Elimination of hydraulic effects for cassiterite in a Malaysian Stream

Geochemical patterns for elements, such as Sn, W and Au, present in drainage sediments as resistate heavy minerals are often erratic and difficult to interpret. To investigate the source of these problems and develop methods of eliminating them we have compared the behavior of Sn, present as cassiterite, and associated pathfinder elements downstream from a small primary Sn deposit in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia.Dispersion trains for the pathfinder elements are characterized by smooth decay patterns and differences in concentrations between high- and low-energy environments, characterized by coarse-and medium-grained sands respectively, are not significant. In contrast, Sn (and magnetite) concentrations are extremely erratic with significantly higher concentrations in high- compared to low-energy environments. As a result the dispersion train for Sn exhibits no regular decay pattern away from its source. These findings suggest that the action of the stream is analogous to that of sluice box, with light minerals being winnowed away and cassiterite, together with magnetite, accumulating. For all but the finest sizes this process, which is most efficient in high-energy environments, causes considerable local variability in Sn content of the sediments. However, because the hydraulic behavior of cassiterite and magnetite is similar, but magnetite is not associated with the primary mineralization, the Sn/magnetite ratio can be used to eliminate Sn anomalies resulting from local variations in hydraulic conditions.The concept of hydraulic equivalence of cassiterite and magnetite was extended to examining the relationship between Sn and different size fractions of the light minerals that constitute the bulk of most sediments. Greatest contrast is obtained when the Sn content of the −270 mesh (−53 μm) fraction is re-expressed as its hydraulic equivalent concentration in −65 + 100 mesh (−212 + 150 μm) material.For exploration purposes it is concluded that: (1) providing cassiterite is present in the fine size fractions, sampling of this material will reduce hydraulic effects, thereby reducing data variability, and can also increase the length of the anomalous dispersion train; and (2) hydraulic effects can also be reduced by re-expressing Sn concentrations as ratios to magnetite (provided this is not associated with the primary Sn mineralization) or a hydraulically equivalent size fraction of the light minerals that constitute the bulk of the sediment. Similar principles probably apply to the interpretation of geochemical data for other elements dispersed in drainage sediments as heavy minerals; this warrants further investigation.     

Process recognition in multi-element soil and stream-sediment geochemical data

Stream-sediment and soil geochemical data from the Upper and Lower Coastal Plains of South Carolina (USA) were studied to determine relationships between soils and stream sediments. From multi-element associations, characteristic compositions were determined for both media. Primary associations of elements reflect mineralogy, including heavy minerals, carbonates and clays, and the effects of groundwater. The effects of groundwater on element concentrations are more evident in soils than stream sediments. A “winnowing index” was created using ratios of Th to Al that revealed differing erosional and depositional environments. Both soils and stream sediments from the Upper and Lower Coastal Plains show derivation from similar materials and subsequent similar multi-element relationships, but have some distinct differences. In the Lower Coastal Plain, soils have high values of elements concentrated in heavy minerals (Ce, Y, Th) that grade into high values of elements concentrated into finer-grain-size, lower-density materials, primarily comprised of carbonates and feldspar minerals (Mg, Ca, Na, K, Al). These gradational trends in mineralogy and geochemistry are inferred to reflect reworking of materials during marine transgressions and regressions. Upper Coastal Plain stream-sediment geochemistry shows a higher winnowing index relative to soil geochemistry. A comparison of the 4 media (Upper Coastal Plain soils and stream sediments and Lower Coastal Plain soils and stream sediments) shows that Upper Coastal Plain stream sediments have a higher winnowing index and a higher concentration of elements contained within heavy minerals, whereas Lower Coastal Plain stream sediments show a strong correlation between elements typically contained within clays. It is not possible to calculate a functional relationship between stream sediment–soil compositions for all elements due to the complex history of weathering, deposition, reworking and re-deposition. However, depending on the spatial separation of the stream-sediment and soil samples, some elements are more highly correlated than others.     

