浅海声反射损失的实验研究

本文介绍在水深40-90米的浅海海域中三种类型沉积层海底上，用爆炸声源进行的海底反射损失的实验研究结果。实验结果与按均匀半空间底模型计算所得海底反射损失的理论曲线作了比较。结果表明：反射损失值明显地与底的类型有关，细砂底的反射损失较小，粉砂质泥次之，而粉砂质粘土的反射损失较大；对于同类型的海底，孔隙度大者反射损失也较大。此外，还讨论了沉积物中声速的两种经验公式的适用性。     

珠江口伶仃洋海底沉积

在前人工作的基础上,利用2003—2005年广州海洋地质调查局1∶10万《珠江三角洲近岸海洋地质环境与地质灾害调查》项目的实测资料,综合分析了伶仃洋海底的沉积特征,认为伶仃洋表层沉积物类型有:砂、黏土质砂、砂-粉砂-黏土、砂质黏土、黏土质粉砂、粉砂质黏土等6种类型。伶仃洋晚更新世以来的海底地层主要有两套:层A为全新世冰后期海侵以来逐渐堆积而成的沉积物,钻孔揭示的沉积物类型主要为黏土质砂和砂—粉砂—粉砂质黏土;层B为一套晚更新世的黏土质粉砂、细砂—粗砂(含砾)、粉砂质黏土—黏土,以陆相沉积和剥蚀为主,局部为海陆交互相沉积,其下地层则为基岩风化物和基岩。     

低声速海底反射损失的测量

海底反射损失是分析浅海声场的重要参数之一，本文用爆炸声源在水深为150米的低声速底的湖中进行底的反射损失测量。于100Hz到5KHz分析了反射损失与掠射角的关系，并讨论了它们与底沉积物孔隙率、     

海底浅层圈闭与浅层气地震反射特征对比

海底浅层圈闭条件是决定浅层气反射特征的重要因素,根据海底浅层圈闭条件的分析、国内外浅层气分布区反射特征与底质类型对比分析和南黄海西部地区浅部断层分析,得出结论:(1)浅层气的圈闭条件主要受海底底质类型与浅部断层控制,常见圈闭类型为岩性圈闭和断层圈闭;(2)底质类型是决定浅层气反射特征的重要因素。分析认为海底表层沉积物的泥砂含量决定了圈闭中盖层封闭能力,进而决定了浅层气聚集能力和储集量,形成不同浅层气地震反射特征;(3)某些现代三角洲地区,受潮流或河流与海洋共同作用影响,表层底质经常与整个浅层的物质组成差别较大。由于其内部一般含有较厚的细颗粒黏土质粉砂和粉砂质黏土,封闭能力较强,可封闭较多浅层气,能形成大规模的声学空白反射,但常观察到浅层气反射顶界面局部突起呈旗舰状;(4)浅部断层既可形成断层圈闭,也可充当浅层气的运移通道。断层圈闭通常较少见且难以识别,浅部断层在第四纪松散地层中更多地充当了浅层气运移的通道;(5)浅部地层存在多套含泥较多的地层且形成圈闭时,浅层气被多次圈闭,会在不同深度形成"楼层式"的多个强反射界面、声学扰动。     

山东半岛东北部海底表层沉积物粒度分布特征和沉积作用研究

通过对海底表层沉积物的粒度分析,探讨了山东半岛东北部滨浅海底质沉积物的类型和分布特征。结果表明,该区的底质类型主要为粘土质粉砂、砂质粉砂和粉砂质砂三种类型,其中粘土质粉砂约占该区沉积物分布面积的60%以上,呈侧倒的“Y”字形由西北向东南展布,沉积物各粒级组的含量与海流的方向和强弱有明显的相关性。     

济州岛南部海域海底声呐图像分析与声学底质分类

东海北部外陆架靠近济州岛南部海域,是黄海槽向冲绳海槽延伸的部分,属于黑潮分支黄海暖流的通道入口,分布着脊槽相间的海底底形,对其海底声呐图像的处理分析及声学底质分类的分析研究,有助于了解该通道海底底形表层纹理特征及沉积物分布规律。基于在济州岛南部海域获取的多波束声呐数据,应用图像处理技术和方法,对数据进行了处理,获得了海底声呐影像图,并对其表层纹理特征进行了描述和分析;同时,基于多波束反向散射强度数据,结合19组海底地质取样数据,建立研究区海底反向散射强度与沉积物粒度特征之间的统计关系模型,并以改进的学习向量量化神经网络方法,实现对海底粉砂质砂、黏土质砂以及砂-粉砂-黏土3种底质类型的快速自动分类识别。     

