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1.
Hirotaka Otobe Keisuke Taira Shoji Kitagawa Tomio Asai Kimio Hanawa 《Journal of Oceanography》2003,59(5):619-627
The heat balance of the surface layer in the vicinity of the former Ocean Weather Station “Tango” (OWS-T; 29°N, 135°E), where
a large amount of heat is transported by the Kuroshio and transferred to the atmosphere, was studied by during Ocean Mixed
Layer Experiment (OMLET) as an oceanographic component of the Japanese World Climate Research Program (1987–1991). Temperature
and velocity in the upper ocean measured using a surface moored buoy system deployed by the Ocean Research Institute, the
University of Tokyo, in total 668 days of four time series namely the periods of April 1988–November 1988 (OMELET-88), August
1989–February 1990 (OMLET-89), April 1990–September 1990 (OMLET-901) and September 1990–January 1991 (OMLET-902). We have
analyzed the moored buoy data of the upper 100 m for the latter three time series (OMLET-89, -901 and -902) and here we discuss
the heat balance of the upper 100 m, in combination with surface heat flux and oceanographic data provided by the Japan Meteorological
Agency. A large fluctuation of oceanic heat convergence/divergence of 200–300 W/m2 in amplitude with predominant period of 20–30 days occurred in the first half of OMLET-89 period, which was just the early
stage in the formation process of a large meander path of the Kuroshio. A large amount of heat convergence of 71 and 79 W/m2 on average was detected in observation period of OMLET-89 and -901, respectively. During OMLET-902, relatively small heat
convergence of 13 W/m2 was obtained. It is suggested that these variations of oceanic heat convergence in this region were closely related to the
fluctuation of the Kuroshio axis to the south of Japan.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Formulas for the evaluation of temperature and humidity of air, wind speed, and sensible and latent heat fluxes on the ocean
surface according to the satellite data on the sea-surface temperature and cloudiness are deduced on the basis of the analysis
of many-year radiosonde, meteorological, shipborne, and satellite data. The proposed formulas can also be used for the interpretation
of the results of remote sensing of the ocean and atmosphere by radiometers in the visible, infrared, and microwave regions.
The transformations of radiation and sensible and latent heat fluxes are described depending on the sea-surface temperature
for various cloudiness conditions. The computed values of the amount of water in the atmosphere agree with the radiosonde
data obtained throughout the Earth, including the data of research vessels and stationary weather ships, as well as the data
obtained in the ATEP test ranges and in the Arctic.
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Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 2, pp. 56–70, March–April, 2007. 相似文献
3.
N. A. Timofeev 《Physical Oceanography》2011,20(6):451-469
The temperature of waters in the upper layer of the ocean and effective cloudiness (cloudiness with simultaneous indication
of its amount and optical density) are important characteristics of the natural environments. They determine the greenhouse
effects and the energy of the ocean and atmosphere, and regulate climate. The satellite data on these characteristics enable
one to reconstruct all components of the radiation, heat, and water budgets in the ocean–atmosphere system and study their
intra- and interannual variations. We describe the procedures of evaluation of the effective cloudiness according to the sea-surface
temperature and the radiation temperature in the spectral range 10.3–11.3 μm. The development of these investigations is connected
with the advances in satellite hydrophysics: the satellite data become more and more accurate, regular, and global. 相似文献
4.
