豫西登封寒武系馒头组碳酸盐岩中的风暴沉积及相关的生物成因构造

豫西登封地区寒武系第三统馒头组三段发育了一套含大量生物成因构造的碳酸盐岩风暴沉积。风暴沉积标志包括冲刷面构造、砾屑灰岩及各类交错层理,生物成因构造包括微生物成因构造-叠层石及后生动物扰动构造-各类垂直潜穴。该区风暴沉积包括3种沉积序列:序列1由侵蚀底面、砾屑灰岩段和交错层理段组成,代表了风暴高峰期和衰减期形成的原地型风暴沉积;序列2由侵蚀底面、砾屑灰岩段和泥岩、泥灰岩段组成,为风暴高峰期和间歇期形成的近源型风暴沉积;序列3由侵蚀底面、交错层理段和叠层石灰岩段组成,反映了风暴衰减期和间歇期形成的远源型风暴沉积。这些风暴沉积代表了不同风暴作用留下的多期不完整风暴沉积记录。     

峡东地区埃迪卡拉系灯影组石板滩段沉积环境探讨

本文通过对峡东地区埃迪卡拉系灯影组石板滩段典型沉积岩的岩石学特征及沉积构造进行详细研究,取得了石板滩段主体沉积形成于台地边缘浅滩-台缘缓斜坡的较多证据,并首次发现了该段地层中保存的十分完整的诸如丘(洼)状交错层理、粒序层理、冲刷-充填构造、渠铸型构造在内的典型的风暴沉积构造。通过对沉积特征、风暴序列的分析认为石板滩段沉积是受风暴作用改造的产物,其主体沉积背景属于正常浪基面与风暴浪基面附近的受周期性风暴影响的台地边缘-台缘缓斜坡环境。     

古陆架砂脊沉积特征及其石油地质意义: 以塔里木盆地志留系柯坪塔格组下段为例

塔里木盆地顺托果勒低隆起志留系柯坪塔格组下段发育的陆架砂脊为了解古陆架砂脊沉积建造提供了一个理想实例.利用测井和岩心资料, 根据沉积物的岩性和沉积构造特征, 将陆架砂脊划分为6个岩性相: 块状层理中-细砂岩性相(FA1)、丘状交错层理中-细砂岩性相(FA2)、含撕裂状泥砾的中-细砂岩性相(FA3)、双向交错层理含粘土层的细砂岩性相(FA4)、潮汐层理的细砂岩与泥岩互层岩性相(FA5)和水平层理陆架泥岩性相(FA6);依据岩性相的组合特征, 将陆架砂脊划分为4个沉积微相: 砂脊核微相(FA1-FA2-FA3)、砂脊内缘微相(FA4)、砂脊外缘微相(FA5)和陆架泥微相(FA6);陆架砂脊沉积受陆架潮汐、风暴浪的共同影响.利用钻井约束的三维地震切片属性分析, 确定了NE-SW向和NW-SE向两组古陆架砂脊的平面展布特征.古陆架砂脊储层为特低孔、特低渗, 其中砂脊核微相储层物性相对较好, 平均孔隙度6.96%、平均渗透率0.34×10-3 μm2; 工业油流主要集中在砂脊核微相储层.古陆架砂脊的砂体多呈脊状或丘状并被厚层的陆架泥披覆, 常形成同沉积的微幅背斜-岩性圈闭.      