砂质海底沉积物压缩波速与物理参数关系试验研究

砂土是主要的海底沉积物类型之一,明确砂质沉积物声学与物理性质的关系对海底底质和地层探测至关重要.本文利用超声探测仪和自制的试样制备测试装置,模拟制备不同沉积状态的砂土试样,同步开展超声测试和物理性质测试,探讨砂质沉积物声速测试方法及影响因素,揭示砂质沉积物压缩波速与物理参数的内在联系.试验结果和分析表明:换能器接触管壁...     

简正波时域分离的模拟实验研究

在水深1．0米，具有平坦海底的区域作了时域分离简正波的模拟实验，得到了1、2、3号简正波。由分离出的简正波相对幅度计算了海底反射损失因子Q。所得实验数据与理论计算结果符合甚好。计算所得Q值与由底质采样所得Q值基本一致。     

福建省近海海底麻坑的地貌特征及其与海洋工程的联动效应

为科学开发利用海洋资源、防范海底地质灾害和保护生态环境,文章梳理福建省近海海底麻坑的类型和成因,并分析海洋工程与灾害性地貌的联动效应。研究结果表明:受板块挤压和海平面波动等的影响,福建省近海海底地形和沉积环境复杂多变,流体活动形成的海底麻坑主要包括单元麻坑、圆形麻坑、拉长形麻坑、链状麻坑和复合麻坑5种类型,在北部泥质区、南部砂质区、河口区和海湾区有不同分布,其成因主要包括海相生物气、生物气和海陆生物混合热解气;应高度重视海洋工程与海底麻坑等灾害性地貌的联动效应,避免发生海底地质灾害和破坏海洋生态环境。     

多波束测深海底混响仿真研究

海底混响是海洋混响的重要组成部分,采用模拟仿真进行验证分析,是仿真技术的一项重要应用。采用单元散射模型,研究在单发射阵元下,分布在同一直线上多个接收阵元接收的海底回波,忽略声波传播的相位起伏,只考虑振幅起伏,将传播损失、声吸收系数、海底反射损失、海底沉积层密度等参数带入海底混响仿真数学模型,仿真海底混响,使其更加接近海底的实际情况。     

High‐frequency subbottom reflection types and lithologic and physical properties of sediments

Abstract

Eight types of reflections are interpreted from 3,800 km of 3.5 kHz profiles taken over a 25,000 km² area of the upper continental slope and shelf in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico off Panama City, Florida. The corresponding sediments in five of the reflection types were sampled in 77 piston cores from which data were obtained on in situ acoustic velocities (V), bulk densities (gr), sediment texture (mean grain size = Mz), CaCO₃ content (C), sedimentary structures, and gross sediment composition. A distinct bottom echo with numerous subbottom reflectors (Type I) is observed in deeper areas where terrigenous clay or lutite (Mgi = 9.9 to, gr = 1.4 g/cc, porosity (P) = 74 percent, C = 28 percent, and V (upper 2 m) = 1,435 m/s) predominates. Type I reflection grades upslope into Type IV, which shows a distinct bottom echo with fewer subbottom reflectors, and the corresponding sediment is a foraminiferal silty clay (mz = 9.4 to, gr = 1.43 g/cc, P = 73 percent, V = 1,447 m/s, and C = 37 percent). The uppermost slope gives indistinct, semiprolonged bottom echoes with faint subbottoms (Type VI) where calcareous silt (Mz = 6.6 to, gr = 1.57 g/cc, P = 65 percent, C = 70 percent, and V = 1,482 m/s) is the main sediment type. The shelf sediments (gr = 1.66 g/cc, P = 58 percent, V = sl1,530 m/ s), varying from coarse silt (Mz = 5.3 to) to very coarse sand (Mz = ‐0.3 to) and 25 to 100 percent carbonate, show indistinct, semiprolonged bottom echoes with intermittent or mushy subbottoms (Type VII). Prolonged echoes with no subbottoms (Type VIII) are observed in areas where algal sands of variable grain size (Mz ‐ ‐0.9 to 2.7 to, gr = 1.66 g/cc, P = 59 percent, V = 1,530 to 1,690 m/s) occur.