V. G. Bondur 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2011,47(9):1039-1048
We describe the specific features of the summer 2010 emergency conditions in the European part of the Russian Federation,
when an anomalous heat wave (the monthly mean temperatures in the summer months were 5–9°C higher than those for 2002–2009)
and prolonged blocking anticyclones led to large wildfires. We analyze their causes and consequences. The features of the
satellite system for operational fire monitoring (constructed at the Aerospace Scientific Center) and examples of its application
in summer 2010 are presented. On the basis of the results of processing of satellite images of low (250–1000 m), medium (∼30–50
m), and high (∼6 m) resolutions, we found that the total area covered by fire from March to November of 2010 amounted to approximately
10.9 million hectares for the entire territory of the country and and 2.2 million hectares for its European part. Daily histograms
of areas covered by fire in the summer months of 2010 were constructed. On the basis of these data and empirical models, we
estimate the daily emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) from wildfires in the summer months of 2010 for the European part of
Russia and Moscow oblast. On some days in August 2010, these emissions reached 15000–27000 t for the European part of Russia
and 3000–7500 t for Moscow oblast. On the basis of analysis of data from the AIRS spectrometer (Aqua satellite), we derived
the spatial distribution of CO concentrations at heights of 2 to 10 km above the territory of the Eastern and Central Europe.
Moscow was shown to have been most severely affected by smoke from wildfires occurring on August 6–9, 2010, when the concentrations
of harmful gases (CO2, CO, CH4, and O3) and aerosols in the air significantly exceeded both the daily and the one-hour maximum allowable concentrations. 相似文献
5.
S. G. Boguslavskii S. I. Kazakov E. V. Berestovaya M. V. Boguslavskaya 《Physical Oceanography》2007,17(6)
On the basis of generalization of the data of many-year hydrological observations and the data of meteorological satellites
accumulated in recent years, we characterize some specific features of the surface temperature in the Tropical Atlantic. The
influence of solar radiation, local heat balance, and the advective and diffusion heat transfer on the temperature of the
water surface is analyzed. The mechanism of formation of the thermohalocline and local sites of elevated temperature near
the estuaries of large rivers (such as the Amazon, Orinoco, Mississippi, Congo, and Niger) is described. We also characterize
the formation of the seasonal variability of the near-equatorial temperature maximum, equatorial temperature minimum, and
equatorial divergence rate.
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Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 6, pp. 28–38, November–December, 2007. 相似文献
6.
V. V. Pustovoitenko 《Physical Oceanography》1998,9(4):297-303
The paper examines how radar imagery of the sea surface observed by a satellite-mounted lateral-view radar is generated. The
lateral-view radar on the SICH-1 satellite, in comparison with that of the KOSMOS-1500 satellite, is shown to provide better
linearity of radar imagery, with identical information capabilities; the RMS strobe deviation within the survey band has been
dimiished from about 30–35 to 17–20 m.
Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin. 相似文献
7.
Yu. V. Artamonov 《Physical Oceanography》2006,16(3):177-187
The monthly average values of the anomalies of the ocean level (according to the satellite data for 1992–2002) and the annual
average dynamic heights (hydrological data) are used to compute the seasonal cycle of geostrophic currents on the surface
of the Atlantic Ocean. It is shown that the west and east currents are intensified with a phase difference of several months.
At the same time, their latitudinal displacements are quasisynchronous. A delay of the seasonal signal in the east-west direction
of about 2–3 months (on the average) is typical of currents in the tropical zone of the Northern Hemisphere. On the contrary,
in the South Atlantic, the seasonal signal propagates in the west-east direction and its phase delay can be as large as almost
six months.
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Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 3, pp. 60–71, May–June, 2006. 相似文献
8.
N. G. Yakovlev 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2009,45(4):478-494
This paper presents the results of reconstructing the state of ice and snow covers on the Arctic Ocean from 1948 to 2002 obtained
with a couplod model of ocean circulation and sea-ice evolution. The area of the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean north of
65° N, excluding Hudson Bay, is considered. The monthly mean ice areas and extents are analyzed. The trends of these areas
are calculated separately for the periods of 1970–1979, 1979–1990, and 1990–2002. A systematic slight underestimation by the
model is observed for the ice extent. This error is estimated to fit the error of 100 km in determining the position of the
ice edge (i.e., close to the model resolution). In summer the model fails to reproduce many observed polynias: by observational
data, the ice concentration in the central part of the Arctic Ocean constitutes around 0.8, while the model yields around
0.99. The average trend for the area of ice propagation in 1960–2002 is 13931 km2/year (or approximately 2% per decade); the trend of the ice area is 17643 km2/year (or approximately 3% per decade). This is almost three times lower than satellite data. The calculated data for ice
thickness in the late winter varies from 3.5 to 4.8 m, with a clear indication of periods of thick ice (the 1960s–1970s) and
relatively thin ice (the 1980s); 1995 is the starting point for quick ice-area reduction. The maximum ice accumulation is
in 1977 and 1988; here, the average trend is negative: −121 km3/year (or approximately 5.5% per decade). In 1996–2002, the average change in the ice thickness constituted +1.7 cm/year.
