中国危险废物处理处置技术现状和结构分析

在介绍危险性废物的概念，种类等基础上，对我国危险性危险性废物的处理处置现状进行了分析，并对废物的产生，处置结构和废物流等进行了评价，提出了未来我国危险性废物处理处置的规划方案。     

国际原子能机构核燃料循环末端及核电站放射性废物管理技术 …

国际原子能机构于１９９９年８月３０日￣９月３日在韩国召开了“核燃料循环末端及核电站放射性废物管理技术国际研讨会”。会议交流了８５篇论文，包括放射性废物管理的技术路线，核电站放射性废物管理，中低放和高放废物的处理、整备和中间储存，中低放和高放废物处置技术，退役废物管理等内容。本文介绍会议概况以及韩国的放射性废物管理概况。     

核废料处置库近场温度半解析研究

核废料处置库的温度场演化规律是处置库设计和安全评估的重要依据,根据处置库的概念化设计,建立了单个核废料废物罐的分层热传导模型。对膨润土区和围岩区热传导方程组进行Laplace变换,联立求解得到了在不同内外边界条件组合情况下变换域内的温度场半解析解。采用Crump方法对半解析解进行数值反演,获得废物罐近场时间-空间域的温度分布,最后分析了不同参数条件下单个废物罐表面温度的变化规律。结果表明,核废料的燃烧值越高,冷却时间越短,废物罐表面温度越高;采用有限外边界条件计算得到的废物罐表面温度要高于无限外边界条件;膨润土的导热系数越大,废物罐表面温度越低,膨润土土层厚度越厚,越不利于内部温度的扩散。研究成果可用于评价不同条件下废物罐近场温度的演化规律。     

核废料处置库近场温度半解析研究

核废料处置库的温度场演化规律是处置库设计和安全评估的重要依据, 根据处置库的概念化设计,建立了单个核废料废物罐的分层热传导模型。对膨润土区和围岩区热传导方程组进行Laplace变换,联立求解得到了在不同内外边界条件组合情况下变换域内的温度场半解析解。采用Crump方法对半解析解进行数值反演,获得废物罐近场时间-空间域的温度分布,最后分析了不同参数条件下单个废物罐表面温度的变化规律。结果表明,核废料的燃烧值越高,冷却时间越短,废物罐表面温度越高;采用有限外边界条件计算得到的废物罐表面温度要高于无限外边界条件;膨润土的导热系数越大,废物罐表面温度越低,膨润土土层厚度越厚,越不利于内部温度的扩散。研究成果可用于评价不同条件下废物罐近场温度的演化规律。     

中低放固体废物处理

本文介绍了中低放固废物处理的常用方法－减容和固化，核废物的减容主要通过压缩和焚烧来实现的，而固化则主要包括水泥固化、沥青固化和聚合物固化３种方法，通过减容和固化，将核废物转变成易于管理的废物形式，确保核废物的安全管理。     

高放废物地质处置工程中的地质工作

本文根据现代地质工作面临着资源和环境的双重任务，提出在铀矿地质工作中，加强核废物处置和核工业生态环境的必要性和重要意义，在介绍高放废物地质处置工程的基础上，指出了高放废物地质处置工程地质工作的内容和研究范围，并强调了它在高放废物地质处置中的作用和重要性。     

加拿大和美国高放废物地质处置研究概况

本文主要介绍了作者2000年对加拿大和美国进行科学访问时实地考察所了解到的加拿大的核素在裂隙和孔隙介质中的迁移模式，地下实验室，白壳实验室（Whiteshell Labs)，高放废物处置库场地预选和美国拟作为高放废物处置库的尤卡山场地和已投入运行的军用超铀废物处置库的废物镉离实验工厂；着重论述了这两个国家的高放废物地质处置研究现状、经验和所取得的成果。     

2000-2040年我国高放废物深部地质处置初探

本简要介绍了国内外高放废物地质处置研究概况，探讨了我国高放废物地质处置研究阶段的划分，各阶段的研究目标，任务和研究内容以及各研究阶段的大致时间安排，提出了我国高放废物地质处置研究在2000－2040年的远景规划设想。     

类似物研究和矿物学问题

本文叙述了核废物地质处置研究领域中涉及天然和人为类似物研究中的一些矿物学问题。在自然界的天然玻璃、膨润土、晶质铀矿等分别作为高放废物玻璃固化体、高放废物处置库的缓冲／回填材料和乏燃料的天然类似物，考古遗址中的玻璃和青铜器文物作为人为类似物。通过这些天然非晶质结晶物质和人造制品的稳定性研究来预测未来10000－100000a间处置库中废物和缓冲／回填物质的变化，放射性核素迁移规律，为高放废物处置库的设计和建造提供重要科学依据，提高公众对高放废物安全处置的信心。     

钻探(钻孔)工程与环境保护

叙述了钻探（ 钻孔） 技术在地下污染层勘查、核废物储埋库选址、地下污染层解污、地下污染物封隔、污水曝气处理和垃圾场甲烷气利用等方面的应用,列举了环境工程实例     

Analytical solutions of linear finite‐ and small‐strain one‐dimensional consolidation

