The Novaya Zemlya Bora: Analysis and Numerical Modeling

We consider the data of an ASRI reanalysis to distinguish the properties of velocity and temperature fields in the region of Novaya Zemlya (NZ). A numerical simulation of the bora development is performed using the WRF-ARW regional model of atmospheric circulation for two cases with different directions of the wind. In the case of southeastern winds, the wind speed and temperature fields are reproduced and the characteristics of the bora are defined: temperature and wind speed increase over the lee slope of mountains and coastal western area of the Barents Sea. In the case of a western wind, the bora does not appear. The estimates of temperature contrasts in the flow of the air stream over the NZ mountains found in the processing of the ASRI data are reported. The region of high velocities and fluxes of sensible and latent heat indicating the climatic role of the NZ archipelago noted earlier in [12] is determined.     

海上退役石油平台造礁的流场效应研究

将海上石油平台改建为人工鱼礁是一种理想的退役平台处置方式,流场对人工鱼礁发挥功效起着重要作用,而目前对平台造礁的流场效应仍有待研究。基于埕岛油田退役平台造礁示范工程,构建了渤海埕岛油田海域三维水动力数值模型,在实际海况条件下定量研究不同规模平台造礁对流场影响效应。结果表明：当布设鱼礁山后,在鱼礁山两侧及上方沿水平来流方向均形成流速增大区域,而迎流面和背流面出现了流速减小区域;与无鱼礁山时相比,随着鱼礁山高度增加和来流速度增大,鱼礁山区域流速变化幅度和变化区域面积逐渐增大,且鱼礁山高度对流速影响范围更大,来流速度则决定流速变化幅度;在垂向上会产生明显的上升流与背涡流,随着水平来流速度增大,鱼礁山高度对垂向流场的影响程度逐渐减小。     

Consideration for the tropopause’s displacements in the problem of flow over mountains

Within the framework of a two-dimensional, inviscid, stationary model, the problem of an unbounded (in height) two-layer quasi-static airflow over mesoscale mountains is considered. The airflow is characterized by a constant velocity and a discontinuity of temperature stratification at the inner interface (tropopause). The conjugation conditions for the flow fields at the boundary between the layers are formulated exactly, without the standard assumption of small perturbations. According to calculations, partial reflection of wave energy from the tropopause is substantially controlled by nonlinear effects associated with a finite height and shape of terrain. The tropopause’s displacement from the initial (equilibrium) level has a stabilizing effect on the flow, thus interfering with the development of anomalously strong disturbances. As a result, the flow field remains statically stable within a considerably wider range of flow parameters and for a larger mountain heights than predicted in the context of the conventional linear theory. The results obtained in this study are indicative of the importance of a correct consideration of the dynamic interaction between the troposphere and the overlying layers during both simulation of the process of flow and analysis of real atmospheric situations over mountains.     

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of wind-induced barotropic circulation in the Gulf of Patras

The barotropic, wind-induced circulation, which develops in the Gulf of Patras in Western Greece during the winter, is studied using three-dimensional numerical simulations. The simulations are performed using the numerical code MIKE 3 FM (HD). The Gulf's basin is bracketed between two sills, one on the west at the opening with the Ionian Sea and the other on the east at the Straits of Rio-Antirio at the opening with the Gulf of Corinth. The simulations show that the wind-induced flow creates strong currents near the coasts, which determine the sense of rotation of the gyres that develop in the Gulf. Strong currents are also created at the Rio-Antirio Straits. The wind-induced, barotropic currents do not seem to contribute to the direct replenishment of bottom waters, which recirculate between the two sills. Depending on the wind-speed forcing of the flow, the residence time of the waters in the Gulf of Patras is estimated to range from one week to one month.     