This speaks to the relatively fast disappearance of thin-ice fractions. This model also slightly underestimates the snow mass
with a trend of −2.5 km3/year (almost 0.35 mm of snow per year or 0.1 mm of liquid water per year). An analysis of the monthly mean ice-drift velocity
indicates the good quality of the model. Data on the average drift velocity and the results of comparisons between the calculated
and satellite data for individual months are presented. A comparison with observational data from 1990–1996 in the Fram Strait
shows that the model yields 3.28 m for the average ice thickness against the observed value of approximately 3.26 m. For the
same period, the model yields a monthly mean transport of 291.29 km3 as compared to the observed value of 237.17 km3. A comparison between the measured and calculated drift velocities in the Fram Strait indicates that the model value is around
9.78 cm/s, which is comparable to the measured value of 10.2 cm/s. The existing problems with describing the ice redistribution
by thickness gradations are illustrated by comparing data on ice thickness in the Fram Strait. 相似文献
9.
The meridional heat transport in the ocean is computed according to the data of zonal sections of the World Ocean Circulation
Experiment made in the North Atlantic in 1992–1998. We perform the generalized analysis of the estimates of meridional heat
transport obtained by different authors by direct methods on the basis of the data of sections made between 7.5 and 48°N in
the second half of the last century. The meridional heat transport averaged over the entire period of observations attains
its maximum (1.38 ± 0.19 PW) in the Subtropical Atlantic. The meridional heat transport is characterized by fairly intense
seasonal variability. Its maximum (about 1.9 PW) is observed in the Subtropical Atlantic at the end of summer and its minimum
(about 0.8 PW) is attained at the end of winter. A significant trend toward the intensification of meridional heat transport
is revealed near 36°N in 1959–1993 (from 0.75 to 1.1 PW). This is an indication of the intensification of meridional oceanic
circulation in the North Atlantic.
Dedicated to the 75th birthday of N. A. Timofeev, Honored Scientist of the Ukraine, Doctor of Geographical Sciences
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Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 1, pp. 45–58, January–February, 2007. 相似文献
10.
Sea level variations in the regional seas around Taiwan 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The patterns and trends of sea level rise in the regional seas around Taiwan have been investigated through the analyses of
long-term tide-gauge and satellite altimetry data. Series of tide-gauge data extending over 50 years reveal decadal and interannual
variations and spatially-inhomogeneous patterns of generally rising sea level. The East Asia tide-gauge stations around Taiwan
show an average trend of +2.4 mm/yr from 1961–2003, which is larger than the reported global rate of +1.8 mm/yr for the same
period. These stations also show significantly larger sea level rise rates (+5.7 mm/yr) than global values (+3.1 mm/yr) during
the period from 1993–2003. Consistent with the coastal tide-gauge records, satellite altimetry data show similar increasing
rates (+5.3 mm/yr) around Taiwan during the same period. Comparisons with temperature anomalies in the upper ocean suggest
that thermal expansion and heat advection in the upper layer contribute significantly to the long-term sea level variations
in this area with correlations >0.9 for observations after 1992. Thermosteric sea level variations may also explain the interannual
and decadal variations of the observed sea level rises around Taiwan. Our analysis also indicates that the altimetry data
are only part of a long-term, larger-scale signal. Finally, we have found that a non-linear smoother, LOESS, is more suitable
for extracting long-term trends in sea level than the traditional linear regression approach. 相似文献
11.