盆地金属矿穿透性地球化学勘查模型与案例

近20年来,越来越多的大型金属矿床在盆地内部及其边缘被发现。传统的勘查地球化学方法对盆地及盆山边缘覆盖区无能为力,深穿透地球化学探测技术为解决盆地及其边缘覆盖区找矿难题提供了一种行之有效的手段。文章通过对沉积砂岩盆地铀矿、火山岩盆地银多金属矿、变质岩盖层铜镍矿和沉积盖层金矿开展探测试验,得出:(1)砂岩型铀矿中活动性铀主要以铀酰络阳离子的形式存在,铀酰络阳离子很容易受地下水运动及蒸发蒸腾作用而发生迁移,迁移通道包括砂岩的孔隙、构造裂隙等,到达地表后,铀酰络阳离子易与土壤中带负电的黏土矿物结合而赋存其中,使用微细粒分离和活动态提取两种方法均能圈定矿致异常;(2)火山岩盆地中,与火山岩近乎同期形成的矿床,矿床形成过程中含矿流体携带成矿元素银、金、铜等沿构造裂隙运移,迁移到地表后被土壤中的黏土矿物所吸附,使用土壤活动态测量和微细粒分离测量均能有效圈定已知矿体,异常直接位于矿体上方;(3)变质岩盆地超基性岩体在侵位过程中,岩体与变质岩接触带将产生大量的构造裂隙,因此当流体通过岩体与围岩接触带时,将携带矿体中铜、镍向上迁移至地表,形成环状异常;(4)洛宁盆地金矿成矿过程中,成矿元素金、银等以络合物、纳米级单质或合金等形式通过流体携带顺着构造破碎带向上迁移,地表岩石风化发生成矿元素解离,后期被黄土覆盖,矿体或岩石解离的化合物或纳米颗粒可以穿过黄土孔隙向上迁移至地表,并赋存于表层黄土的细粒级黏土中,因此采用土壤微细粒分离测量可圈出矿致异常。本文根据深穿透地球化学方法应用效果,异常的形态,并结合盖层的特点,成矿元素的存在形式、迁移方式以及在地表的赋存状态,初步建立了盆地金属矿深穿透地球化学勘查模型,为盆地盖层区地球化学勘查提供了理论与技术支撑。     

地质异常的奇异性度量与隐伏源致矿异常识别

以个旧锡多金属矿床为例,研究了致矿地质异常的非线性特征.从异常地质事件和成矿作用的奇异性出发,定量分析了地质异常的奇异性、不连续性、非平稳性、混沌性、自相似性、临界性等非线性特征.在此基础上,详细介绍了局部奇异性分析原理和方法,论述了奇异性指数对隐伏源异常的识别能力.结果表明,奇异性分析方法在个旧地区水系沉积物地球化学数据处理和隐伏源地球化学异常识别和圈定应用中是有效的.分析结果一定程度上消除了隐伏源深度的影响,所圈定的局部地球化学异常不仅在个旧东区较好地对应了已发现的大型锡矿床的分布,而且在其他低缓地球化学异常区也圈定了多处局部异常,为进一步开展锡矿勘查提供了重要靶区.奇异性理论和方法有望为深部矿产预测、隐伏矿预测、覆盖区矿产预测等特殊环境开展矿产预测提供了新的实用性理论和方法技术.      

