矩下再生混凝土受扭构件抗震性能试验研究

通过对两根再生混凝土试件(再生骨料替代率为100%)在低周反复纯扭荷载作用下的抗震性能试验,对再生混凝土纯扭试件的破坏形态、滞回曲线、骨架曲线、延性、耗能能力等进行了分析。研究表明,再生混凝土受扭试件在低周反复扭矩作用下滞回环呈反S形,延性系数在3.67～4.14之间,具有良好的抗震性能。结合混凝土结构设计规范推导了抗扭承载力的计算公式,其计算值与试验值符合较好,具有一定的参考价值。     

Evaluation of shear strength of rock joints subjected to cyclic loading

Variation of the shear strength of rock joints due to cyclic loadings is studied in the present paper. Identical joint surfaces were prepared using a developed moulding method with special mortar and shear tests were performed on these samples under both static and cyclic loading conditions. Different levels of shear displacement were applied on the samples to study joint behaviour before and during considerable relative shear displacement. It was found that the shear strength of joints is related to rate of displacement (shearing velocity), number of loading cycles and stress amplitude. Finally, based on the experimental results, mathematical models were developed for evaluation of shear strength in cyclic loading conditions.     

钢筋混凝土核心筒体抗震性能试验研究

本文对两组五个钢筋混凝土核心筒试件进行了低周反复荷载试验，研究了不同轴压比和剪跨比的核心筒破坏机理、承载能力、延性和耗能能力等方面的抗震性能。结果表明，轴压比对核心筒的抗震性能有较大影响。     

Estimation of fundamental periods of shear‐wall dominant building structures

Shear‐wall dominant multistorey reinforced concrete structures, constructed by using a special tunnel form technique are commonly built in countries facing a substantial seismic risk, such as Chile, Japan, Italy and Turkey. In spite of their high resistance to earthquake excitations, current seismic code provisions including the Uniform Building Code (International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA, 1997) and the Turkish Seismic Code (Specification for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas, Ankara, Turkey, 1998) present limited information for their design criteria. In this study, consistency of equations in those seismic codes related to their dynamic properties are investigated and it is observed that the given empirical equations for prediction of fundamental periods of this specific type of structures yield inaccurate results. For that reason, a total of 80 different building configurations were analysed by using three‐dimensional finite‐element modelling and a set of new empirical equations was proposed. The results of the analyses demonstrate that given formulas including new parameters provide accurate predictions for the broad range of different architectural configurations, roof heights and shear‐wall distributions, and may be used as an efficient tool for the implicit design of these structures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震力对高架桥梁轨道车辆影响之动态模型

将轨道车辆系统仿真成由车厢、转向架及轮轴所组成。车厢与转向架间有次悬吊系统,转向架与轮轴间则有主悬吊系统。数学模型之推导将考虑车辆横向、垂向、翻滚(roll)及摇摆(yaw)方向之运动,将车辆仿真成三维具16个自由度之系统。本研究将探讨行驶高架桥梁之轨道车辆受地震激振时,建立轨道车辆与高架桥相互耦合之动态数学模型。     

Numerical study of Ashiyahama residential building damage in the Kobe Earthquake

Studies are made on the structural damage at the Ashiyahama residential high‐rise steel building complex due to the Hyogo‐ken Nanbu Earthquake (Kobe Earthquake), which occurred on 17 January 1995. The axial breakage of very thick‐plated steel columns of the mega‐structure is unprecedented and has been attracting the special attention of structural engineers. The cause of the damage is first investigated from numerical computation with recourse to an explicit method of dynamic analysis based on a continuous medium. The numerical result is compared with that obtained from a conventional multi‐mass lumped stiffness model combined with an equivalent lateral‐force procedure. By comparing both the numerical results, the latter conventional method is shown to be inadequate for achieving earthquake‐resistant capability. The destructive power of the ground motion is found to have exceeded the horizontal earthquake‐resistant capacity that is prescribed in the structural design criteria. Great axial stresses are produced in columns by combined action of bending moment and axial force due to overturning moment. The fracture of heavy steel columns is caused from only the horizontal component of seismic ground motion. Actual locations of significant damage are closely related to the occurrence of plastic hinges in the analysis. It is emphasized as a warning to avoid yielding concentration in particular storeys. Lastly, recommendations to enhance earthquake‐resistant design are proposed from a practical point of view. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

偏心水平荷载下内藏钢桁架混凝土核心筒抗震试验研究

对两个1／6缩尺的核心筒结构模型进行了偏心水平荷载作用下的低周反复荷载试验研究,其中包括一个普通混凝土核心筒和一个内藏钢桁架混凝土组合核心筒。在试验的基础上,分析了两个试件的承载力、刚度、延性、滞回特性、耗能能力、破坏特征以及抗震机理。试验研究表明：偏心水平荷载作用下,内藏钢桁架混凝土组合核心筒比普通混凝土核心筒抗震能力显著提高。     

在地震力作用下高架桥梁上轨道车辆的动态分析与安全性研究

本文将轨道车辆系统仿真成由车厢、转向架及轮轴所组成。车厢与转向架间有次悬吊系统,转向架与轮轴间则有主悬吊系统。数学模型的推导将考虑车辆横向、垂向、翻滚及摇摆方向的运动,将车辆仿真成三维具16个自由度的系统。本研究将探讨行驶高架桥梁的轨道车辆受地震激振时的响应和安全性,结果显示,移轨力及脱轨系数会随着地表加速度的增加而增加,而轨道不平整度及速度参数对脱轨系数及移轨力的影响不大。     

On the evaluation of seismic response of structures by nonlinear static methods

In the most recent seismic codes, the assessment of the seismic response of structures may be carried out by comparing the displacement capacity, provided by nonlinear static analysis, with the displacement demand. In many cases the code approach is based on the N2 method proposed by Fajfar, which evaluates the displacement demand by defining, as an intermediate step, a single degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) system equivalent to the examined structure. Other codes suggest simpler approaches, which do not require equivalent SDOF systems, but they give slightly different estimation of the seismic displacement demand. The paper points out the differences between the methods and suggests an operative approach that provides the same accuracy as the N2 method without requiring the evaluation of an equivalent SDOF system. A wide parametric investigation allows an accurate comparison of the different methods and demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed operative approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.