On the basis of the climatic array of hydrological annual and monthly average data on temperature and the data of satellite
observations of the surface temperature of the ocean, we refine the annual average structure of the temperature fronts and
study their seasonal variability in the east part of the Tropical Atlantic in the meridional sections made along 30, 20, and
10°W, 0°, and 10°E. It is shown that the maximum intensity and seasonal variations are typical of the North Subequatorial
and South Tropical Fronts varying with predominant annual period. We revealed a delay of 2–3 months in the attainment of the
maximum intensity of the South Tropical and South Subequatorial Fronts in the west-east direction. Various mechanisms specifying
the seasonal variability of the surface and subsurface North and South Subequatorial Fronts are discussed. There exists good
agreement between the specific features of the seasonal variability of characteristics of the fronts established according
to the hydrological and satellite data.
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Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 2, pp. 46–59, March–April, 2005. 相似文献
12.
I. E. Timchenko V. A. Zhorov E. M. Igumnova I. P. Lazarchuk 《Physical Oceanography》2007,17(4):223-241
For the ecosystem of the northwest shelf of the Black Sea studied as an example, we construct a dynamic model of the integrated
processes of development of phyto-and zooplankton, larvae, and fish and the variations of the concentrations of biogenic elements
and detritus. The data of many-year observations over these processes are generalized and the scheme of genetic relations
between these processes is proposed. By the method of adaptive balance of causes, we establish the dynamic model equations
of the ecosystem. It is proposed to use the method of analytic hierarchy process for the estimation of the coefficients of
the model with regard for the degree of influence of external and internal factors on the dynamics of the ecosystem. Some
examples of analysis of various scenarios of the development of integrated processes running in the ecosystem are presented
and their comparison with the data of many-year observations in this region is performed.
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Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 4, pp. 48–69, July–August, 2007. 相似文献
13.
Chan Hong Park Jeong Woo Kim Nobuhiro Isezaki Daniel R. Roman Ralph R. B. von Frese 《Marine Geophysical Researches》2006,27(4):253-266
To facilitate geological analyses of the Ulleung Basin in the East Sea (Japan Sea) between Korea and Japan, shipborne and satellite altimetry-derived gravity data are combined to derive a regionally coherent anomaly field. The 2-min gridded satellite altimetry-based gravity predicted by Sandwell and Smith [Sandwell DT, Smith WHF (1997) J Geophys Res 102(B5):10,039–10,054] are used for making cross-over adjustments that reduce the errors between track segments and at the cross-over points of shipborne gravity profiles. Relative to the regionally more homogeneous satellite gravity anomalies, the longer wavelength components of the shipborne anomalies are significantly improved with minimal distortion of their shorter wavelength components. The resulting free-air gravity anomaly map yields a more coherent integration of short and long wavelength anomalies compared to that obtained from either the shipborne or satellite data sets separately. The derived free-air anomalies range over about 140 mGals or more in amplitude and regionally correspond with bathymetric undulations in the Ulleung Basin. The gravity lows and highs along the basin’s margin indicate the transition from continental to oceanic crust. However, in the northeastern and central Ulleung Basin, the negative regional correlation between the central gravity high and bathymetric low suggests the presence of shallow denser mantle beneath thinned oceanic crust. A series of gravity highs mark seamounts or volcanic terranes from the Korean Plateau to Oki Island. Gravity modeling suggests underplating by mafic igneous rocks of the northwestern margin of the Ulleung Basin and the transition between continental and oceanic crust. The crust of the central Ulleung Basin is about a 14–15 km thick with a 4–5 km thick sediment cover. It may also include a relatively weakly developed buried fossil spreading ridge with approximately 2 km of relief. 相似文献
14.