The major trends in reflection types (loss in depth of penetration, loss in number of reflectors, and prolongation of initial bottom reflections) follow gradients of sedimentary and physical properties of the sediments, which are increases in mean grain size, bulk density, in situ acoustic velocity, CaCO₃ content, and decrease in porosity. Increases in the reflection coefficient and attenuation of the sound energy in the shelf sediments are probably important factors in the observed decrease in the depth of penetration of the sound energy in the shelf sediments.     

闽浙沿岸沉积物的工程地质特性及其成因简析

根据闽浙沿岸沉积物的实验室分析资料,从物理性质和力学特征对海底沉积物的综合工程地质特征进行了研究,结果发现,本区沉积物以淤泥和淤泥质黏土为主,含少量细砂、粉砂、黏土和粉质黏土等,总的表现为含水率高、孔隙比大、压缩性强、塑性大和强度低。从微观结构、物质来源、物质成分、水动力条件等方面对沉积物的工程特性进行了成因分析,这些因素是造成本区沉积物工程性质不良的主要原因。     

小尺度海底沉积物的声衰减特性研究

为研究小尺度海底沉积物样品的声衰减特性,作者提出了用声学探针测量海底沉积物声波幅值的新方法,对沉积物样品扰动小,两个测量点的距离可小于波长,为海底沉积物微观声衰减测量提供了新手段。作者用小于波长的间隔逐点测量了沉积物的压缩波幅值,数据分析表明沿沉积物柱状样全长的声衰减满足指数衰减模型。目前主要用同轴差距衰减测量法获得海底沉积物声衰减数据,但该方法不能辨识声衰减模型,因此不同海区的测量结果难以建立联系。对此作者又提出用声吸收系数反演的幅值比与声衰减系数反演的R值(两种幅值比的比值)作评价依据,分析了垂直轴差距衰减测量法获得的南海海底沉积物声衰减测量数据,发现部分沉积物样品声衰减的R值远大于1,其声衰减不满足指数衰减模型。在声衰减满足指数衰减模型的条件下,用Hamilton的声衰减和频率经验公式预报的南海沉积物声衰减比与作者用声学探针测量海底沉积物所得的声衰减比对比,通过对R值分析得出Hamilton的声衰减和频率经验公式可以预报南海沉积物声衰减比的范围。作者提出的声学探针测量海底沉积物声衰减的方法的优点是既能获得声衰减数据又能辨识声衰减模型,不同海区测量的沉积物声衰减比可用R值建立联系。     

RELATION BETWEEN SOUND FIELD AND BOTTOM-REFLECTION LOSS

The sound field in shallow water is closely relatcd to the acoustic properties of thesea bottom which has complicated stratified structure. The influence of the bottom onthe sound field may be described in terms of reflection coefficient. In early papers, somesimplified dependence of the bottom reflection loss on the grazing angle has been sug-gested. But these models cannot reflect the main characteristics of angular dependenceof reflection loss in all cases. In this paper a simple approach to the problem is sug-gested. The sound field in homogeneous shallow water can be calculated for sea bottom,the reflection loss of which is arbitrarily monotonously increasing function of grazingangle. In this paper it is pointed out that there is a simple transformation between theangle dependence of bottom reflection loss and transmission ratio of sound field.     

Low-frequency bottom loss

The shallow refracted path through sea floor sediments plays a significant role in the transmission of acoustic energy at low frequencies. For bottom grazing angles of 90/spl deg/ to 25/spl deg/, low-frequency acoustic energy was observed to come from reflected paths. For bottom grazing angles of 25/spl deg/ to 10/spl deg/ the dominant source of low-frequency acoustic energy is from shallow refracted paths through the sediments. At angles less than 10/spl deg/, low-frequency acoustic energy is received from both the refracted and the reflected paths. The refracted path is possible because of the positive gradient within the sediment. The sudden emergence of the refracted arrival is related to the overall sound path length in the sediment and sediment absorption of sound. Since sediment absorption is directly proportional to frequency, only low-frequency energy is transmitted via this path. The refracted path may well exist where unconsolidated sediments of at least a few hundred feet are present.     

