近地层大气臭氧对作物光合作用影响的数值模拟研究

近地层O3浓度增加对作物光合产生不利影响,因此,利用TE-49C型臭氧自动观测仪对常熟农田上方O3浓度进行了逐时测定,同时利用OTC-1型农田开顶式气室,测定了不同O3浓度对冬小麦叶片光合作用的影响.在此基础上,首次建立了O3对冬小麦光合作用影响的数值机理模式,模式分辨率达到瞬时时间尺度,空间积分采用Ross方案,具有较高分辨率和准确度.对O3浓度观测表明:O3浓度逐时值变化在0～160×10-9之间,相比之下日平均值变化较小,仅在5×10-9～60×10-9之内;长江中下游地区农田上方O3存在三种典型日变化形式:高浓度单峰型、高浓度多峰型和低浓度平缓型.数值分析表明:全晴天状况下高浓度单峰型对光合作用日总量影响最大.数值敏感分析表明:O3浓度和辐射同步变化时,随着日总辐射量的加大,臭氧浓度增加对光合作用的影响程度逐渐加强.全生育期积分表明:水肥适宜时,由于O3影响冬小麦光合总损失量约为9.22%.     

内蒙古大兴安岭东南部气候变化对作物产量的影响

利用大兴安岭东南部1971～2005年气温资料与玉米、大豆、小麦和马铃薯产量资料,分析了气候变暖对农业生产的可能影响,结果表明4种作物气候产量与各个气温因子的相关系数均为正值.由此可见气候变暖有利于该区各种作物产量的提高.气候变暖可使作物生长期延长8～15天,因此可以引种生长期为120～130天的高产品种,增加中、晚熟品种.气候变暖扩大了作物种植区域,作物的种植北界北推,范围扩大至49°45′N 以南的地区,上界升高至海拔400 m.但是气候变暖也增大了干旱发生的机率,加重了干旱的程度,增加了农作物害虫对农田的危害.气候变暖使异常天气事件增加,对农业产生一些不可逆的影响,使农业生产的不稳定性加剧.     

气候变化对作物产量影响的动态统计评价模式

气候变化对作物产量影响的动态统计评价模式，主要是运用积分回归原理，探索作物生育期内以旬为时间单位的气候变化对作物产量形成的影响规律。由于该模式能及时连续地进行气候影响评价，使评价工作能直接的为农业生产进行跟踪服务。在建模过程中引用了三项式产量预报模型、特殊影响因子诊断分析和选取最佳积分因归方程等方法，并在试用中取得了较满意的结果。     

土壤干旱对作物生长过程和产量影响的研究进展

水分短缺是作物生长中最大的限制因子,土壤干旱胁迫使植物的长势、生理机制、激素水平等都会发生一系列变化。在干旱半干旱地区,土壤水分亏缺能明显抑制作物根系和地上部生长,显著降低作物的生物量、产量和收获指数。禾谷类作物小麦（Triticum aestivum）在灌浆期遇到水分胁迫时,会引起光合速率降低、灌浆时间缩短、灌浆速率下降、植株老化提前,但是它能增加营养组织到籽粒中非结构性碳水化合物的再代谢。土壤水分和植物激素共同调控作物的灌浆过程,当遇到土壤干旱时,作物叶片、花、籽粒发育过程中植物生长调节剂ABA浓度明显增加,且ABA、乙烯、ACC等的浓度随着干旱程度而变化。植物对干旱的适应性主要表现在植物生理、形态上的改变,比如植株结构、干物质积累、植物组织渗透势、气孔导度等的变化。土壤干旱不利于植物生长,但有利于胁迫临界点的产生,这就有可能利用土壤干旱条件下在灌浆较慢时诱导整个植株衰老和更好地进行碳代谢来提高籽粒产量,如果在作物灌浆后期适度控制土壤干旱可以增加籽粒产量和收获指数,有助于农业生产中的节水,这对于发展可持续农业是迫切需要的。     