川西北江油马角坝地区黄龙组下部风暴沉积特征

川西北江油马角坝地区上石炭统黄龙组下部发育典型的风暴沉积,包括介壳灰岩、砾屑灰岩、瘤块状灰岩、砂屑灰岩和正常沉积灰岩或泥岩等沉积类型,以及冲刷沟槽、瘤块状构造、粒序层理、水平层理、波状层理和生物扰动等沉积构造。根据野外观察和室内显微分析,结合风暴沉积标志组合,在江油马角坝地区2个剖面的黄龙组下部各识别出4层风暴层,并划分出5套风暴沉积组合。组合Ⅰ以冲刷沟槽、介壳滞留层、粗砾滞留层、块状层理、水平层理、波状层理、泥灰岩层和生物富集层为特征,沉积于正常浪基面以上强风暴作用的开阔台地环境。组合Ⅱ以瘤块状构造、粒序层理和块状层理的生物碎屑灰岩为特征,沉积于正常浪基面之上受重力流影响的局限台地环境。组合Ⅲ以冲刷沟槽、粗砾滞留层、粒序层理、块状层理为特征,沉积于浪基面以上持续风暴流作用的开阔台地边缘浅滩环境。组合Ⅳ由冲刷沟槽、正粒序层理和块状层理的生物碎屑灰岩组成,产出于组合Ⅲ之上,表明该组合在前一期风暴未完全结束时又遭到后一期风暴的侵袭,接受浪基面之上的浅滩沉积。组合Ⅴ由冲刷沟槽、粗砾滞留层和泥岩层组成,沉积于晴天浪基面以上缺少物源的极浅水开阔台地环境。以上5种组合风暴岩都发育于台地中上部,与一般的斜坡风暴岩有明显的差别,均属于近源极浅水风暴岩。风暴岩的研究对地层对比、古气候、岩相古地理、沉积盆地演化和油气勘探具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

峡东地区埃迪卡拉系灯影组风暴岩的发现 及其环境意义

本文首次报道了峡东地区埃迪卡拉系灯影组石板滩段地层中的风暴岩。通过详细的剖面观察、测制和室内研究,识别出石板滩段典型的风暴沉积标志,包括各种丘状交错层理、粒序层理、冲刷 充填构造、平行层理及变形层理等。结合各类风暴沉积标志在剖面上的组合关系将研究区风暴岩划分出4个风暴沉积序列类型：其中类型Ⅰ为风暴流成因的滞留沉积与底面的冲刷面、丘状层理、波状层理、水平层理的组合,属形成于正常浪基面附近的近原地风暴岩; 类型Ⅱ为具颗粒流性质的块状内碎屑灰岩与丘状交错层理的组合,常见变形层理,形成于斜坡上部;类型Ⅲ为以渠模、丘状交错层理与水平层理的频繁叠加为特征,出现在风暴浪基面与正常浪基面之间;类型Ⅳ为具粒序层理的砂 砾屑浊积灰岩,形成于风暴浪基面以下,划归为风暴成因的远源浊流沉积。研究区风暴岩的特征表明：风暴层蕴含了强烈的气候信息,风暴频发是灯影期气候转型的重要响应;该时期构造相对活跃、海底地形复杂化是风暴沉积形成的原因之一;研究风暴岩的特征对等时地层对比研究也具有重要意义。     

湘西松柏场地区寒武系车夫组风暴岩的沉积特征及其地质意义北大核心CSCD

湘西松柏场寒武系车夫组为一套浅海相碳酸盐沉积,通过层序界面识别和沉积特征分析,将车夫组自下而上分为3个三级层序,其中第2个层序的低水位体系域和海侵体系域、第3个层序的海侵体系域中发育典型的风暴岩沉积。风暴沉积含有冲刷—充填构造、风暴砾屑层、风暴层理构造(丘状或洼状交错层理、粒序层理、浪成波痕和平行层理、水平层理等),包括5种岩相单元:砾屑灰岩段(A段)、发育水平层理的砂屑灰岩段(B段)、发育丘状交错层理的含砂屑粉屑灰岩段(C段)、发育水平层理或沙纹层理或波痕构造的粉屑灰岩段(D段)和薄层状泥晶微晶灰岩段(E段)。这些岩相单元组成ABCDE、ABDE、AD、ADE、AB、ABD、ACD共7个近源风暴岩类型和1个远源风暴岩类型DE。风暴岩的识别与发现表明该地区在寒武系车夫组沉积时期位于低纬度的风暴作用带,对湘西北寒武纪时期的古纬度与古板块演化、古地理及沉积学研究具有重要意义,同时为湘西北寒武纪地层的划分与对比、探讨该区风暴沉积模式的空间变化等提供了重要依据。     