岩石中元素背景值变化对地球化学成矿预测的影响

勘查地球化学是利用元素在各种介质中的含量变化来进行找矿勘查,因此,地球化学填图是勘查地球化学的最基础性的工作,正如地质图对于地质工作的重要性一样。在利用地球化学进行找矿预测过程中,元素在不同类型岩石中背景值的变化会对预测过程产生很大的影响,在利用中国西南地区76种元素编图的数据进行成矿预测过程中,将元素分成两类:一类是岩性变化对成矿预测影响较小的元素,这类元素的各类岩石最大背景值与预测区的异常下限比值小于1,且岩石中背景值的最大值与最小值比值也较小,一般小于4。这些元素包括Hg、Cd、Sb、Au、Sn、 Mo、Ag、U、Pb、Bi、W,它们都是地球化学方法应用最有效的矿种。另一类是岩性变化对成矿预测影响较大的元素, 这类元素有Pt、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、V、Ti等,其岩石中的最大背景值与异常下限比值大于1,且岩石中的背景值最大值与最小值的比值大于8。以Sn和Cu两种元素为例,Sn属于岩性变化影响较小的元素,西南地区的Sn矿床与Sn地球化学异常之间的对应关系很好。而Cu属于岩性影响较大的元素,西南地区的Cu矿床分布与西南地区的巨大的 Cu地球化学异常对应关系较差。对于这组元素,应采用多重分形滤波技术,压制不同背景的干扰,从中提取出矿化信息。     

Antimony quartz and antimony–gold quartz veins from northern Portugal

Antimony- and Pb–Sb-quartz veins from the Bragança district, Portugal, are mainly hosted by Silurian phyllites. Antimony–Au-quartz veins from the Dúrico–Beirã region are mainly hosted by a Cambrian schist–metagraywacke complex, as well as Ordovician phyllites and quartzites. The deposits were mostly exploited in the late 19th Century. Mineralogical characteristics and chemical compositions of individual ore minerals are similar in the two areas. First and second generations of arsenopyrite precipitated at 390 and 300 °C, respectively. Berthierite and stibnite are the most abundant Sb-bearing minerals and precipitated between 225 and 128 °C, native antimony at < 200 °C. Drastic fluid cooling is the main cause of mineral precipitation. The Pb isotope compositions of stibnite suggest a homogeneous crustal source of lead, from the metasedimentary sequences, for Sb, Pb–Sb and Sb–Au deposits in both areas, which is consistent with the findings for comparable mineralizations elsewhere in Europe. Remobilization of Pb is related to Variscan metamorphism and deformation.     

中南地区矿产资源潜力评价主要成果与认识

“中南地区矿产资源潜力评价”项目按照《全国矿产资源潜力评价技术要求》的统一规定,对中南地区铁等20个重要矿种,从成矿地质背景、地球物理、地球化学、遥感、自然重砂、成矿规律、资源预测、成矿作用和找矿方向等方面进行了全面、系统的资料汇总和综合研究; 在分析重要矿产的成矿地质背景和划分构造单元的基础上,提出了对扬子陆块与武夷-云开造山带西南段界线等的新认识及其证据; 通过总结区内不同大地构造相、不同时代重要矿产的成矿作用和时空分布规律,圈定了物探、化探、遥感和自然重砂的各类综合异常,编制了系列图件,研建了各类数据库系统; 客观评价和定量预测了重要矿产的资源潜力,圈定了找矿远景区,指出了找矿方向。该项目取得的各项成果为今后开展更加深入的区域成矿规律研究和矿产勘查提供了翔实可靠的地质依据。     

Geochemical challenges of diverse regolith-covered terrains for mineral exploration in China