不同布设间距和来流速度下方型人工鱼礁上升流效应的数值模拟

合理的人工鱼礁组合可以有效改善投放水域的流场效应,提高投放水域底层与上层水体之间的扰动。通过使用并行大涡模拟模式及被动示踪物模块,并通过调整人工鱼礁布设间距,研究了在不同背景流速条件(0.1、0.5、0.6和1.0 m/s)下,在不同的横向间距(1L、2L、3L)(L表示人工鱼礁的边长)或纵向间距(1L、2L、3L、4L、5L)情况下,方型人工鱼礁对上升流体积、营养盐的抬升和垂向涡黏系数的影响。研究结果表明,在同一布置条件下,单排布置下的三块人工鱼礁形成的上升流体积大小与来流速度成正相关,体积随来流流速增加而增大6.4%～80.5%;在同一流速条件下,上升流体积大小与纵向布置的间距成正比,与横向布置的间距成反比;在横向布置条件下,当来流速度为1.0 m/s、布设间距为1L时,上升流体积参数最佳。总体来说,上升流体积参数、示踪物浓度差和垂向涡黏性系数均显示横向布置优于纵向布置,相较于布设间距,来流速度是影响上升流体积最重要的因素。     

南极中山站夏季下降风数值模拟个例研究

南极内陆地面辐射冷却产生的近表层冷空气,沿高原斜坡向下流动而形成下降风,其分布形态决定了南极大陆近表层风场的主要特征。我国南极中山站全年均受下降风的强烈影响。夏季晴天时,中山站的下降风一般在傍晚开始出现,风速在午夜达到极值,在次日中午之前逐渐减弱,风速有显著的日循环特征。本文选取南极中山站2010年1月的夏季下降风个例,使用常规地面气象观测资料和Polar WRF极地大气数值模式进行了分析研究。结果表明:中山站夏季夜间晴天出现偏东向的下降风时,近地面风速变化趋势与地面气温呈负相关,相关系数为-0.91。数值模拟发现,中山站下降风在距地面高度约100~150 m之间时风速最大,约为15~21 m/s。在下降风发生时,近地层大气存在逆温现象。下降风较强时,近地层逆温也较强,逆温层厚度约为200~300 m,逆温强度约为4~6℃。在地面摩擦的作用下,中山站近地面下降风风向为东南,随着高度的增加,风向逆时针偏转,最终趋于与地形等高线平行。没有太阳直接辐射时,南极大陆地区存在持续的逆温层,逆温层的出现加强了下降风气流,随着逆温的增强,大风区逐渐西移,且面积不断增加。在夏季太阳辐射造成的逆温消失的短暂时间内,逆温时产生的下降风尚不能完全消失,由此形成了较稳定的风向空间分布特征。     

A review of recent advances in understanding the meso- and microscale properties of the severe Bora wind

A gusty downslope windstorm that blows at the eastern Adriatic coast is called bora. Similar winds exist at many other places on virtually all continents. Related hourly mean wind speeds surpassing 20 m s⁻¹, with gusts reaching up to 50 or even 70 m s⁻¹, in the coastal mountain lee areas are common (hurricane speeds). There has been substantial progress in bora observations and measurements, understanding, modelling and its more detailed prediction during the last 25 yr. It was generally thought before that bora was a falling, mostly thermodynamically driven wind; however, (severe) bora is primarily governed by mountain wave breaking. Understandings of bora interactions and influences on other processes have taken place as well, most notably in the air-sea interaction, but are not completed yet. The overall progress mentioned would not be possible without airborne data, non-linear theory and advances in computational techniques, most notably mesoscale numerical models. Some gaps in bora knowledge are also indicated, for example, dynamical transition from weak to moderate to strong to severe bora flows, where the latter are the main subject here, and vice versa. Moreover, the role of the boundary layer and waves on the upwind side of the bora evolution and the consequent lee side flow structures are inadequately understood; this is especially so for bora at the southern Adriatic coast. The focus here is on stronger bora flows at the NE Adriatic coast.     