Analytical solutions are presented for linear finite‐strain one‐dimensional consolidation of initially unconsolidated soil layers with surcharge loading for both one‐ and two‐way drainage. These solutions complement earlier solutions for initially unconsolidated soil layers without surcharge and initially normally consolidated soil layers with surcharge. Small‐strain solutions for the consolidation of initially unconsolidated soil layers with surcharge loading are also presented, and the relationship between the earlier solutions for initially unconsolidated soil without surcharge and the corresponding small‐strain solutions, which was not addressed in the earlier work, is clarified. The new solutions for initially unconsolidated soil with surcharge loading can be applied to the analysis of low stress consolidation tests and to the partial validation of numerical solutions of non‐linear finite‐strain consolidation. They also clarify a formerly perplexing aspect of finite‐strain solution charts first noted in numerical solutions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Elastic solutions for a transversely isotropic half-space subjected to a point load

We rederive and present the complete closed-form solutions of the displacements and stresses subjected to a point load in a transversely isotropic elastic half-space. The half-space is bounded by a horizontal surface, and the plane of transverse isotropy of the medium is parallel to the horizontal surface. The solutions are obtained by superposing the solutions of two infinite spaces, one acting a point load in its interior and the other being free loading. The Fourier and Hankel transforms in a cylindrical co-ordinate system are employed for deriving the analytical solutions. These solutions are identical with the Mindlin and Boussinesq solutions if the half-space is homogeneous, linear elastic, and isotropic. Also, the Lekhnitskii solution for a transversely isotropic half-space subjected to a vertical point load on its horizontal surface is one of these solutions. Furthermore, an illustrative example is given to show the effect of degree of rock anisotropy on the vertical surface displacement and vertical stress that are induced by a single vertical concentrated force acting on the surface. The results indicate that the displacement and stress accounted for rock anisotropy are quite different for the displacement and stress calculated from isotropic solutions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transient response of a circular cavity in a poroelastic medium

This paper considers the transient response of a pressurized long cylindrical cavity in an infinite poroelastic medium. To obtain transient solutions, Biot's equations for poroelastodynamics are specialized for this problem. A set of exact general solutions for radial displacement, stresses, pore pressure and discharge are derived in the Laplace transform space by using analytical techniques. Solutions are presented for three different types of prescribed transient radial pressures acting on the surface of a permeable as well as an impermeable cavity surface. Time domain solutions are obtained by inverting Laplace domain solutions using a reliable numerical scheme. A detailed parametric study is presented to illustrate the influence of poroelastic material parameters and hydraulic boundary conditions on the response of the medium. Comparisons are also presented with the corresponding ideal elastic solutions to portray the poroelastic effects. It is noted that the maximum radial displacement and hoop stress at the cavity surface are substantially higher than the classical static solutions and differ considerably from the transient elastic solutions. Time histories and radial variations of displacement, hoop stress, pore pressure and fluid discharge corresponding to a cavity in two representative poroelastic materials are also presented.     

Analytical solutions to 1-D horizontal and vertical water infiltration in saturated/unsaturated soils considering time-varying rainfall

Analytical solutions to 1-D horizontal and vertical water infiltration in saturated/unsaturated soils are developed that can consider the variation of rainfall with time. In this model, water content and the permeability coefficient are assumed to be exponential functions of the pressure head, and diffusivity is constant. By means of Fourier integral transformation, the analytical solutions are expressed as infinite series. The steady-state solutions for horizontal and vertical infiltration in unsaturated soils are then derived. The solutions can consider both flux and pressure head boundaries. The solutions are easy to implement compared with numerical solutions, although the restricted assumptions may limit their applicability in some ways. The analytical solutions provide a reliable tool for checking the accuracy of various numerical methods under the condition of constant diffusivity. Finally, the analysis carried out in a case study indicates that the pressure head differences caused by the transient infiltration in both the horizontal and vertical directions can be estimated using the steady-state solutions, and the effect of gravity on water infiltration mainly depends on the boundary conditions.     

Vertical stress distributions around batter piles driven in cross‐anisotropic media

This work presents analytical solutions to compute the vertical stresses for a cross‐anisotropic half‐space due to various loading types by batter piles. The loading types are an embedded point load for an end‐bearing pile, uniform skin friction, and linear variation of skin friction for a friction pile. The cross‐anisotropic planes are parallel to the horizontal ground surface. The proposed solutions can be obtained by utilizing Wang and Liao's solutions for a horizontal and vertical point load acting in the interior of a cross‐anisotropic medium. The derived cross‐anisotropic solutions using a limiting approach are in perfect agreement with the isotropic solutions of Ramiah and Chickanagappa with the consideration of pile inclination. Additionally, the present solutions are identical to the cross‐anisotropic solutions by Wang for the batter angle equals to 0. The influential factors in yielded solutions include the type and degree of geomaterial anisotropy, pile inclination, and distinct loading types. An example is illustrated to clarify the effect of aforementioned factors on the vertical stresses. The parametric results reveal that the stresses considering the geomaterial anisotropy and pile batter differ from those of previous isotropic and cross‐anisotropic solutions. Hence, it is imperative to take the pile inclination into account when piles are required to transmit both the axial and lateral loads in the cross‐anisotropic media. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two types of multiple solutions for microseismic source location based on arrival-time-difference approach