In recent years mineral exploration has concentrated on concealed deposits in regolith-covered terrains. In China, the regolith-covered landscapes mainly include desert windblown sand basins, desert peneplains, semi-arid grassland, loess plateaus, forestry land, alluvial plains and laterite terrains. These diverse regolith-covered areas represent geochemical challenges for mineral exploration in China. This paper provides an overview of recent progress on mechanisms of metal dispersion from the buried ore deposits through the transported cover to the surface and penetrating geochemical methods to detect the anomalies. Case studies show that, in arid and semi-arid desert sand-covered terrains, sampling of fine-fraction (− 120 mesh, < 0.125 mm) clay-rich horizon soil is cost-effective for regional geochemical surveys for sandstone-type uranium, gold, and base metal deposits. Fine-fraction sampling, selective-leaching and overburden drilling geochemical methods can effectively indicate the 210 gold ore body at Jinwozi goldfield. In alluvium-covered terrains, fine-grained soil sampling (− 200 mesh, < 0.074 mm) combined with selective leaching geochemistry shows clear ring-shaped anomalies of Cu and Ni over the Zhouan concealed Cu–Ni deposit. In laterite-covered terrains, the anomalies determined by the fine-fraction soils and selective leaching of absorbed metals on coatings of Fe–Mn oxides coincide well with the concealed deposit over the Yueyang ore deposits at the Zijin Au–Cu–Ag field. Nanoparticles of hexagonal crystals mainly native copper, gold and alloys of Cu–Fe, Cu–Fe–Mn, Cu–Ti, and Cu–Au were observed in gases, soils and ores using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The findings imply that nanoparticles of gold and copper may migrate through the transported cover to the surface. Uranium is converted to uranyl ions [UO₂^2 +] under oxidizing conditions when migrating from ore bodies to the surface. The uranyl ions are absorbed on clay minerals, because clay layers have a net negative charge, which needs to be balanced by interlayer cations. Nanoparticles of Au and Cu and ion complexes of U are more readily absorbed onto fine fractions of soils containing clays, colloids, oxides and organic matters. Thus, fine-grained soils enriched with clays, oxides and colloids are useful media for regional geochemical surveys in regolith-covered terrains and in sedimentary basins. Fine-fraction soil sampling combined with selective leaching geochemistry is effective for finding concealed ore bodies in detailed surveys. Penetrating geochemistry at surface sampling provides cost-effective mineral exploration methods for delineation of regional and local targets in transported cover terrains.     

内蒙古宝音图隆起区成矿地质特征及找矿潜力分析

系统阐述了内蒙古宝音图隆起区地层、构造及岩浆岩特征,详细介绍了区域矿产资源类型及典型矿床地质特征.在此基础上从岩石地层含矿性、区域地球化学特征、区域地球物理特征、区域重砂特征4个方面论述了该地区之成矿潜力,总结了区域成矿规律并划分了区域成矿远景区.认为宝音图隆起区找矿潜力巨大,今后的找矿勘探中应注意与超基性岩有关的非传统资源的找寻,注意“三高一低”找矿模式的运用.     

Distribution and dispersion of gold in point bar and pavement sediments of the Huai Hin Laep, Loei, northeastern Thailand

Gold anomalies in drainage sediments are often erratic, reflecting both the nugget effect and hydraulic effects whereby gold is concentrated at favorable sites along a stream. This study investigates these factors in a stream in northeastern Thailand.Bulk sediment samples, consisting of approximately 40 kg of −12 mm material, were collected from bar and pavement sites along an 8 km study reach. Samples were wet sieved into eight size fractions. The five fractions between 425 μm and 53 μm were then processed to obtain heavy mineral concentrates (SG > 3.3). Gold content of all size and density fractions finer than 425 μm was determined by fire assay-atomic absorption.Concentrations of Au in the heavy mineral concentrates typically range from 10,000 to 50,000 ppb (maximum 198,000 ppb), whereas the corresponding light mineral fractions and the −53 μm fraction generally contain <5 ppb gold. Within the heavy mineral fractions concentrations of Au generally increase downstream away from their supposed source and are higher at pavement than at point bar sites. Variations in abundance of gold between point bar sites can be related to stream characteristics (such as width, velocity and bed roughness) that are indicative of changing energy conditions and of the ability of the stream to winnow light minerals from its bed.The estimated median number of gold particles in the heavy mineral concentrates increase from less than one in the 212–425 μm fraction to about three in the 53–106 μm size range. However, because of dilution by the light mineral and −53 μm fractions, the probability of a 30 g analytical sub-sample containing a particle of gold is so low that in thirteen out of sixteen −149 μm sediment samples no gold was detected. Insofar as this results from dilution by large quantities of −53 μm sediment, failure of conventional sieved sediment samples to reliably detect the anomaly is probably a consequence of increased erosion caused by deforestation and land usage.Heavy mineral concentrates from pavement and other high energy sites are more reliable than conventional sediment samples for detecting gold anomalies of the Huai Hin Laep type. A low sample density is adequate but, because anomaly contrast may increase downstream, careful interpretation is required.     

