海底峡谷水动力系统研究

海底峡谷作为海洋中油气勘探的重要指示器和富集场所,研究其复杂的水动力系统变得十分重要。海底峡谷中水动力系统包括了重力流、浊流、潮汐/内潮汐、内波、底层流、上升流和高密度陆架瀑布流(Dense Shelf Water Cascading)等要素,与峡谷外有明显的不同。首次从海底峡谷水动力系统的综合概况出发,研究了水动力作用对峡谷的侵蚀、沉积物的搬运与沉积以及特殊生态系统的塑造,总结分析了峡谷中水动力系统的主要研究手段。结果表明,海底峡谷中的水动力作用由于成因不同,各自的表现特征也不一样;重力流、内潮汐、上升流等水动力作用对峡谷的形态地貌、物质搬运以及生态系统的影响较为显著;对于常用的4种水动力系统的研究方法而言,其研究背景各不相同,且存在一定的局限性。本文为我国海底峡谷水动力系统的研究起到了一定的指导作用。     

人工示踪沙实验的原理与进展

人工示踪沙实验是进行沉积物搬运研究的一咱独立方法,已有近５０年的发展历史。人工示踪沙实验有三种主要方法（即空间积分法、时间积扮法和连续投放法）,可用以获得活动层厚度、垂向和水平系数、输运率等定量参数,并进行不同输沙公式进行对比验证,在海底稳定性分析、港湾冲淤、工程措施影响评价等方面都有应用价值。通过加强实验的物理边界、沉积物活动层厚度、实验的时空尺度、充分混合状态、示踪沙加收率、沉积特搬运过程等方     

南海东北部峡谷体系的地貌特征与发育控制因素

海底峡谷在全球陆缘广泛分布,是浅海沉积物向深海运移的主要通道,对于理解深海浊流触发机制、深海沉积物的搬运模式、深海扇的发育历史和深海油气资源勘探等均具有重要意义。本文基于高分辨率高精度的多波束测深数据,首次对南海东北部海底峡谷体系进行了研究,精细刻画了高屏海底峡谷、澎湖海底峡谷、台湾浅滩南海底峡谷和东沙海底峡谷等4条大型海底峡谷的地貌特征并分析其发育控制因素。海底坡度、构造运动、海山与海丘是影响南海东北部峡谷群走向与特征的重要因素,其中,海底坡度对于峡谷上游多分支与“V”字特征有显著的控制作用;构造运动是控制高屏海底峡谷走向的因素,澎湖海底峡谷的走向则与菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块碰撞有关,东沙海底峡谷的走向则与东沙运动相关,台湾浅滩南海底峡谷上段受NW向断裂构造的控制;海山的阻挡作用造成峡谷局部走向和特征改变。海底峡谷群输送大量陆源沉积物到深海盆并形成大面积的沉积物波,海山和沉积物波的发育导致东沙海底峡谷下段“回春”和转向。     

南海东沙群岛以北海底沙波稳定性分析

利用在南海东沙群岛北部至西北海域为工程目的所采集的海底地形测量、底质取样、海底底流测量资料,以及以往的区域地质、地球物理资料,采用沉积学、构造学和海洋水动力学综合研究方法,对该区海底沙波形成及稳定性进行了综合分析。认为该区海底沙波是在目前水动力环境下所形成,为今生,海底表层沉积物为晚更新世地层受到冲刷改造的再沉积。沙波形成主要受潮流底流的水动力作用控制,并与构造抬升有关。沙波具有一定的活动性,主要由SE向NW方向移动,且活动性逐渐减弱。北区段海底沙波稳定,中区段海底沙波较稳定,它们对海底工程建设不会造成影响;而南区段海底沙波较为活动,当沙波发生较大规模移动时,对海底工程建设会造成一定影响。     

海底边界层沉积物再悬浮的研究进展

海床沉积物受海洋水体的影响形成海底边界层(Bottom Boundary Layers,BBLs)。上部海水与下部沉积物在BBLs发生着复杂的相互作用,直接影响海底沉积物侵蚀、再悬浮与堆积过程。与此同时,沉积物颗粒可能携带的污染物解析释放,BBLs研究的科学意义与工程应用价值日益突显。海底边界层的范围已经远远超出了传统的流体力学中边界层的范围,而是海床界面上下一定范围内,水流与海床相互作用的区域。在波浪作用下BBLs沉积物以海床剪切破坏、海床液化破坏及震荡体破坏三种破坏模式发生侵蚀再悬浮。此外,海流、风暴潮、人类活动以及海底生物的扰动作用等对沉积物再悬浮起着不可忽视的作用。BBLs沉积物再悬浮原位观测是研究BBLs沉积物再悬浮最基础也是最重要的手段之一,常用的原位测试手段有水体采样、OBS、激光粒度仪、ADCP/ADV以及电法测量。海底悬沙和底沙的交换程度直接影响底层悬沙浓度的变化,沉积物再悬浮的定量分析成为海洋沉积过程研究的主要内容之一。系统地总结前人的研究成果,重点围绕海底边界层理论、海底沉积物再悬浮的影响因素、沉积物再悬浮的原位观测以及海底沉积物再悬浮的定量分析等几个问题进行综合评述。     

