Ionosphere Disturbances Preceding Earthquakes according to the Data of Ground Based Station of the Vertical Ionospheric Sounding Wakkanai

The paper analyzes the data of manual ionograms processing of hourly measurements of the critical frequency foF2 of the F2 ionospheric layer at the Wakkanai ionospheric vertical sounding station (Japan) in a geomagnetically quiet environment before a series of earthquakes with magnitude M > 6.0, for which the station entered the earthquake preparation zone, in order to detect possible Ionospheric Disturbances Preceding Earthquakes (IDPE), and to determine their quantitative characteristics. Detected IDPE, in the opinion of the authors, can be related to the processes of preparation of the corresponding earthquakes, i.e., to be Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes (IPE).     

Equations for the Estimation of Strong Ground Motions from Shallow Crustal Earthquakes Using Data from Europe and the Middle East: Vertical Peak Ground Acceleration and Spectral Acceleration

This article presents equations for the estimation of vertical strong ground motions caused by shallow crustal earthquakes with magnitudes M_w 5 and distance to the surface projection of the fault less than 100km. These equations were derived by weighted regression analysis, used to remove observed magnitude-dependent variance, on a set of 595 strong-motion records recorded in Europe and the Middle East. Coefficients are included to model the effect of local site effects and faulting mechanism on the observed ground motions. The equations include coefficients to model the observed magnitude-dependent decay rate. The main findings of this study are that: short-period ground motions from small and moderate magnitude earthquakes decay faster than the commonly assumed 1/r, the average effect of differing faulting mechanisms is similar to that observed for horizontal motions and is not large and corresponds to factors between 0.7 (normal and odd) and 1.4 (thrust) with respect to strike-slip motions and that the average long-period amplification caused by soft soil deposits is about 2.1 over those on rock sites.     

Fast Ionospheric Dynamics during a Substorm from Vertical and Oblique Sounding Data

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Synchronous studies have been conducted on the high-latitude ionosonde at Sodankyulä station and the low-latitude ionosonde in Cyprus Island, as well as on two...     

利用地基GPS观测数据研究与地震有关的电离层异常

利用中国大陆GPS连续站观测数据, 根据电离层单层模型, 计算得到中国大陆上空电离层电子总含量TEC(Total Electron Content)值的时间序列。 选取2001—2008年发生在中国大陆地区的11个M_S≥6.0地震, 分析了这11个地震前后TEC值时间序列的变化特征。 分析结果显示, 地震活动期间距离震中700 km以外的GPS连续观测站上空TEC值的异常现象不明显, TEC值变化基本在0.5 TECU之内。 11个震例中有6个震例TEC值出现了负异常现象, 主要表现在震前1～5 d, 并且观测站距离震中越近, TEC值变化越明显, 少数震例在地震发生期间TEC值明显增加。 研究认为, 利用GPS连续观测数据研究与地震有关的电离层前兆是可能的。     

Equations for the Estimation of Strong Ground Motions from Shallow Crustal Earthquakes Using Data from Europe and the Middle East: Horizontal Peak Ground Acceleration and Spectral Acceleration

This article presents equations for the estimation of horizontal strong ground motions caused by shallow crustal earthquakes with magnitudes M_w 5 and distance to the surface projection of the fault less than 100km. These equations were derived by weighted regression analysis, used to remove observed magnitude-dependent variance, on a set of 595 strong-motion records recorded in Europe and the Middle East. Coefficients are included to model the effect of local site effects and faulting mechanism on the observed ground motions. The equations include coefficients to model the observed magnitude-dependent decay rate. The main findings of this study are that: short-period ground motions from small and moderate magnitude earthquakes decay faster than the commonly assumed 1/r, the average effect of differing faulting mechanisms is not large and corresponds to factors between 0.8 (normal and odd) and 1.3 (thrust) with respect to strike-slip motions and that the average long-period amplification caused by soft soil deposits is about 2.6 over those on rock sites. Disappointingly the standard deviations associated with the derived equations are not significantly lower than those found in previous studies.     