米钵山组复理石中的内潮汐沉积

贺兰拗拉谷米钵山组复理石由具有递变层理、双向交错层理、单向交错层理、复杂多向交错层理、飘逸层理和波痕构造的韵律性砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩薄互层组成。根据双向沉积构造等典型物性特征识别出5种内潮汐沉积微相,即飘逸层理砂泥岩韵律性薄互层微相,单向交错层和交错纹理砂岩粉砂岩微相,双向交错纹理和羽状交错纹理砂岩粉砂岩微相。结果表明：研究区复理石为深水牵引流（内波、内潮汐）、重力流以及原地沉积复合成因;经典的鲍玛序列是有待商榷的;重力流与牵引流存在流态转化。     

大港滩海埕北断阶区沙河街组三段、二段近岸水下扇沉积微相特征

大港滩海埕北断阶区沙河街组沙三段、沙二段砂体是由辫状水道控制的近岸水下扇。主要发育基质支撑砂砾岩相、颗粒支撑砂砾岩相、正递变层理砾岩相、含砾砂岩相、逆递变层理砾岩相、含砾砂岩相、泥质支撑砂岩相和粉砂岩相,粒度粗是其主要特征;水平层理、块状层理、平行层理、交错层理、波状层理、包卷层理和变形层理十分发育;砂球、重荷模、砂岩脉和冲刷面等沉积构造也十分发育：电阻率曲线呈正韵律,曲线由高幅至中幅呈钟形及箱形,与不同岩性和不同沉积相具良好对应关系。通过对区内各井的岩性组合观察,结合各砂层组的沉积特征及其相应的测井相标志将研究区近岸水下扇划分为2个亚相和5个微相：扇中(包括辫状水道、辫状水道间和扇中前缘)和扇端亚相(扇端泥、扇端席状砂)。其中扇中辫状水道为主要储集层。     

川中大安寨段风暴沉积特征及分布模式

风暴沉积在川中大安寨段比较发育,对大安寨段风暴沉积的沉积构造特征进行研究,发现大安寨段风暴沉积虽然缺乏丘状交错层理,但顶底面构造和层理构造比较发育。综合分析顶底面构造和层理构造特征,总结了大安寨段风暴沉积的理想沉积相序结构,即一个完整的风暴层序从下向上发育:渠模或侵蚀面、砾屑层、粒序层理、波状层理、漂浮介屑段、粉砂屑层和截切或波痕。由于各微相的水动力条件的差异导致风暴沉积层序在各微相中保存的程度不同,在能量较高的滩前、滩核、滩后主要以粒序层为主,滨浅湖主要以粉砂屑层理为主,半深湖发育漂浮状介屑层、波状层理、粉砂屑层理。风暴沉积的研究加深了对大安寨段半深湖灰岩成因的认识,滩前和半深湖相的风暴成因的灰岩的孔隙度相对较好,具有较好的烃源与保存条件,是致密油勘探的有利相带。     

邵东保和堂大冶灰岩沉积构造特征

保和堂大冶灰岩中发育丰富的沉积构造,对之研究有助于保和堂、乃至整个湘中的大冶灰岩形成环境的探讨。其第一段岩石发育了丘状波痕、丘状交错层理及粒序层理,是风暴作用的反映;泥裂、水雹痕属于暴露环境。说明大冶灰岩沉积的早期仍属潮上或潮间碳酸盐台地相。中期海水加深,发育了水平层理、变形层理及包卷层理等,近于台地边缘斜坡相。晚期的粒序层理、虫迹等构造,反映了海水再度变浅的趋势。     

A wave‐dominated,tide‐modulated model for the Lower Ordovician of the Anti‐Atlas,Morocco