The use of “loam” concentrates in geochemical exploration in deeply weathered arid terrains

This paper reviews some aspects of the use of “loam” (soil) concentrates in geochemical surveys in arid, deeply weathered environments.An orientation survey at a small Ni-Cu-Co prospect in Western Australia has shown that discrimination between mineralized and unmineralized samples could be achieved using Ni, Cu, Co, Cr, Zn, As, Sn, Sc, Ti, Yb and Y in the coarse fraction of heavy concentrates. However, at the same prospect the best contrast for Ni, Cu and Co in surface samples was provided by analysis of the same fraction following a cold ammonium citrate/hydroxylamine hydrochloride digestion.At a nearby, larger prospect, some 54 km² in area, concentrates were separated, by jigging, from bulk soil samples, themselves composites of representative subsamples. Sampling at a density of 4 samples per km² revealed 1–2 km² size anomalies of Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, As and Au which could be related, variously, to known Ni-Cu and Au mineralization.In Botswana, analysis of concentrates, separated by tabling from samples collected at a density of 1 sample per 7.5 km² over an area of 5400 km², identified distinctive geochemical districts. Enhanced values of Au and of Cu-Ni in the concentrates were relatable to known mineralization and the results suggested that there were also Sn-W-Mo-Bi (granitoid) and Au-Pb-Zn-Bi-Sn (volcanogenic) associations which could lead to new prospecting targets. Anomalies of certain elements (for example, Cu in an ultramafic environment) may be more readily detected in surface material by “enrichment indexing” the concentrate data.     

自然重砂异常在云南西邑铅锌矿找矿中的意义

自然重砂测量是矿产勘查的重要手段之一,提取自然重砂异常中的矿化信息与区域地质、成矿事件之间的内在联系,对揭示区域成矿规律和预测潜在矿床具有重要的意义。云南西邑铅锌矿床是全国资源潜力评价中,通过自然重砂异常并结合其他找矿方法实现找矿突破的成功案例。报道了西邑铅锌矿床自然重砂异常的基本特征,探讨了矿床有关自然重砂异常特征及其在西邑铅锌矿找矿突破过程中的重要作用。     

沟系土壤地球化学测量在贵州普晴锑金矿勘查区应用与找矿效果

通过沟系土壤地球化学测量方法在普晴锑金矿勘查区中的实施,确定各元素异常下限值为Au7×10-9、Sb10×10-6、Cu200×10-6、As30×10-6,发现了一批有价值的地球化学异常,对各元素地球化学异常区的找矿潜力进行分析,结合地层、岩性等有利控矿因素综合评判主成矿元素异常、元素组合异常圈定4个找矿靶区,确定了各靶区的主要找矿矿种,对各靶区进行了必要的山地工程查证,取得了较好的找矿效果。实践证明沟系土壤地球化学测量找矿方法在本区是有效的,认识到在当前老矿区外围找矿中成矿元素弱异常、多元素组合弱异常区具有重要找矿意义。在此基础上较系统的总结了沟系土壤地球化学找矿方法步骤。     

内蒙古白音郭勒地区地球化学异常提取方法对比研究

勘查地球化学的基础性问题是如何合理地提取地球化学异常下限,这是影响勘查地球化学在矿产勘查中效果的主要因素。利用SPSS软件,通过含量对数频率直方图,结合偏度、峰度检验法检验元素的含量分布型式,发现研究区的Cu、Ag、Pb、Zn元素不服从正态或对数正态分布,而呈现多峰态、高丛集的多重分形特征。采用传统的统计学方法、85%累计频率法、含量-总量多重分形法提取相关元素地球化学异常,并进行对比研究。研究结果表明,基于元素空间分布及含量分布规律的含量-总量多重分形方法,有效克服了传统方法的局限,比较客观地反映研究区的地球化学异常信息,是研究地球化学异常比较合理的方法。     