Estimation of seismic velocities and gas hydrate concentrations: A case study from the Shenhu area,northern South China Sea

In the Shenhu area of the northern South China Sea (SCS), canyon systems and focused fluid flow systems increase the complexity of the gas hydrate distribution in the region. It also induces difficulties in predicting the hydrate reservoir characteristics and quantitatively evaluating reservoir parameters. In this study, several inversion methods have been executed to estimate the velocities of strata and gas hydrate concentrations along a profile in the Shenhu area. The seismic data were inverted to obtain the reflection coefficient of each stratum via a spectral inversion method. Stratigraphic horizons were then delineated by tracking the inverted reflectivities. Based on the results of spectral inversion, a low-frequency velocity field of the strata was constructed for acoustic impedance inversion. Using a new iterative algorithm for acoustic impedance inversion, reflection coefficients were converted into velocities, and the velocity variations of the strata along a 2D seismic line were then obtained. Subsequently, gas hydrate saturations at well SH2 were estimated via the shale-corrected resistivity method, the chloride ion concentration method and three different rock physics models. The results were then compared to determine the optimal rock physics model, and the modified Wood equation (MWE) was found to be appropriate for this area. Finally, the inverted velocities and MWE were used to predict the distribution and concentrations of gas hydrates along the seismic line. The estimated spatial distribution of gas hydrates is consistent with that from sonic logging and resistivity data at well SH2, and with the drilling results. Therefore, this method is applicable in areas with no well data, or with few wells, and provides an effective tool for predicting and evaluating gas hydrates using seismic data.     

Ships with ventilated cavitation in seaways and active flow control

Bottom ventilated cavitation has been proven as a very effective drag reduction technology for river ships and planning boats. The ability of this technology to withstand the sea wave impact usual for seagoing ships depends on the ship bottom shape and could be enhanced by some active flow control devices. Therefore, there is the need in numerical tools to estimate the effects of bottom changes and to design such devices. The fundamentals of active flow control for the ship bottom ventilated cavitation are considered here on the basis of a special model of cavitating flows. This model takes into account the air compressibility in the cavity, as well as the multi-frequency nature of the incoming flow in wavy seas and of the cavity response on perturbations by incoming flow. The numerical method corresponding to this model was developed and widely manifested with an example of a ship model tested in a towing tank at Froude numbers between 0.4 and 0.7.The impact of waves in head seas and following seas on cavities has been studied in the range of wavelengths from 0.45 to 1.2 of the model (or ship) length. An oscillating cavitator-spoiler was considered as the flow controlling devices in this study. The oscillation magnitude and the phase shift between cavitator oscillation and the incoming waves have been varied to determine the best flow control parameters. The main results of the provided computational analysis include oscillations of cavity surface, of the pressure in cavity and of the moment of hydrodynamic load on the cavitator. The major part of computations has been carried out for the flap oscillating at the frequency coinciding with the wave frequency, but the effect of a frequency shift is also analyzed.     

The effect of meteorology on air pollution in Moscow during the summer episodes of 2010

Relations between short-term variations in the concentrations of aerosol (PM₁₀) and carbon monoxide (CO) and meteorological characteristics are considered for the episodes of severe atmospheric pollution in the region of Moscow in the summer of 2010. The assumption is made and substantiated that the observed (in late June) severe aerosol pollution of the atmosphere over Moscow was caused by air masses arrived from soil-drought regions of southern Russia. In August, during the episodes of advection of forest-fire products, the maximum surface concentrations of pollutants were observed in Moscow mainly at 11:00–12:00 under a convective burst into the atmospheric boundary layer and at night in the presence of local wind-velocity maxima or low-level jet streams within the inversion layer. On the basis of results from an analysis of these air-pollution episodes before and after fires, it is concluded that the shearing instability of wind velocity favors the surface-air purification under ordinary conditions and an increase in the surface concentrations of pollutants during their advection (long-range transport, natural-fire plumes, etc.). It is shown that the pollution of the air basin over the megapolis with biomass-combustion products in 2010 led to an increase in the thermal stability of the atmospheric surface layer and in the duration of radiation inversions, as well as to an attenuation of the processes of purification in the urban heat island.     