Hybrid depositional systems are created by the interaction of two or more hydrodynamic processes that control facies distribution and their characteristics in terms of sedimentary structures and depositional geometry. The interaction of wave and tide both in the geological sedimentary record and modern environments has been rarely described in the literature. Mixed coastal environments are identified by the evidence of wave and tidal structures and are well identified in nearshore environments, while their recognition in lower shoreface–offshore environments lacks direct information from modern settings. Detailed field analyses of 10 stratigraphic sections of the Lower Ordovician succession (Fezouata and Zini formations; Anti‐Atlas, Morocco) have allowed the definition of 14 facies, all grouped in four facies zones belonging to a storm‐dominated, wave‐dominated sedimentary siliciclastic system characterized by symmetrical ripples of various scales. Peculiar sedimentary organization and sedimentary structures are observed: (i) cyclical changes in size of sedimentary structures under fair‐weather or storm‐weather conditions; (ii) decimetre‐deep erosional surfaces in swaley cross‐stratifications; (iii) deep internal erosion within storm deposits; (iv) discontinuous sandstone layers in most depositional environments, and common deposition of sandstones with a limited lateral extension, interpreted to indicate that deposition at all scales (metric to kilometric) is discontinuous; (v) combined flow–oscillation ripples showing aggrading–prograding internal structures alternating with purely aggrading wave ripples; and (vi) foreshore environments characterized by alternating phases of deposition of parallel stratifications, small‐scale and large‐scale ripples and tens of metres‐wide reactivation surfaces. These characteristics of deposition suggest that wave intensity during storm‐weather or fair‐weather conditions was continuously modulated by another controlling factor of the sedimentation: the tide. However, tidal structures are not recognized, because they were probably not preserved due to dominant action of storms and waves. A model of deposition is provided for this wave‐dominated, tide‐modulated sedimentary system recording proximal offshore to intertidal–foreshore environments, but lacking diagnostic tidal structures.     

浙江桐庐晚奥陶世晚期沉积层序和沉积环境分析

文昌组上段顶部是一套潮汐层理非常发育的泥质砂岩或砂质泥岩,存在双向交错层理,层面有雨痕,应为潮坪沉积。潮坪沉积由小型层序构成,小型层序又是由砂、泥质单层组成。砂质单层底部通常为岩性突变面或侵蚀面,砂质纹层较厚,其中可见对称波痕或泥砾;向上砂质纹层变薄,过渡到泥质单层。砂质单层形成于暴风浪时期,泥质单层是风浪衰减后恢复正常的潮汐沉积。因此,小型层序从成因上说是一风暴层序。碎屑成份、砾石成份分析表明沉积物均来自华夏古陆的沉积岩和变质岩基底。物源一致,岩层产状变化不大,反映文昌组沉积环境稳定。岩性、粒度分析表明文昌组是一向上变细、由浅海高能环境向近岸低能环境过渡的沉积层序。文昌组下段为浅海砂岩沉积,上段顶部为潮坪沉积。二者之间是一套夹砾岩透镜体的泥质粉细砂岩,其沉积环境应介于浅海和滨岸之间,为水下岸坡沉积。砾岩层只是大的沉积旋回中出现的事件性水下冲积物。     

Depositional facies of the subsurface Neogene Surma Group in the Sylhet Trough of the Bengal Basin,Bangladesh: record of tidal sedimentation

The Bengal Basin, in the north-eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, contains a thick (± 22 km) early Cretaceous-Holocene sedimentary succession. The Neogene succession in the Sylhet Trough of the basin reaches a thickness of more than 6 km of which the Surma Group contains important sandstone reservoirs. Lithologically, the group consists of a succession of alternating shales, siltstones, sandy shales and sandstones, with minor conglomerates. This research work is a sedimentological analysis of the subsurface Neogene succession encountered in the petroleum exploration wells in the Sylhet Trough of the Bengal Basin. Detailed lithologic logs of the cores, based on considering texture and sedimentary structure, permit a subdivision into eight lithofacies, e.g., a shale-dominated facies, interbedded fine sandstones and mudstones, ripple-laminated sandstones, parallel-laminated sandstones, massive sandstones, cross-bedded sandstones, cross-bedded sandstones with pebble/granule lag and conglomerates. Characteristic sedimentary structures of the Surma Group, such as flaser-, wavy- and lenticular-bedding, bipolarity of ripple cross-stratification, evenly laminated sand/silt-streaked shales, reactivation surfaces within cross-bedded sandstone sets, mud-drapes on foreset laminae and herringbone cross-stratification as well as small-scale vertical sequences (several fining-upward cycles) are diagnostic for tidal influence. On the basis of the lithofacies associations and prograding character of the deposits revealed from the electrofacies associations, the Surma Group sediments have been interpreted as representing deposits of tide-dominated deltaic depositional setting.     