甘肃北山前红泉地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿方向

前人在研究区开展过1∶20万水系沉积物测量及重砂测量,但受比例尺限制,异常面积过大,查证目标不够明确,找矿效果不佳。本次通过对前红泉地区开展1∶5万水系沉积物测量工作,初步总结了该区地球化学特征,根据元素组合特征、成矿地质条件等圈定出综合异常10处;在分析综合异常特征、异常检查情况及成矿潜力的基础上划分了成矿远景区4个,分别为受断裂和韧性剪切带控制的万岁山金成矿远景区、黑山头金多金属成矿远景区、与基性岩有关的帐房山铜钴镍成矿远景区及受酸性岩体内构造裂隙控制的红柳疙瘩钨成矿远景区;在成矿远景区内优选出找矿靶区4处,并提出了下一步找矿工作的建议。     

矿产资源调查中自然重砂测量成果的重新应用——以河北蔚县地区为例

自然重砂测量是矿产勘查的重要手段之一。如何充分提取自然重砂测量数据所蕴涵的矿化信息,发挥其在矿产资源调查中的作用是一个现实问题。重矿物的被剥蚀、再沉积是自然重砂异常形成的重要过程。在充分考虑自然降水的汇集路径的前提下,以汇水区域边界确定范围是对自然重砂异常客观的解释。区域成矿模式研究、地球化学和人工重砂资料对自然重砂测量数据应用是重要的补充。笔者通过蔚县地区1∶20万自然重砂测量数据的分析,对其中有关全面认识异常、合理确定异常、勘查方法的综合应用、软件平台的使用及在矿产开发程度较高地区寻找未知资源的途径等方面做了一些探讨和尝试。     

溧阳盆地东南缘永坞头地区自然重砂异常圈定及其物源区分析

自然重砂测量是矿产勘查的重要手段之一,以往的自然重砂测量工作主要侧重于目标矿物量的研究,圈定的异常仅有矿物含量的意义,忽视了矿物迁移、富集规律,很大程度上影响了找矿效果。以溧阳永坞头地区为例,从重矿物剥蚀、迁移、富集规律出发,对自然重砂数据进行整理,重新圈定重砂异常,并利用重矿物组合特征、稳定系数及特征指数（ZTR）对异常源区进行判断。研究表明,圈定的2处锡石自然重砂异常源区分别为永坞头404.60高地—413.10高地一带以及387.60高地一带。     

云南金平地区Au、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag成矿元素时空分布特征及找矿预测

云南金平地区是哀牢山南段重要的Au、Cu多金属矿集区,而Au、Cu为该区主成矿元素的论断和依据缺乏,Au、Cu等成矿元素时空富集配分规律、约束机制尚无论断,该区找矿方向及靶区需进一步明确。本文通过开展1:5万金平县幅水系沉积物测量工作,统计分析全区及各主要地质单元元素含量平均值（X）和相对富集系数（K）等,结合金平地区的地球化学参数特征和元素间组合关系、元素异常与成矿相关性,确定了 Au、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag为金平地区主成矿元素。通过分析元素地球化学时空分布富集规律,可知金平地区元素地球化学富集配分受时间、空间限制,该地区Au、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ag主成矿元素富集峰期为两个阶段（300～400 Ma、470～485 Ma）,进而确定了奥陶系、志留系、泥盆系、石炭系、二叠系为该地区最具找矿潜力的时代及地层。通过系统研究元素异常与构造、岩浆和成矿的关系,发现区内三家河断裂、马过河断裂、甜竹山断裂对元素富集有明显的影响和控制作用,金平地区元素异常与成矿具有密切相关性。结合金平地区成矿规律和控矿因素等,圈定了12处综合异常,划定了2个找矿预测区,对2个找矿预测区进行找矿潜力分析,指明了找矿方向,提出了进一步工作建议。     