海底沉积物的基本地声结构与地声模型

为准确建立海底地声模型,本文探讨地声模型的基本组成和基本结构。通过样品实验室测量,分析南海海底表层沉积物的密度、孔隙度与声速随着埋深变化的关系,得出海底实际存在的低声速表面–声速缓慢变化类型、低声速表面–声速增大类型、高声速表面–声速缓慢变化类型和高声速表面–声速增大类型4种典型地声结构;对比钻探测量,分析黄海海底沉积物的密度、孔隙度与声速随埋深变化关系,得出海底地声模型分层特征与地声结构组合特征。研究表明,地声模型可以归结为4种基本地声结构的组合,通过与底层海水声速、同层内声速剖面以及与上层海底沉积物下表面声速的比较,可以建立各种海底地声模型;基于实验室测量法建立的地声模型可以作为参考地声模型,但需要考虑实际海底温度和压力梯度以及海底沉积物的频散特性等,借助于声速比校正法和频散性理论模型进行计算及修正。     

南海东部海域表层沉积物类型的研究

南海东部海域表层沉积物可被分为11种类型:含岩块砾石黏土质粉砂、贝壳珊瑚砂、黏土质粉砂、钙质黏土、钙质软泥、有孔虫砂、深海黏土、含铁锰微粒粉砂质黏土、硅质黏土、含火山灰硅质黏土、含火山灰粉砂质黏土.这些类型按物源和成因可被分为陆源碎屑、钙质碎屑和硅质碎屑、火山碎屑3大类型,其中陆源碎屑分布面积约占50%,钙质碎屑占20%,硅质碎屑和火山碎屑各占15%.在物质来源、海底地形、火山作用、生物作用、水动力条件等因素影响和控制下,由于沉积环境的差异,故区内褐色类沉积物最多(60.68%),灰色类沉积物次之(38.20%),黄色类沉积物最少(1.12%).台湾省以南到17°N以北海区沉积物以陆源沉积物分布为主;巴士海峡以西海区沉积物较粗,常含砂岩块和砾石;东沙群岛以东海区钙质生物碎屑沉积丰富;中、西部海区以含铁锰微粒沉积物为主;中、南部海区水深大,主要分布硅质沉积物;南部海区、礼乐滩北缘沉积物受礼乐滩珊瑚碎屑影响大,沉积物类型为钙质软泥.     

潮流场对渤、黄、东海陆架底质分布的控制作用

运用二维潮流数学模型，模拟了渤、黄、东海陆架的M2潮汐、潮流。结果表明，渤、黄、东海陆架的潮流有强弱之分以及往复流和旋转汉之别。在此基础上，计算了8种粒径沙的湖平均悬移输沙率、潮平均推移输沙以及相应的输沙率散度。根据输沙率散度的正负，划分了海底冲刷区与淤积区。根据不同粒径泥沙输沙率散度的相对大小，确定出海底的主要底质类型为砂质沉积、粉砂质泥沉积和以粉砂为主的混合沉积。计算结果表明，海底3种主要底负类型的分布格局与海底的冲淤格局以及与输沙率矢量的发散和聚合状况基本一致。在渤、黄、东海陆架，沙脊主要在强往复流区形成，沙席主要在强或较强的旋转流区形成，泥质沉积主要在弱潮流区形成。砂质沉积、泥质沉积以及混合沉积这3种主要底质类型并非孤立存在，而是受渤、黄、东海陆架潮流场控制而形成的一个完整的潮流沉积体系。渤、黄、东海陆架的砂质沉积与泥质沉积并非残留沉积，而是潮流沉积。在没有冷涡的情况下，黄、东海陆架的典型泥质沉积在弱潮流环境中同样可以形成，因此，认为冷涡并非黄、东海陆架典型泥质沉积形成的必要条件。     

Impact of a scallop drag on the sediment chemistry, microbiota, and faunal assemblages of a shallow subtidal marine benthic community

Scallops are usually obtained by means of a heavy metal dredge that is pulled over the sea bottom. Most studies of the impact of this gear type have shown that larger invertebrates, in particular, are severely disturbed. These studies, however, have been conducted on coarse sediments, ranging from sands to cobble, and have dealt only with faunal changes. In this paper the impact of a New England type scallop dredge on the fauna and sedimentary nutritional characteristics of a silty sand community is detailed. The site, in the Damariscotta River, Maine, USA, was sampled during the fall and winter prior to, then again immediately following, the dragging event, and twice more over the ensuing six months. Loss of surficial sediment, lowered food quality of the sediment (as measured by microbial populations, enzyme hydrolysable amino acids, and chlorophyll a), and changes in the faunal composition of the dragged site were observed. While some taxa returned to the drag track relatively quickly, others such as the cumaceans, phoxocephalid and photid amphipods, and nephtyid polychaetes, were not seen in abundances comparable to those of the adjacent undragged site until the food quality also recovered.