华北地区强震前电磁短期异常特征研究

利用空间线性度方法对强震近震中区的多台地电阻率、地磁Z等观测资料进行组合计算，得到描述强震前近震中区前兆场的新特征量——空间线性度a。分析计算了华北地区发生的8次5．5级以上强震前的地电、地磁观测资料，结果表明，强震前半年内震源区附近的a有明显的下降异常变化。     

Study on Short-Term Abnormal Characteristics of Geoelectric and Geomagnetic Data before Strong Earthquakes in the North China Region

INTRODUCTIONStrongearthquakeactivityrepresentsalarge scalecrustaltectonicmovementprocess .Intheprocessofearthquakepreparation ,thedistributionofthegeophysicalparametersintheearthquakepreparationareahasthecharacteroftemporalcontinuityandspatialdependencewithdifferentgeologicalstructures ,andhenceaseismicprecursoryfieldisformed .Affectedbythetectonicstressfieldandthestressfieldinthefocalarea ,theearthresistivityinthesourceanditssurroundingareaswillchangeintheprocessofearthquakepreparation .…     

日本的人工地震探测研究进展

介绍了20世纪80年代以来日本开展人工地震探测研究的进展，以及在研究大地构造、地壳深部结构、地球动力学、深浅构造关系、大震震源区细结构等方面取得的重要成果。     

Characterization of Stress Drops on Asperities Estimated from the Heterogeneous Kinematic Slip Model for Strong Motion Prediction for Inland Crustal Earthquakes in Japan

Dense strong motion observation networks provided us with valuable data for studying strong motion generation from large earthquakes. From kinematic waveform inversion of seismic data, the slip distribution on the fault surface of large earthquakes is known to be spatially heterogeneous. Because heterogeneities in the slip and stress drop distributions control the generation of near-source ground motion, it is important to characterize these heterogeneities for past earthquakes in constructing a source model for reliable prediction of strong ground motion. The stress changes during large earthquakes on the faults recently occurring in Japan are estimated from the detailed slip models obtained by the kinematic waveform inversion. The stress drops on and off asperities are summarized on the basis of the stress change distributions obtained here. In this paper, we define the asperity to be a rectangular area whose slip is 1.5 or more times larger than the average slip over the fault according to the previous study for inland crustal earthquakes. The average static stress drops on the asperities of the earthquakes studied here are in the range 6?C23?MPa, whereas those off the asperities are below 3?MPa. We compiled the stress drop on the asperities together with a data set from previous studies of other inland earthquakes in Japan and elsewhere. The static stress drop on the asperity depends on its depth, and we obtained an empirical relationship between the static stress drop and the asperity??s depth. Moreover, surface-breaking asperities seemed to have smaller stress drops than buried asperities. Simple ground motion simulations using the characterized asperity source models reveal that deep asperities generate larger ground motion than shallow asperities, because of the different stress drops of the asperities. These characteristics can be used for advanced source modeling in strong ground motion prediction for inland crustal earthquakes.     

强震地下流体前兆信息特征

重视前兆异常点的空间分布与活动构造、深部介质及不同类型地震关系等特征的研究, 已成为目前地震预报研究人员的共识． 本文通过某些强震地下流体前兆的信息特征分析, 认为地下流体强震前兆的信息特征主要表现在： 出现时间上的阶段性、加速性和空间分布上的群体性和配套性等方面． 而对异常的阶段性与配套性特征的深入研究, 是揭示地震孕育过程, 进而对潜在震源区及发震时间给予较准确预报的关键问题．     

中国东部地区中强以上地震与日本海域地区强震的相关性研究

本文对中国东部中强以上地震与日本海域强震的相关性进行了专门研究。结果表明，中国华东沿海地区中强震与日本板缘强震（Ｍｓ≥７．０）有很好的相关性其滞后时间多在一年以内；而中国大华北（包括东北）的中强以上地震与日本海强震（Ｍｓ≥６．０）有很好的相关性，其滞后时间多在一年半之内。本文根据相关性还概括了相关模式。这说明中国东部中强以上地震主要受相邻的太平洋板块俯冲运动的控制。因此本项目的研究结果可直接用于中     

Estimation of Nonlinear Time-dependent Soil Behavior in Strong Ground Motion Based on Vertical Array Data