E. G. Merzlyakov Yu. I. Portnyagin T. V. Solov’eva A. I. Pogoreltsev E. V. Suvorova 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2012,48(2):174-184
Based on empirical monthly data on the parameters of oscillations in the horizontal wind component of the diurnal migrating
tide, we calculated the altitude-latitude distributions of the parameters of oscillations in the vertical wind component of
the diurnal tide in the region of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (80–100 km). The initial data were obtained from satellite
observations of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at altitudes from 90 to 120 km and from data of ground-based sounding
of this region using the radio meteor method and the method of partial reflections in the altitude range from 80 to 100 km.
We compare the resulting distributions with the results of numerical modeling for the migrating diurnal tide using a global
circulation model for the middle and upper atmosphere. It is shown that, accurate to measurement errors, there is a good agreement
between the distributions of parameters of the migrating diurnal tide obtained by the models. One specific feature of the
empirical distributions of the amplitude of the vertical wind oscillations is that there are three regions of increased amplitude
values—in the vicinity of the equator and at 30° N and 30° S latitudes—which were observed for all seasons. The maximum value
of the amplitude of the vertical wind oscillations is approximately 0.1 m/s. The divergence of the Eliassen-Palm flux was
estimated to be on the order of 10 m s−1 day−1. 相似文献
15.
Yu. V. Artamonov N. P. Bulgakov P. D. Lomakin E. A. Skripaleva 《Physical Oceanography》2006,16(5):299-311
We study the seasonal and interannual variations of the field of sea-surface temperature (SST) in the Southwest Atlantic on
the basis of the analysis of three data arrays, namely, the Levitus-Boyer-1994 hydrological array, the WOD-98 actual database,
and the data of satellite measurements of SST. We perform the comparative analysis of the amplitude-phase characteristics
of the annual course of the SST field and discuss the distinctive features of its seasonal and interannual variations. It
is shown that the results obtained by using different data arrays are in good agreement. The values of the coefficient of
linear correlation are equal to 0.7–0.9. It is discovered that the maximum seasonal variations of SST are observed in the
zone of confluence of the Falkland and Brasil Currents in the vicinities of the South Subtropical and Antarctic Polar fronts.
The minimum seasonal variations are recorded in the Antarctic region and in the Weddell Sea. The satellite data demonstrate
that the level of interannual variability is high in the zones of climatic fronts.
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Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 5, pp. 62–76, September–October, 2006. 相似文献
16.
In July 2007, new marine heat flow data were collected at ten sites (HF01–10) in the central and southwestern sectors of the
Ulleung Basin (East Sea or Sea of Japan) as part of regional gas hydrate research. In addition, cores were collected at five
of these sites for laboratory analysis. The results show that the geothermal gradient ranged from 103–137 mK/m, and the in-situ
thermal conductivity from 0.82–0.95 W/m·K. Laboratory measurements of thermal conductivity were found to deviate by as much
as 40% from the in-situ measurements, despite the precautions taken to preserve the cores. Based on the in-situ conductivity,
the heat flow was found to increase with water depth toward the center of the basin, ranging from 84–130 mW/m2. Using a simple model, we estimated the heat flow from the depths of the BSR, and compared this with the observed heat flow.
In our study area, the two sets of values were quite consistent, the observed heat flows being slightly higher than the BSR-derived
ones. The evaluation of regional pre-1994 data revealed that the heat flow varied widely from 51–157 mW/m2 in and around the basin. Due to a large scatter in these older data, a clear relationship between heat flow and water depth
was not evident, in contrast to what would be expected for a rifted sedimentary basin. This raises the question as to whether
the pre-1994 data represent the true background heat flow from the underlying basin crust since the basin opening, and/or
whether they contain large measurement errors. In fact, evidence in support of the latter explanation exists. BSRs are generally
found in the deep parts of the basin, and vary by only ±15 m in depth below the seafloor. From the average BSR depth, we inferred
the background heat flow using a simple model, which in the case of the Ulleung Basin is approximately 120 and 80 mW/m2 for 2.5 and 1 km below sea level, respectively. 相似文献
17.