弱光层异养过程对海洋储碳的影响:进展、挑战和展望

海洋是地表系统最大的碳库和重要碳汇区。海洋生物泵通过一系列复杂的生物地球化学过程将CO₂转化成颗粒有机碳（Particulate Organic Carbon,POC）并输送到深海,是海洋储碳的重要途径。弱光层（真光层底部到1 000 m）的生物异养过程消耗了超过70%从真光层输出的POC通量,决定了生物泵的储碳效率,因此准确定量弱光层的再矿化速率对评估海洋碳汇有重要意义。本文针对海洋生物泵储碳问题,聚焦弱光层异养过程对海洋储碳的影响机制,对全球弱光层再矿化定量工作进行评述,综合分析弱光层POC的衰减、再矿化等问题,并展望了相关新技术的应用。     

气象条件对作物品质和产量影响的试验研究

利用人工气候室试验研究了高温、高CO2浓度和水分胁迫等气象条件变化对农作物籽粒品质以及粮食安全供给的影响.结果表明:土壤水分胁迫有利于提高农作物籽粒的品质,而大气中CO2浓度升高并伴随高温出现不仅不利于农作物籽粒品质的提高,而且对作物在干旱条件下提高作物籽粒品质的能力有抑制作用,并将在大多数气候变化情景下对中国的粮食安全供给产生不利影响.     

臭氧对水稻叶片伤害、光合作用及产量的影响

OTC- 1型农田开顶式气室 ,对水稻进行不同臭氧浓度处理的长期接触试验 ,结果表明 :当试验浓度超过 1 0 0× 1 0 - 9时将对水稻叶片造成直接伤害 ,从而使水稻的光合能力和产量降低。     

气象因子对近地面臭氧污染影响的研究

本文通过对１９９３年春季和春夏之交的O3浓度逐日变化、日变化和气象因子关系的分析，提出了影响O3浓度的主导气象因子和不同情况下形成高浓度O3的主要因子，提出了大风速对逐日变化中O3浓度特高及浓度日变化峰值的重要作用，并指出高温、低湿、小风并不是在所有情况都是促成高浓度O3的因子。另外，雾也可以成为近地面O3浓度增值的因素，主要原因是雾内湍流发展将高浓度O3大量输向下方。     

O_3浓度变化对我国主要作物产量的可能影响

该文介绍了Ｏ＿３浓度变化对农作物的影响机制，如Ｏ＿３对作物光合与呼吸、生理生化过程和代谢物质、细胞透性、体内各类醇、组织器官以及其它功能的影响，根据美国ＮＣＬＡＮ近１０年的试验资料建立的Ｏ＿３浓度与作物产量的准线性关系，推算和评价了Ｏ＿３浓度变化对我国主要作物产量的可能影响。     

O3浓度变化对我国主要作物产量的可能影响

该文介绍了Ｏ３浓度变化对农作物的影响机制，对Ｏ３对作物光合与呼吸、生理生化过程和代谢物质、细胞透性、体内各类酶、组织器官以及其它功能的影响，根据美国ＮＣＬＡＮ近１０年的试验资料建立的Ｏ３浓度与作物产量的准线性关系，推算和评价了Ｏ３浓度变化对我国主要作物产量的可能影响。     

Distribution of surface ozone concentration in the clean areas of china and its possible impact on crop yields

１．ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓｍａｎｙｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔｏｚｏｎｅｉｎｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｌａｙｅｒｉｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｆｏｒｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｉｎｇａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｃｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙｒｅａｃｔ...     

Effects of ozone air pollution on crop pollinators and pollination

Human driven environmental changes increase the concentrations of polluting reactive compounds in the troposphere, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. These changes lead to biodiversity losses and alter plant physiology and plant-pollinator interactions, essential for pollination services, with potential consequences for agricultural production. Here we used 133 unique sampling events from NW Europe to investigate how air pollution (ozone and nitrogen oxides) and other sources of nitrogen is related to pollinator visitation rate and their contribution to agricultural production, also considering possible interactive effects with landscape quality and pesticide input. We showed that ozone modulates the effect of pesticide exposure and temperature on crop pollinators, increasing the probability of negative impacts on crop pollination. Indeed, when ozone levels are highest, the strength of the effect of pesticide on pollinators is more than double then when ozone levels are intermediate. This indicates that air pollution should be considered in management plans and policies aiming to safeguard biodiversity and promote more sustainable food production practices.     