Tempestite facies variability and storm-depositional processes across a wide ramp: Towards a polygenetic model for hummocky cross-stratification

The hydrodynamic mechanisms responsible for the genesis and facies variability of shallow-marine sandstone storm deposits (tempestites) have been intensely debated, with particular focus on hummocky cross-stratification. Despite being ubiquitously utilized as diagnostic elements of high-energy storm events, the full formative process spectrum of tempestites and hummocky cross-stratification is still to be determined. In this study, detailed sedimentological investigations of more than 950 discrete tempestites within the Lower Cretaceous Rurikfjellet Formation on Spitsbergen, Svalbard, shed new light on the formation and environmental significance of hummocky cross-stratification, and provide a reference for evaluation of tempestite facies models. Three generic types of tempestites are recognized, representing deposition from: (i) relatively steady and (ii) highly unsteady storm-wave-generated oscillatory flows or oscillatory-dominated combined-flows; and (iii) various storm-wave-modified hyperpycnal flows (including waxing–waning flows) generated directly from plunging rivers. A low-gradient ramp physiography enhanced both distally progressive deceleration of the hyperpycnal flows and the spatial extent and relative magnitude of wave-added turbulence. Sandstone beds display a wide range of simple and complex configurations of hummocky cross-stratification. Features include ripple cross-lamination and ‘compound’ stratification, soft-sediment deformation structures, local shifts to quasi-planar lamination, double draping, metre-scale channelized bed architectures, gravel-rich intervals, inverse-to-normal grading, and vertical alternation of sedimentary structures. A polygenetic model is presented to account for the various configurations of hummocky cross-stratification that may commonly be produced during storms by wave oscillations, hyperpycnal flows and downwelling flows. Inherent storm-wave unsteadiness probably facilitates the generation of a wide range of hummocky cross-stratification configurations due to: (i) changes in near-bed oscillatory shear stresses related to passing wave groups or tidal water-level variations; (ii) multidirectional combined-flows related to polymodal and time-varying orientations of wave oscillations; and (iii) syndepositional liquefaction related to cyclic wave stress. Previous proximal–distal tempestite facies models may only be applicable to relatively high-gradient shelves, and new models are necessary for low-gradient settings.     

The role of wave reworking on the architecture of storm sandstone facies, Bell Island Group (Lower Ordovician), eastern Newfoundland

Stacked shallow marine cycles in the Lower Ordovician, Bell Island Group, of Bell Island, Newfoundland, show upward thickening and upward coarsening sequences which were deposited on a storm-affected shelf. In the Beach Formation each cycle has a facies sequence comprised, from base to top, of dark grey mudstones, light grey mudstones, tabular sandstones and mudstones, lenticular sandstones and mudstones, and thick bedded lenticular sandstones, reflecting a progressive increase of wave orbital velocities at the sediment surface. The mudstones and tabular sandstones reflect an environment in which the sea floor lay in the lower part of the wave orbital velocity field and in which tempestites were deposited as widespread sheets from weak combined flow currents. The lenticular sandstones in the succeeding facies are wave reworked sands, commonly lying in erosional hollows and having erosional tops and internal hummocky cross-stratification. Planar lamination is relatively uncommon and sole marks are mainly absent. In this facies oscillatory currents were dominant and accumulated sand in patches generally 10–30 m in diameter. The facies formed on the inner shelf where the oscillatory currents generated by storm waves had powerful erosional effects and also determined the depositional bedforms. Mud partings and second-order set boundaries within sandstone beds are believed to separate the products of individual storms so that many lenticular sandstone beds represent the amalgamation of several event beds. This interpretation has important implications for attempts to estimate event frequency by counting sandstone beds within a sequence and for estimates of sand budgets during storm events. The thick bedded lenticular facies appears to have been formed by erosion of the mud beds between the lenticular sands, leading to nearly complete amalgamation of several lenticular sand bodies except for residual mud partings. In the overlying Redmans Formation the process of amalgamation progressed even further so that nearly all the mud partings were removed, resulting in the formation of thick bedded tabular sandstones. Sequence stratigraphic analysis of the cyclical sequence suggests that the cycles were eustatically controlled. The rising limb of the sea level curve produced only the dark grey mudstone part of the cycle while the remainder of the cycle was deposited on the falling limb. There is a gradational but rapid facies transition from the tabular to the lenticular sandstone facies which is interpreted as occurring at the inflexion point on the falling limb. The thick bedded facies of the Beach Formation and the thick bedded tabular facies of the Redmans Formation represent periods of maximum sea level fall. The stacked cycles in the Beach Formation are interpreted as an aggradational, high frequency sequence or parasequence set bounded at the top by a sequence boundary and succeeded by the three aggradational parasequences of the Redmans Formation. The recognition of storm facies with sandstone beds of very different bed length has important implications for the reservoir modelling of such facies.     