Nanoscale metals in Earthgas and mobile forms of metals in overburden in wide-spaced regional exploration for giant deposits in overburden terrains

This paper describes the use of NAnoscale Metals in EarthGas (NAMEG) and MObile forms of MEtals in Overburden (MOMEO) methods in regional scale geochemical exploration for giant deposits in terrains covered by overburden. These methods are based on the premise that gases generated from the earth's interior can not only transport mobile forms of elements from an ore deposit and its geochemical halos to the surface to form a local anomaly, but also transport them from distinct bedrock “geochemical blocks” hosting large and giant ore deposits and give rise to large regional geochemical anomalies and geochemical provinces at the surface.Regional NAMEG and MOMEO surveys for giant gold deposits were carried out in Shandong Province, where the largest gold deposits in China are found, and in the Muruntau region of the Kyzylkum Desert, Uzbekistan, one of the world's largest gold ore provinces.In Shandong Province, where most of the area is covered by complex overburden, large regional anomalies in earthgas and water-extractable Au were delineated over and around the giant gold deposits. For many trace elements, the anomalies are larger in area and have greater contrast than those from other methods. High concentration of water soluble Au extends into the southern area covered by transported overburden, suggesting that this region may have potential for the discovery of new concealed gold deposits. The anomalous provinces of Au in both earthgas and water soluble salts coincide with a deep fault, supporting the idea that the deep fault is the main conduit of Au from the interior.In the central Kyzylkum Desert, nearly all Au-hosting rocks are covered by sedimentary sequences overlain by desert sand. Gold and As anomalies over Muruntau and Kokpatas gold deposits have contrasts ranging from 2 to 400 times background. Strong anomalies were also discovered in the south of the Muruntau region, suggesting a promising area for the discovery of new giant gold deposits.     

西藏甲玛矿床磁黄铁矿微量元素特征及其与金富集沉淀的耦合机制

【研究目的】甲玛矿床是西藏冈底斯成矿带最重要的斑岩成矿系统之一,具有斑岩、矽卡岩、角岩、脉状金矿四位一体矿体结构,形成了丰富的矿物种类和多样的金属矿化。其中,磁黄铁矿作为重要的金属矿物之一,其矿物地球化学特征以及与金矿化的耦合关系一直不明确。【研究方法】此次,以甲玛斑岩成矿系统外围和远端的不同产状的磁黄铁矿为研究对象,基于详细的野外地质调查和镜下鉴定,通过激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱分析方法（LAICP-MS）对不同产状的磁黄铁矿开展测点分析和扫描分析,详细揭示其地球化学特征。【研究结果】结果显示,甲玛矿床磁黄铁矿主要富集Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ge、Se,弱富集Pb、Bi、Sb、Te、Ag、As,而Mo、Cd、In、Sn、Ba、W、Au、Tl、Th、U等元素含量较低。其中,矽卡岩中的磁黄铁矿具有较高的Co/Ni比值,能有效揭示其岩浆热液成因,而角岩中磁黄铁矿可能继承了一定的沉积特征。【结论】甲玛矿区磁黄铁矿的Cu、Zn、Pb含量变化特征与矿床空间矿化规律一致。矽卡岩中的块状磁黄铁矿与金矿化关系密切,金主要呈他形、不规则的独立金矿物产于磁黄铁矿的孔隙和粒间。同时,金的富集和沉淀可能与富铋的熔体有关。创新点：磁黄铁矿是甲玛超大型斑岩成矿系统中典型的金属矿物之一,其微区原位分析清晰揭示其微量元素地球化学特征和矿物成因,同时,证实矽卡岩中磁黄铁矿的高品位金与成矿流体中的富铋熔体有关。