N. A. Timofeev 《Physical Oceanography》2006,16(6):322-336
On the basis of the radiation-cloudiness model and the available long-term satellite data, we study the correlations of the
greenhouse effect with the surface temperature of air and effective cloudiness equal to the product of the cloud amount by
the conditional optical density of the clouds. We deduce the relations of satellite monitoring of the behavior of the anomalies
of global air temperature caused by the excess amounts of volcanic products and greenhouse gases (formed as a result combustion
of the fossil fuel) in the atmosphere. Realistic estimates of the processes of cooling and warming of the currently existing
climate are obtained. Under the condition of preservation of the existing linear trends in the behaviors of the short-and
long-wave flows of radiation into the outer space (observed according to satellite data for the last 20 yr), the global temperature
in the second part of the current century can increase by 1.6–2.0°C.
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Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 6, pp. 13–28, November–December, 2006. 相似文献
18.
Impact of the winter cooling on the variability of the thermohaline characteristics of the active layer in the Black Sea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The influence of the winter atmospheric forcing on the interannual variability of the Black Sea’s active layer’s thermohaline
structure during 1982–2008 is investigated. The results are based on the combined analysis of the hydrological measurements
from a ship, satellite measurements of the sea’s surface temperature (SST), and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for the surface
air temperature (SAT). A high correlation between the variability of the winter mean SST/SAT and the thermohaline characteristics
of the active layer during the following warm season was found. It is shown that the winter atmospheric forcing significantly
affects the variability of the temperature, salinity, and density down to the 150–200 m depth, and this has to be considered
in the analysis of the interannual and long-term variability of the Black Sea’s active layer. 相似文献
19.
We analyze the space-and-time variability of the meridional heat transport in the North Atlantic. The contribution of various
mechanisms to the integral meridional heat transport (MHT) is estimated. The key role played by the drift transport of the
Tropical Atlantic in the formation of the meridional oceanic heat transport is confirmed. On the basis of the general analysis
of estimations obtained by various authors according to the data accumulated for 1870–2008 and the results of numerical analyses
based on the data of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, we show that the long-term average meridional drift heat (mass) transport attains its maximum values equal to (1.6 ± 0.1)
PW [(17.4 ± 1.5) Sv] in the vicinity of 12.5°N in the Tropical Atlantic. The contribution of the heat transport caused by
the horizontal Sverdrup circulation to the integral meridional heat transport is maximum in the vicinity of 30° N. On the
average, it is equal to ∼ 40%. In the Subtropical Atlantic, the meridional heat transport varies with a period of ∼ 50–70 yr.
The minimum value of the integral meridional heat transport was attained in the mid-1960s and its maximum value was at attained
at the beginning of the 1990s. The location of the center of Azores pressure maximum makes it possible to conclude that the
intensification of the total meridional heat transport in the Subtropical Atlantic on these time scales is accompanied by
the displacement of the center of the North Subtropical anticyclonic gyre in the southwest direction. 相似文献
20.
Based on the scatterometer QuickScat wind data and the water-leaving radiances from the ocean color scanner SeaWiFS data for
2000–2004, we composed a pair of mean annual images of a testing site in the South Caspian Sea under conditions of west-bound
and east-bound winds corresponding to the offset and onset state of the shallows in the east of the testing site. It was established
that both the “offset” and “onset” radiances grow shorewards, but the former becomes about twice as large as the latter in
the middle of the shallows with 10–15 m of water, while their difference tends to zero at the seaward and coastal boundaries
of the shallow. These and other findings are hypothetically attributable to the inclination of the sea floor of the shallows,
due to which the surfacing of bottom sediments resuspended by the drift current takes less time under the “offset” wind conditions
than under the “onset” ones. The study’s results indicate that the effect of the bottom sediments resuspension upon the structure
of the images of the marine shallows is universal in character and needs to be taken into account to improve the bio-optical
algorithms for estimating the admixtures in the thickness of the shallows from the satellite data. 相似文献