Tide-dominated offshore sedimentation, Lower Cambrian, north Norway

The Duolbasgaissa Formation, Lower Cambrian, of northern Norway consists of 550 m of mineralogically and texturally mature sandstones with subordinate siltstones, mudstones and conglomerates. Four facies are defined on the basis of grain size, bed thickness and sedimentary structures. Facies 1–3 consist of a variety of erosively-based, cross-stratified and parallel-stratified sandstones interbedded with siltstone and mudstone. Many of these sandstones show evidence of deposition from waning currents. Facies 4 consists of trough cross-bedded sandstones with sets up to 4 m thick. Symmetrical ripples and bioturbation are ubiquitous. Bipolar palaeocurrent distributions are common to all facies and one mode is usually strongly dominant. Lateral facies variations and sedimentary structures suggest that deposition took place in a tide-dominated, offshore, shallow marine environment in which maximum sediment transport probably occurred when storm generated waves enhanced tidal currents. The four facies are thought to represent the deposits of various parts of tidal sediment transport paths such as exist in modern seas around Great Britain. Small scale coarsening upward sequences may represent the superposition of facies independently of changing water depth. Lack of information prevents a detailed palaeogeographic reconstruction. It is suggested that sand body shape is not accurately predictable.     

Upper Cretaceous Gongila Formation in the Hawal Basin, northeast Benue Trough: a storm and wave dominated regressive shoreline complex

The Gongila Formation in the Hawal Basin displays lithological characteristics, textural variations and sedimentary structures that facilitate palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. The 41 m thick Gongila succession is divisible into: (i) a mudstone facies association (at the bottom) composed of fossiliferous limestone, clay shale, and sharp-based, graded and swaly-bedded shell debris; and (ii) a cross-stratified sandstone facies association that constitutes the uppermost 60% of the entire succession. The cross-stratified sandstone facies association is further subdivided, on the basis of sedimentary structures, into: (i) a lower interval represented by a coarsening upward fine- to medium-grained sandstone, siltstone and shale in which units characterised by parallel lamination and hummocky cross-stratification pass upward through a zone of small-scale low angle cross-stratification into units characterised by planar cross-stratification and sparse Teichichnus and Skolithos burrow traces; and (ii) an upper interval dominated by fine- to medium-grained sandstone and bioturbated siltstone characterised by erosive based, high angle tangential foresets, subhorizontal laminations and burrow structures belonging to the Thalassinoides, Ophiomorpha and Skolithos ichnogenera.The overall sequence of the Gongila Formation represents progradation on a wave influenced coast, passing from shelf mudstone at the base to lower and upper shoreface sandstones at the top. Each facies association displays an alternation between relatively high energy conditions when sediment was mainly deposited by decelerating suspension laden currents, and relatively low energy conditions when wave reworked fine-grained sediment as it was deposited from suspension. The influence of storms in these conditions is inferred from the associated lithofacies, textural characteristics and sedimentary structures.     