Potential impact of future climate change on crop yield in northeastern China

We evaluated the potential impact of future climate change on spring maize and single-crop rice in northeastern China(NEC) by employing climate and crop models. Based on historical data, diurnal temperature change exhibited a distinct negative relationship with maize yield, whereas minimum temperature correlated positively to rice yield. Corresponding to the evaluated climate change derived from coupled climate models included in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5) under the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 scenario(RCP4.5), the projected maize yield changes for three future periods [2010–39(period 1), 2040–69(period 2), and 2070–99(period 3)] relative to the mean yield in the baseline period(1976–2005) were 2.92%, 3.11% and 2.63%, respectively. By contrast, the evaluated rice yields showed slightly larger increases of 7.19%, 12.39%, and 14.83%, respectively. The uncertainties in the crop response are discussed by considering the uncertainties obtained from both the climate and the crop models. The range of impact of the uncertainty became markedly wider when integrating these two sources of uncertainty. The probabilistic assessments of the evaluated change showed maize yield to be relatively stable from period 1 to period 3, while the rice yield showed an increasing trend over time. The results presented in this paper suggest a tendency of the yields of maize and rice in NEC to increase(but with great uncertainty) against the background of global warming, which may offer some valuable guidance to government policymakers.     

A numerical study of tropospheric ozone in the springtime in East Asia

The Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ)coupled with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)is applied to East Asia to study the transport and photochemical transformation of tropospheric ozone in March 1998．The calculated mixing ratios of ozone and carbon monoxide are compared with ground 1evel observations at three remote sites in Japan and it is found that the model reproduces the observed features very well．Examination of several high episodes of ozone and carbon monoxide indicates that these elevated levels are found in association with continental outflow,demonstrating the critical role of the rapid transport of carbon monoxide and other ozone precursors from the continental boundary layer．In comparison with available ozonesonde data,it is found that the model-calculated ozone concentrations are generally in good agreement with the measurements,and the stratospheric contribution to surface ozone mixing ratios is quite limited．     

Summary of Recent Climate Change Studies on the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles in the Terrestrial Ecosystem and Ocean in China

This article reviews recent advances over the past 4 years in the study of the carbon-nitrogen cycling and their relationship to climate change in China. The net carbon sink in the Chinese terrestrial ecosystem was 0.19-0.26 Pg C yr-1 for the 1980s and 1990s. Both natural wetlands and the rice-paddy regions emitted 1.76 Tg and 6.62 Tg of CH 4 per year for the periods 1995-2004 and 2005-2009, respectively. China emitted～1.1 Tg N 2 O-N yr-1 to the atmosphere in 2004. Land soil contained～8.3 Pg N. The excess nitrogen stored in farmland of the Yangtze River basin reached 1.51 Tg N and 2.67 Tg N in 1980 and 1990, respectively. The outer Yangtze Estuary served as a moderate or significant sink of atmospheric CO 2 except in autumn. Phytoplankton could take up carbon at a rate of 6.4 ×10 11 kg yr-1 in the China Sea. The global ocean absorbed anthropogenic CO 2 at the rates of 1.64 and 1.73 Pg C yr-1 for two simulations in the 1990s. Land net ecosystem production in China would increase until the mid-21st century then would decrease gradually under future climate change scenarios. This research should be strengthened in the future, including collection of more observation data, measurement of the soil organic carbon (SOC) loss and sequestration, evaluation of changes in SOC in deep soil layers, and the impacts of grassland management, carbon-nitrogen coupled effects, and development and improvement of various component models and of the coupled carbon cycle-climate model.     

2015-2019年贵港市臭氧污染特征及其与气象要素的关系

为研究贵港市O3(臭氧)污染特征及其与气象要素的关系,对2015-2019年贵港市国家空气自动监测站和同期贵港国家气象观测站逐日、逐时气象资料进行了研究和分析.结果表明:近5a来贵港市O3污染日趋严重;O3污染存在明显的季节变化,秋＞夏＞春＞冬;O3浓度日变化特征呈单峰型,8:00出现谷值,15:00-16:00出现峰...     