An Equivalent Transform Method for Evaluating the Effect of Water-Column Mismatch on Geoacoustic Inversion

An "equivalent transform method" for quantitatively evaluating the effect of water-column mismatch on geoacoustic inversions is presented. This method is based on the concept of error transferral from one medium to another and is derived from linear perturbative inverse theory. To illustrate the method, geoacoustic inversions using adiabatic mode data, including wave numbers, group velocities, and travel times, are considered. In the test cases, both linear and nonlinear internal waves are considered as the causes of the water-column mismatch, and the inversion errors due to the water-column mismatch in each case are discussed. In the case of linear internal waves, range-averaged inversion errors are largely eliminated at the full cycle distance of the internal wave; however, in the case of nonlinear internal waves, the range-averaged inversion errors are accumulated but scaled down with increasing range. Furthermore, the inversion errors produced by water-column mismatch will be large if the modes used for inversion are sensitive to the mismatch; for instance, using higher order modes might lead to increased error even though it would normally improve inversion results. Using lower frequency signal, which penetrates deeper into the bottom, extends the effective depth of the inversion solutions, but this also allows the water-column mismatch to transfer error into the deeper bottom     

张力腿平台绕流数值模拟分析

在一定来流条件下,张力腿平台(tension leg platform,简称TLP)的立柱后缘出现周期性的交替旋涡脱落,致使立柱受到垂直于来流方向的升力和平行于来流方向的阻力作用,导致TLP产生大幅度往复运动,显著增加平台结构和系泊系统的负载。目前,关于单柱、多柱结构绕流问题的研究较多,但对于TLP绕流特性的研究较少,机理尚存不明确的地方。为研究TLP的绕流力变化情况和流场特征,开展了数值模拟分析。利用计算流体动力学数值模拟软件,基于雷诺平均(RANS)法和分离涡模拟(DES)法对TLP绕流场进行仿真分析,揭示了TLP的绕流特性。结果表明,在3种来流角度和多个折合速度V_r下,TLP绕流的流体力系数存在明显差异,升力系数时域曲线呈现脉动性。TLP的上、下游立柱间存在明显的相互作用,影响了旋涡的形成与发展。TLP的旋涡脱落大多集中在平台固有频率附近,且在V_r=7,来流角度为0°时,升力系数频谱峰值最大,旋涡脱落集中。     

Large eddy simulation of breaking waves

A numerical model is used to simulate wave breaking, the large scale water motions and turbulence induced by the breaking process. The model consists of a free surface model using the surface markers method combined with a three-dimensional model that solves the flow equations. The turbulence is described by large eddy simulation where the larger turbulent features are simulated by solving the flow equations, and the small scale turbulence that is not resolved by the flow model is represented by a sub-grid model. A simple Smagorinsky sub-grid model has been used for the present simulations. The incoming waves are specified by a flux boundary condition. The waves are approaching in the shore-normal direction and are breaking on a plane, constant slope beach. The first few wave periods are simulated by a two-dimensional model in the vertical plane normal to the beach line. The model describes the steepening and the overturning of the wave. At a given instant, the model domain is extended to three dimensions, and the two-dimensional flow field develops spontaneously three-dimensional flow features with turbulent eddies. After a few wave periods, stationary (periodic) conditions are achieved. The surface is still specified to be uniform in the transverse (alongshore) direction, and it is only the flow field that is three-dimensional.The turbulent structures are investigated under different breaker types, spilling, weak plungers and strong plungers. The model is able to reproduce complicated flow phenomena such as obliquely descending eddies. The turbulent kinetic energy is found by averaging over the transverse direction. In spilling breakers, the turbulence is generated in a series of eddies in the shear layer under the surface roller. After the passage of the roller the turbulence spreads downwards. In the strong plunging breaker, the turbulence originates to a large degree from the topologically generated vorticity. The turbulence generated at the plunge point is almost immediately distributed over the entire water depth by large organised vortices. Away from the bed, the length scale of the turbulence (the characteristic size of the eddies resolved by the model) is similar in the horizontal and the vertical direction. It is found to be of the order one half of the water depth.     