To improve our understanding of nonlinear elastic properties of soils, a method is proposed of estimation of stress-strain relations of soils in situ in strong ground motion based on vertical array data. Strong motion records provided by seismic vertical arrays allow estimation of nonlinear stress-strain relations in soil layers at different depths, from the surface down to the location of the deepest device. As an example, records obtained during the main shock of the 1995 Kobe earthquake at Port-Island, SGK, and TKS sites were used to estimate the stress-strain relations in the soil profiles. For different layers, different types of nonlinear stress-strain relations were selected, according to the profiling data. To account for temporal changes in the soil behavior, consecutive parts of records were examined, and for successive time intervals, the relations were found showing the best-fit approximation to the observed data. At Port Island and SGK sites, where the strongest accelerations were recorded, the obtained stress-strain relations showed systematic changes in the upper layers (0–14 m), such as, a progressive reduction of the slopes of the stress-strain curves due to liquefaction at Port Island and reduction and recovery of the slopes at SGK and TKS sites. At the three sites, the stress-strain relations remained stable in layers below 11–14 m. Thus, the proposed approach gives us a representation of the soil behavior in layers at different depths in strong ground motion; it allows calculation of the propagation of arbitrary seismic signals in the studied profiles and estimation of nonlinear components in the ground response by the nonlinear system identification technique. The method can also be applied to evaluate the ground response at sites where profiling data are available and an imposed motion can be estimated.     

川滇地区强震流体综合前兆特征初探

从《中国震例》中选取1976～1998年川滇地区发生的15次MS≥6地震作为震例,依据图形对比和统计的方法,分析了不同震级的地震前水位(流量)、温度及水氡异常变化的协调性特征,结果显示,无论是在时间演化方面还是在空间演化方面,这3个流体测项之间都具有协调性演化关系,震级不同,异常的表现形式也不同,并且7级以上地震的异常的协调性特征明显好于6.0～6.9级地震。     

中强地震前地电阻率异常变化的研究

研究了华北地区中强地震前地电阻率异常变化的基本特征，对已发生的中强以上地震前的部分地电异常变化及其与地震３要素的关系再次进行了总结和研究，指出地电阻率异常变化可能对判断地震趋势及对华北地区的短临预报跟踪有参考意义。     

利用GPS观测结果研究地壳运动分布动态及其与强震关系

本文简要论述了应用最小二乘配置原理、利用GPS观测资料,建立基于不同参考基准和不同运动学与几何变形含义的地壳运动模型及不同空间分辨率应变场的方法。同时,结合中国地壳运动观测网络区域网和有关GPS连续站观测资料的处理与分析,从GPS观测能够直接获取地壳相对运动和反映研究区域几何变形时空分布状态,讨论了关于地壳运动动态与强震关系的问题。     

青海地区中强地震震源过程的宽频带资料分析

１９８８年至１９９０年,青海地区发生了４次震级大于６．０的地震,本文利用全球数字地震台网（ＧＤＳＮ）的宽频带波形资料,通过波形模拟,结合地质结造的背影资料对这几个地震的震源破裂和发震构造背景进行了研究。通过台站的视震源时间函数（ａＳＴＦ）和视时间差（ａＴＤ）的分析,特别对震源的复杂性进行了讨论。本文的研究从震源分析的角度进一步支持了青藏高原东北部构造应力的压力轴为接的水平的ＮＥ方向,而随着向青藏高     

Hydrogeochemical Anomalies in the Springs of the Chiayi Area in West-central Taiwan as Possible Precursors to Earthquakes

Water samples from both hot and artesian springs in Kuantzeling in west-central Taiwan have been collected on a regular basis from July 15, 1999 to the end of August 2001 to measure cation and anion concentrations as a tool to detect major earthquake precursors. The data identify chloride and sulfate ion anomalies few days prior to major quakes and lasting a few days afterward. These anomalies are characterized by increases in Cl^- concentrations from 34.9% to 41.2% and 71.5% to 138.1% as well as increases in SO₄^2- concentrations from 232.7% to 276.8% and 100.0% to 155.1% above the means in both hot and artesian springs. The occurrence of these anomalies is probably explained first as stress/strain-induced pressure changes in the subsurface water systems which then generate precursory limited geochemical discharges at the levels of subsurface reservoirs. Therefore, finally leading to the mixing of previously separated subsurface water bodies occurs. This suggests that the hot and artesian springs in the Kuantzeling area are possible ideal sites for recording strain changes serving well as earthquake precursors.     

Efficiency of Ionospheric Model Correction by Vertical-Incidence Sounding Data from an Ionosonde during Low Sunspot Activity

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - Numerical values of the criteria for the efficiency of the determination of the critical frequency of the F2 layer of ionosphere over European Russia are calculated with...