盐度定义狭义性与广义性

通过理论分析和实验验证,论述了“实用盐标”、“氯度盐标”定义的狭义性及应用范围,指出电导法和氯度法测定保守性质样品,数据正确;而测定非保守性质样品,测定值偏离绝对盐度S_a.笔者建议的“密度盐标”属于广义性质,可广泛应用于保守和非保守性质样品.密度盐标具有的优点是:(1)不受样品组成变化影响,只与溶液质量和浮力有关,测定值有高度可靠性与重现性;(2)测定大洋水盐度与现有实用盐度值相同,测定工业水盐度较实用盐度、氯度盐度值更接近绝对盐度S_a;(3)在已知溶质情况下,应用溶液膨胀系数和物质偏摩尔体积校正系数可统一溶质浓度与盐度的换算关系.     

稀释和浓缩标准海水的电导率/盐度/温度之间的关系

稀的和浓的标准海水的电导率比在盐度范围0～42‰、温度-1℃～30℃时已被非常准确地测定。全部数据都被列入多项式中,并和过去的数据进行了比较。转换了海水电导率,提出了适合整个盐度和温度范围的多项式。用本文记载的数据和IEEE本期中刊载的多菲尼的数据[1]制定新“1978实用盐标。”     

用天然海水来检验（1978）实用盐标的唯一性

(1978)实用盐标给我们提供了精确定义的、无异议的方法,它适用于各种海水,通过测量海水的电导率,温度和压力就能确定盐度(准确一点说是实用盐度。)。从标准的术语出发,也很需要有一个唯一的标度(Scale)。例如我们希望在各种温度条件下对某一特定水样实施测量,应该给出相同的实用盐度值.我们通过调查世界上几个洋区的天然海水的情况来研究这一问题。我们的结论是:对所有这些洋区的海水来说,(1978)实用盐标为盐度测量提供了唯一的标度,其误差范围在±0.001之内。     

九龙江河口区的比电导、盐度、氯度和活性硅酸盐

盐度是海水最基本的特征参数之一。在相当长的时间内,海洋学家都通过测定海水的氯度来计算它,为此对这两者的关系作了广泛的研究。在寻找简便而又准确的测盐法的过程中,电导测盐法处于领先地位,并最终导致了新盐标及其方程的产生。     

氯化钾标准溶液制备技术研究

参照78国际实用盐标基本定义及其背景材料,利用国内现有的技术条件,成功地配制出了特定电导率的KCl标准溶液.采用国际标准海水重新定值法对标准溶液的电导率准确度进行了验证.实验结果表明,新的盐度测量值与原标称值之差最大为-0.0008,最小为0.0000,均在国际标准海水盐度标称值总不确定度士0.001范围之内,复现技术达到国际同等水平,该项研究为建立我国海水实用盐度全程量值传递奠定了基础.     

新盐标对测盐仪器的影响

新的实用盐标从1982年开始实行了。在我国新盐标对现行仪器会产生什么影响,或者说,为了适应新盐标,仪器是否需要改动?我们针对这一问题作简要的讨论。我们现有的测量海水盐度的仪器有氯度滴定、精确度较高的实验室盐度计、现场用的STD和CTD。这些仪器有我国自己研制     

南海东北部海区上层温盐细微结构初步分析

海水温盐细微结构的调查和研究,是当今物理海洋学相当活跃的一个分支。六十年代以来,随着测量仪器精度的提高和采样速率的增加,海洋学家对海水温盐空间分布有了更细致的认识。众所周知,海水的温度和盐度是海水最重要的理化性质,而且这两个量比较保守,海水水团的性质主要取决于此两量,海水的混合过程主要表现在此两量的空间和时间变化,而海流也与温盐分布有着紧密的联系。因此,对海水温盐分布细微结构的了解和认识,无疑是研究海水性质及其相应的动力学过程的主要途径之一。     

由海水盐度计算海水电导率比的计算方法

一、问题的提出 1978实用盐标(PSS 78)盐度方程给出了由海水电导率比求实用盐度的公式:此文的写作中,曾得到高级工程师刘雪堂、逮玉佩,工程师苏锐、贾肇基等同志的帮助,在此一井农示感谢。2期雨海水盐度计算海水电导率比的计算方法因而,寻求     

实用盐度公式延伸应用于低盐海水的可能性

联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)、国际海洋考察理事会(ICES)、海洋研究科学委员会(SCOR)和国际海洋物理学协会(IAPSO)及其所属“海洋学常用表和标准联合专家小组(JPOTS)”已正式提出并通过了1978年实用盐标(PSS78)和1980年新的国际海水状态方程及其用表,同时已联合发出通告,要求世界所有海洋工作者自1982年1月1日起,在海洋调查和研究报告中一律使用新盐标、新方程和新的用表。 实用盐度公式可写为:     

用流式细胞仪研究秋茄叶肉细胞大小和叶绿素含量与海水盐度的关系

采用离析的方法,应用流式细胞仪研究福建九龙江河口北岸不同地段秋茄(Kandelia candel)成熟叶片的叶肉细胞大小和叶绿素含量与海水盐度之间的关系。结果表明：叶肉细胞的大小和细胞内叶绿素含量与海水盐度的关系都呈倒“Z”字形,单位体积叶肉组织叶绿素含量与海水盐度的关系呈“N”字形。其中海水盐度为10时,秋茄单位体积叶肉组织叶绿素含量最高,细胞表面积、光合面积最大;海水盐度8～10时,随着盐度升高,单位体积叶肉组织叶绿素含量、细胞表面积向有利于提高光合强度方向发展;海水盐度在10～23时,随着盐度的升高,单位体积叶肉组织叶绿素含量、细胞表面积逐渐减小,朝提高抗盐性方向发展。从形态学的角度为阐明红树植物耐盐机理提供了资料。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.