On the variability and correlation of surface ozone and carbon monoxide observed in Hong Kong using trajectory and regression analyses

This paper investigates, the variability and correlation of surface ozone (Os) and carbon monoxide (CO) observed at Cape D'Aguilar in Hong Kong from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 1995. Statistical analysis shows that the average O3 and CO mixing ratios during the two years are 32±17ppbv and 305±191 ppbv, respectively. The O3/CO ratio ranges from 0.05 to 0.6 ppbv/ppbv with its frequency peaking at 0.15. The raw dataset is divided into six groups using backward trajectory and cluster analyses. For data assigned to the same trajectory type, three groups are further sorted out based on CO and NOX mixing ratios. The correlation coefficients and slopes of O3/CO for the 18 groups are calculated using linear regression analysis. Finally, five kinds of air masses with different chemical features are identified: continental background (CB), marine background (MB), regional polluted continental (RPC), perturbed marine (P*M), and local polluted (LP) air masses. Further studies indicate that O3 and CO in the conti     

江苏臭氧污染特征及其与气象因子的关系

本文利用2013—2017年江苏70个环境监测站资料和13个国家气象观测站常规观测资料,研究江苏臭氧污染特征及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明:江苏臭氧质量浓度和超标率逐年增长,其空间分布特征由东部沿海城市大于西部内陆城市逐渐转为东西部城市差异不明显,南部城市超标率总体高于北部;4—9月臭氧质量浓度处于较高水平,夏季超标占一半以上;日变化呈"单峰单谷"型,15时(北京时间)前后超标率最大,O_(3-8 h)较O_(3-1 h)峰值推后3—4 h;O_3对空气质量不达标的贡献率呈逐年上升趋势;臭氧质量浓度与颗粒物和前体物NO_x日变化呈反相关,且存在"周末效应"。江苏地区臭氧质量浓度总体与气温正相关,相对湿度负相关,气温高于25℃、相对湿度30%～50%区间、风速低于4 m·s~(-1)以下易出现高浓度臭氧;苏南的城市主要在东南风向对应较高的值,而苏北城市多在西南风向对应的较高臭氧质量浓度值。     

南京及周边黑碳气溶胶对臭氧影响的观测分析和数值模拟

利用南京地面站点2016-2017年黑碳气溶胶(Black Carbon,BC)和臭氧(O3)逐小时观测资料,对比分析了不同季节BC与近地面O3的关系.结果 表明,高BC(高于平均值)影响下的O3质量浓度值明显比低BC(低于平均值)影响下的O3质量浓度值低,这种抑制作用在秋冬季明显高于春夏季,且BC与O3的负相关性在秋...     

中国东部地区典型臭氧污染过程防控敏感性及减排情景研究

近年来,我国东部地区夏季臭氧污染问题日渐凸显,成为影响空气质量、环境改善的重要因素之一,为量化评估臭氧前体物减排对臭氧污染的影响,本文以2021年6月19—30日中国东部地区臭氧污染过程为例,应用空气质量模型CMAQ-DDM方法与卫星遥感反演算法分析了东部地区臭氧浓度对人为源前体物排放敏感性的响应程度,并对臭氧前体物设置不同削减比例开展减排情景模拟,结果表明：1)2021年6月19—30日中国东部出现了一次长时间区域性臭氧污染过程,大部分城市达轻度至中度污染水平;2)整个污染时段东部地区主要以VOCs(Volatile Organic Compounds,挥发性有机物)控制区或VOCs与NO_x协同控制区为主,模型模拟与卫星反演结果具有较好的一致性,污染过程前段(19—25日)东部地区对VOCs敏感性较高,污染后段(26—30日)大部分地区转为VOCs和NO_x协同控制区,特别是河南、安徽、江苏部分地区,对NO_x敏感性提高较为显著;3)在相同减排比例条件下(VOCs∶NO_x=2∶1),减排幅度越大,臭氧...