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷利津洼陷古近系沙河街组湖相风暴沉积特征及控制因素*

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷利津洼陷古近系沙河街组第四上亚段风暴岩沉积构造类型丰富,包括风暴侵蚀形成的冲刷面、渠模、截切面构造,风暴涡流形成的撕裂构造,风暴重力流形成的递变、块状层理,风暴浪形成的丘状交错层理、平行层理、浪成沙纹交错层理及风暴后能量衰减阶段形成的准同生变形构造等。通过岩心观察统计,建立了适合于研究区风暴岩的理想垂向沉积序列,包括10个岩相单元,对应着3个主要的风暴作用阶段：风暴涡流作用阶段、风暴浪作用阶段和风暴作用衰减阶段。结合风暴岩沉积特征及沉积动力学机制,将研究区风暴岩归为4种类型：其中Ⅰ型风暴岩发育于正常浪基面之上,为原地侵蚀型风暴岩,Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型风暴岩发育于正常浪基面与风暴浪基面之间。根据以上4种风暴岩沉积特征,探讨了研究区风暴岩形成的主控因素,认为风暴岩的形成主要受风暴作用、物源、古地形以及湖平面变化的影响,并总结出4种类型风暴岩发育的有利条件。     

青岛灵山岛下白垩统湖泊风暴沉积与风暴作用

灵山岛背来石剖面发育了非常典型的湖泊风暴岩和风暴作用。非常典型的丘、洼状构造发育在火山岩底部的砂页岩中。丘状构造呈典型的丘状,规模不一,小者高数厘米,宽数十厘米;大者高2. 4m,宽12. 48m;具有典型的二元结构：底部为灰色或浅灰色的砂砾岩或砂岩;顶部为深灰色 黑色泥岩、页岩或薄层砂岩互层。砂砾岩分选磨圆均很差,砾石主要为片麻岩,直径多在数毫米到3~4cm,呈悬浮式胶结。砾岩底部为凹凸不平的侵蚀面,砾岩向丘状构造两翼变薄甚至尖灭,与下部侵蚀面呈典型的角度交切。丘状构造的上部的细粒层有四个要素：①上凸形态;②丘状交错层理;③下细上粗的二元结构;④底部具侵蚀面。洼状构造也具有典型的洼状,规模也不一,小者高数厘米,宽十余厘米;大者高2. 4m,宽18. 70m,具有下细上粗的（反)二元结构,但底部多为深灰 灰黑色、甚至黑色的泥岩、页岩或夹薄层砂岩,上部多为砂岩、砂砾岩或砾岩。完整的洼状构造也有四个要素：①下凹形态;②或有洼状交错层理;③下细上粗的（反)二元结构;④底部具侵蚀面。丘状构造与洼状构造在空间上相邻共生,但不是同时形成的,一个连续的完整序列是丘状构造形成在先,洼状构造形成在后,其间由一个粒度较细的薄层分隔开（风暴最高水位时的“静”水沉积)。基于实验和丘洼构造参数计算了风暴浪的相关参数。     

青岛灵山岛下白垩统风暴岩与风暴沉积的发现及意义*

青岛灵山岛中生界下白垩统碎屑岩中发育了很好的风暴岩与风暴沉积,其特点是:(1)丘状、洼状构造及丘状、洼状交错层理经常可见;丘状交错层理呈对称或近对称丘状,一般发育在三角洲前缘暗色薄层状砂泥岩互层中,薄层一般厚1~2,cm,有时也可以更厚;砂岩中常有平行层理或低角度交错层理,也可以发育丘状交错层理;细层较厚,多在1~2,cm,甚至3~4,cm;但砂岩多数呈块状;洼状交错层理相对较少,多不完善;洼状构造则相对多见。(2)冲刷侵蚀面非常发育。多波状起伏或凹凸不平,起伏可达20~30,cm,甚至更大;内部的冲刷侵蚀面常不连续,但底部的冲刷侵蚀面连续性很好。(3)中厚层状砂岩内部的冲刷侵蚀面可以分为多个次级层,但常因冲刷面的不连续而上下合并在一起。(4)砂岩中常含有内碎屑,以暗色泥砾为主,小者直径多在1~2,cm,大者可达10,cm以上,形态多变;长轴多顺层分布;有时集中在砂岩的顶部。(5)以中细砂岩为主,没有真正的砾岩;砂岩的分选性可以较好。(6)发育了大量的多尺度、多类型软沉积物的变形构造。(7)有时候含有炭屑。灵山岛风暴岩和风暴沉积的发现,揭示了这套沉积是在一个相对较浅水的湖泊条件下形成的,而非海洋深水;此外,风暴形成的砂岩下移到三角洲前缘相中,使其更加靠近烃源岩,优化了生储关系,有利于油气成藏。