The arrival-time-difference approach is the dominant source location approach used in the microseismic source location area. Multiple solutions problem is one of the major concerns in microseismic source location, which is closely related to the microseismic network. This paper categorizes the multiple solutions into two types based on the origin times when using the arrival-time-difference approach. Type I multiple solutions are those which have the same origin time; type II multiple solutions are those with different origin times. The sufficient and necessary conditions to produce type I multiple solutions are that all sensors are located in a straight line for two-dimensional cases and on a plane for three-dimensional cases. The sufficient and necessary conditions to produce type II multiple solutions are that all sensors are located on a hyperbola for two-dimensional cases and on a hyperboloid for three-dimensional cases. Furthermore, the proofs indicate that type I multiple solutions are preventable, while a microseismic network consisting of the minimum number of sensors can never be free of type II multiple solutions. It means, besides the minimum number of sensors, at least one more sensor which is not on this hyperbola or hyperboloid is needed to uniquely determine a source. The results from field tests and applications indicate that when the sensors of a network lie on a hyperbola, the type II multiple solutions may not be the necessary outcome under the influence of errors in real data. However, the accuracy of the microseismic source location is affected significantly by this kind of networks. The results also show that not only the multiple solutions problem can be avoided effectively, but more importantly, the accuracy of the source location will be greatly improved by the optimization of network based on the characteristics of the microseismic network and field conditions.     

On Garg's solution of Biot's equations for wave propagation in a one-dimensional fluid-saturated elastic porous solid

Garg's approximate analytical solutions of Biot's equations for wave propagation in a fluid-saturated elastic porous solid of infinite extent subjected to a velocity boundary condition of a Heaviside function at one end are examined for small and large drag. Garg's approximations were apparently introduced to facilitate exact inversion of Laplace transforms of certain quantities. The approximate solutions are compared with carefully evaluated numerical inverses of the Laplace transform solutions for different soils with widely varying properties. It is seen that for most soils (clays, silts and, sands) the error in Garg's approximate solutions in insignificant, and the solutions can be used as benchmarks for verifying numerical analysis procedures such as finite element codes.     

Exact solutions for one‐dimensional consolidation of single‐layer unsaturated soil

Based on the Fredlund consolidation theory of unsaturated soil, exact solutions of the governing equations for one‐dimensional consolidation of single‐layer unsaturated soil are presented, in which the water permeability and air transmission are assumed to be constants. The general solution of two coupled homogeneous governing equations is first obtained. This general solution is expressed in terms of two functions psi₁ and ψ₂, where ψ₁ and ψ₂, respectively, satisfy two second‐order partial differential equations, which are in the same form. Using the method of separation of variables, the two partial differential equations are solved and exact solutions for three typical homogeneous boundary conditions are obtained. To obtain exact solutions of nonhomogeneous governing equations with three typical nonhomogeneous boundary conditions, the nonhomogeneous boundary conditions are first transformed into homogeneous boundary conditions. Then according to the method of undetermined coefficients and exact solutions of homogenous governing equations, the series form exact solutions are put forward. The validity of the proposed exact solutions is verified against other analytical solutions in the literature. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Elastic solutions for a transversely isotropic half-space subjected to buried asymmetric-loads

Elastic closed-form solutions for the displacements and stresses in a transversely isotropic half-space subjected to various buried loading types are presented. The loading types include finite line loads and asymmetric loads (such as uniform and linearly varying rectangular loads, or trapezoidal loads). The planes of transverse isotropy are assumed to be parallel to its horizontal surface. These solutions are directly obtained from integrating the point load solutions in a transversely isotropic half-space, which were derived using the principle of superposition, Fourier and Hankel transformation techniques. The solutions for the displacements and stresses in transversely isotropic half-spaces subjected to linearly variable loads on a rectangular region are never mentioned in literature. These exact solutions indicate that the displacements and stresses are influenced by several factors, such as the buried depth, the loading types, and the degree and type of rock anisotropy. Two illustrative examples, a vertical uniform and a vertical linearly varying rectangular load acting on the surface of transversely isotropic rock masses, are presented to show the effect of various parameters on the vertical surface displacement and vertical stress. The results indicate that the displacement and stress distributions accounted for rock anisotropy are quite different for those calculated from isotropic solutions. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Time dependence of axial pile response

This communication describes an approximate method for generalizing homogeneous, linearly elastic, subgrade type solutions of axial pile response to account for soil creep behaviour. The method is very simple to apply and can be used in conjunction with either analytical or numerical elastic solutions. Exact solutions for limiting cases and finite difference solutions in both space and time are presented to confirm that errors introduced by the approximations are small. Because of the theoretical basis of this approach it is anticipated that method can be used with other pile problems, lateral and axial, for both subgrade adn continuum idealizations. Methods for generalizing the results to more complex conditions such as non-homogeneity or time varying loads are given.