海底边界层沉积物再悬浮的研究进展北大核心CSCD

海床沉积物受海洋水体的影响形成海底边界层(Bottom Boundary Layers,BBLs)。上部海水与下部沉积物在BBLs发生着复杂的相互作用,直接影响海底沉积物侵蚀、再悬浮与堆积过程。与此同时,沉积物颗粒可能携带的污染物解析释放,BBLs研究的科学意义与工程应用价值日益突显。海底边界层的范围已经远远超出了传统的流体力学中边界层的范围,而是海床界面上下一定范围内,水流与海床相互作用的区域。在波浪作用下BBLs沉积物以海床剪切破坏、海床液化破坏及震荡体破坏三种破坏模式发生侵蚀再悬浮。此外,海流、风暴潮、人类活动以及海底生物的扰动作用等对沉积物再悬浮起着不可忽视的作用。BBLs沉积物再悬浮原位观测是研究BBLs沉积物再悬浮最基础也是最重要的手段之一,常用的原位测试手段有水体采样、OBS、激光粒度仪、ADCP/ADV以及电法测量。海底悬沙和底沙的交换程度直接影响底层悬沙浓度的变化,沉积物再悬浮的定量分析成为海洋沉积过程研究的主要内容之一。系统地总结前人的研究成果,重点围绕海底边界层理论、海底沉积物再悬浮的影响因素、沉积物再悬浮的原位观测以及海底沉积物再悬浮的定量分析等几个问题进行综合评述。     

黄河水下三角洲沉积物输运及海底冲淤研究

根据黄河水下三角洲的特点,建立了一个垂直平均二维沉积物输运数学模型,结合潮流和沉积物资料,模拟研究了沉积物输运机制和海底冲淤演变过程。模拟结果表明,垂直河口射流的潮流决定了本区沉积物净输运的总体格局,风应力对悬浮泥沙和推移质泥沙运动也起到重要作用。潮流底应力和活动层厚度分布表明,黄河口门和埕岛油田附近海域是潮流底应力和活动层厚度高值区,为沉积物活跃区,海底稳定性弱,易于侵蚀再搬运。冲淤计算表明,埕岛油田附近海域为冲刷中心区;现在河口水下三角洲在断流时为冲刷区,正常行河时则转为淤积区。     

冲绳海槽陆源碎屑峡谷通道搬运与海底扇沉积

应用“向阳红16号”1992年地质调查和“向阳红9号”1995年地球物理调查的实际资料，并参照80年代以来有关研究成果，对冲绳海槽沉积物类型、陆源组分的堆积形式、沉积速率、物质通量以及沉积环境状况等进行了研究，结果表明，冲强海槽陆源碎屑主要集中在海底峡谷口外，形成海底扇沉积，海底扇以其与峡谷伴生而地势和缘、陆源组分含量高、沉积通量大、沉积物楔入体复合叠置为标志，揭示出海底峡谷在陆源碎屑向海槽输送过程中的通道作用；提出陆架潮流与海底峡谷内波、内潮汐的联合作用是陆源碎屑经峡谷通道向海槽持续搬运的主要动力因素，而黑潮摆动及其涡旋分支对峡谷上游沉积物的供给具有积极作用。     

南黄海的海底侵蚀作用

１９９２年５月－１９９３年１０月期间,在南黄海及东海北部海域,利用大洋５０型表层取样器,重力活塞取样及底栖拖网等方法,对海底沉积进行了深入的调查,通过对所获样品的粒度,矿物含量,生物组合及年代地层学多学科综合性的分析研究表明,南黄海及东海北部陆架的沉积环境十分复杂,在南黄海高能侵蚀区海底广泛出露砂质沉积物,其分布范围与强潮夕及风暴潮的活动区相一致,在这些水动力的长期作用下,细粒物质逐渐被悬浮,搬运     

莱州湾西南岸海域悬浮泥沙与沉积物粒度分布特征

根据2007年冬季莱州湾西南岸海域沉积物和悬浮泥沙的调查数据,分析了海底表层沉积物与悬浮泥沙的关系,并结合表层沉积物的粒度特征,探讨了该海域泥沙的输运及沉积特征,对海域的泥沙来源进行了初步分析。结果表明,含沙量总体表现出近岸含沙量低,远岸含沙量高,底层含沙量高于表层含沙量,且北部含沙量高于南部的分布特点;底床沉积物呈现带状分布特征,在水动力条件的作用下,粒径由岸向海逐渐变细。结合已有研究资料综合分析认为,淄脉沟以北海域泥沙主要来自于黄河入海泥沙,淄脉沟以南海域受黄河入海泥沙影响较小,主要源于近岸浅滩和海底表层沉积物的再悬浮和搬运。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.