Study on the current structure of the thermohaline front in the southeastern entrance of the Yellow Sea during winter

A thermohaline front is located at the southeastern entrance of the Yellow Sea in winter, and it is generated by the intrusion of warm saline water into the Yellow Sea caused by a strong northerly wind. Recently, a westward transversal current traveling away from the west coast of Korea toward the open sea area along the front was reported. The westward transversal current is dominant in the surface layer during the temperature inversion period. The formation and structure of this current are examined using a numerical vertical ocean-slice model. When two different water masses meet, a front is formed and adjusted geostrophically. In this frontal zone, a horizontal pressure gradient flow by the vertically inclined isopycnal occurs under the thermal wind process in a baroclinic effect, and the cold fresh coastal water moves westward along the front in the upper layer. The barotropic effect across the front and the bottom friction effect strengthen the westward component of the velocity. The velocity of the bottom layer decreases remarkably in the increase of the bottom drag coefficient. This means that the bottom friction with the strong background tidal current causes a reduction in the current in the bottom layer.     

Range-dependent geoacoustic inversion: results from the Inversion Techniques Workshop

Model-based geoacoustic inversion in range-dependent underwater environments is a challenging task constrained by data quality (synthetic or measured) and propagation-model efficiency and accuracy. The Inversion Techniques Workshop (ITW), held in Gulfport, MS, May 15-18, 2001, was organized for the acoustics community to present state-of-the-art numerical geoacoustic inversion capabilities in range-dependent shallow-water environments. The organizers defined five range-dependent test cases (three synthetic and two experimental cases). Two of the synthetic cases were adopted for geoacoustic inversion in this paper. The first test case (TC1) is a monotonic down-slope bathymetry problem and the adiabatic normal-mode model PROSIM was applied for the inversion in this case. The second test case (TC3) is a flat-bottom case with an intrusion. The forward model used in this case was RAMGEO. The global optimization package SAGA was used for geoacoustic inversion of the synthetically generated reference solutions for TC1 and TC3. In general, the geoacoustic inversion results are in good agreement with the true solutions provided by the organizers. The results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of performing geoacoustic inversion in synthetic range-dependent shallow-water environments. However, results show that the propagation model choice in the inversion is strongly dependent on the specific range-dependent environment.     

五圆柱体结构群绕流特性及互扰效应研究

基于Fluent流体计算平台,运用大涡模拟方法对亚临界雷诺数Re=3900下“X”形排列五圆柱体结构群三维绕流特性进行研究,主要分析来流攻角α与间距比L/D两个关键参数对五圆柱体结构群的尾流区三维涡结构演化与流体力系数的影响,并揭示其内在流动互扰机理。研究表明:来流攻角和间距比的变化对五圆柱体结构群流动控制及互扰效应的影响显著。在小间距比工况下,观察到柱体群间隙区域内流体高速流动的现象,导致五圆柱体之间的互扰作用十分强烈。间隙流对中间圆柱体和下游圆柱体有较强的冲击作用,对其表面的流体力分布特性有显著的影响。另外,大间距比工况下,当α=0°与L/D≥5.0工况时,柱体群尾流效应强于其间隙流效应。当α=22.5°与L/D=7.0时,位于下游与中间处的圆柱体流体绕流特性存在较大差异。而当α=45°与L/D≥6.0时,位于上游与中间处的圆柱体尾流区均会产生正负交替的漩涡结构。     

A numerical study of the relative importance of wind and topographic forcing on oceanic eddy shedding by tall, deep water islands

A process-oriented, quasi-geostrophic, barotropic model has been developed with the aim of studying the relative importance of wind and topographic forcing on oceanic eddy generation by tall, deep water islands. As a case study, we chose the island of Gran Canaria. Topographic forcing was established using different intensities (weak, medium, strong, and very strong) for the oceanic current incident to the island. Wind forcing was introduced to simulate the mean wind curl observed in atmospheric tall island wakes. As observed from in situ data, the resulting wind curl consists of two cells of opposite sign which become a complementary source of vorticity at the island lee. The intensity and the shape of the two cells depend on the strength of the incident wind against the obstacle. The oceanic model was forced at three different wind (trade winds) speeds which correspond to weak, medium and strong wind intensities. Results from several numerical experiments show that in those periods where the incident wind is in the medium–strong range and the incident current speed is low (low Reynolds number), the wind forcing is the trigger mechanism for oceanic eddy generation. Eddies are spun off from the island for a lower Reynolds number (Re)/intensity of the oceanic flow (Re = 20) when compared with only topographic forcing (Re > 60). However, when the current speed is strong (high Reynolds number), the vorticity input by the wind is quickly advected by the oceanic flow and does not contribute to oceanic eddy generation. When only wind forcing is considered, only two stationary eddies are generated in the island wake. In this case, eddies of opposite sign are not sequentially spun off by the island and a Von-Kármán-like eddy street is not developed downstream of the island. Therefore, the main mechanism responsible for the development of an eddy street is the topographic perturbation of the oceanic flow by the island flanks. The wind over the island wake acts only as an additional source of vorticity, promoting the generation of an eddy street at a lower intensity of the incident oceanic flow, but not being capable of generating an eddy street without the topographic forcing.     

Analysis of ocean color spectra (II)

A method for evaluating the radiance due to sky light reflected by the sea surface and radiance emerging from the sea is described. The calculation is made as a function of the sun altitude, sky condition and sea state for varying optical properties of sea water. As a result of the contribution of reflected sky light, the shape of the spectral distribution for radiance just below the surface is considerably distorted above the surface, especially when chlorophyll concentrations are high. Special attention is paid to the ratio of radiance emerging from the sea to total upwelling radiance at the wavelength of 670 nrn. The variation in the ratio with wind-speed is small and the ratio decreases with increase in the atomospheric turbidity factor.     

Horizontal refraction modal tomography of the ocean with modeinteractions

The acoustical tomography scheme for inferring a three-dimensional sound-speed field within some area based on the measurements of horizontal refraction angles is reviewed. The numerical simulations made so far were based on the assumption of the adiabaticity of low-frequency mode propagation. In this paper, an inversion scheme is presented that accounts for the acoustic mode interaction. We found that, generally, the interaction weakly affects the horizontal refraction angle, and it can be accounted for by iterations. Numerical simulations for the case of an Atlantic “meddy” corresponding to a strong double channel stratification are presented. Only three iterations were required to retrieve the exact strong sound-speed-field inhomogeneity within an area of 500 km×500 km     

Atmospheric Perturbations during the Flow around Mountain Groups

A nonlinear stationary two-dimensional theoretical model of the flow around the northwestern Caucasus mountains, taking the features of the real mountain terrain into account, is presented. The results of the calculations of the field of air-flow velocities and the general patterns of occurrence and the scale of the rotary-wave deformation of the air flow over the mountains are discussed. The model calculations are used to obtain the motion trajectories and fields of velocity perturbation in the troposphere for the real range of Lira scale values in the atmosphere. Based on the data, the safety indices of flights over the mountains in the Republic of Adygea are calculated for aircraft of two types: light and high-speed. The location of the major-hazard areas above the mountains and how they depend on the properties of the free-stream flow are determined. It is shown that, in certain parts of the area, this hazard can be critical.