Amplitude Ratio of Regional Seismic Phases: An Efficient Indicator of Thermal State of the Lithosphere

By analyzing seismograms of short period records at the Beijing SeismoJogicaJ Observatory, the present paper investigates the amplitude ratio of seismic phases. The results indicate that the amplitude ratio of Sn/Lg is correlated with the lithosphere structure, the thermal state, and strong earthquake occurrence in the region the seismic rays pass through. The significance of such a correlation in the study on the genesis and prediction of strong earthquakes is discussed.     

区域震相强度比—岩石层热状态的有效指示

本文根据白家疃台６０年代以来的短周期地震记录图，分析了区域震相的强度比。研究表明：Ｓｎ／Ｌｇ波的强度比波传播路径上岩石层热结构、热状态及强地震活动等均有相关性，并就这种相关性对于强地震成因及其预测研究的直接意义进行了讨论。     

Use of Total Organic Carbon as an Indicator of Contamination from an Oil Refinery, South-Central Kansas

Water samples collected from 26 sites at an abandoned oil refinery in south-central Kansas were analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC) and specific volatile and semivolatile organic compounds by gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometric methods. Results from a Spearman-rho correlation analysis between TOC concentration and the number of compounds (correlation coefficient = 0.71) and TOC concentration and total concentration of compounds identified (correlation coefficient = 0.83) indicate correlations significant at the 0.01 level.
Although TOC data alone would not be sufficient to evaluate hazards posed by oil-refinery wastes, results of the correlation analysis performed using data collected from the site in Kansas indicate that TOC data can be used effectively to delineate petroleum-related ground water contamination and to help identify sources of ground water contaminants. TOC data collected from a large number of temporary sampling points during the initial phases of an investigation will provide an estimate of the extent of hydrocarbon contamination and allow placement of monitoring wells and more detailed sampling in appropriate areas.     

Macrozoobenthos as an Indicator of the Level of the Trophy and Saprobity of Lake Jarun

During complex ecological investigations on Lake Jarun (and neighbouring interstitial underground waters) which took place in 1984 and 1985, macrozoobenthos was also studied. Its qualitative and quantitative composition in a large part depends on the degree of trophy and saprobity of the water. Specially examined were the oligochaetes and chironomids larvae, which besides having a large numerical percentage also occurred with a large number of species. In addition, the representatives of other groups of macroscopic invertebrates were also mentioned, especially those which have a special significance as indicators of a certain degree of trophy and saprobity, and which are important because of their oasis preservation in this ecosystem.     

Chlorobium Chlorophyll as an Indicator of Organic Pollution in a Paleolimnological Investigation

The object of the investigation was the strongly polluted D?lugie Lake, Poland. Due to the development of the city of Olsztyn, for many years untreated municipal wastes were discharged into the lake. In the core of bottom sediments the occurrence of bacteriochlorophyll a pheophytin (Fig. 1) and Chlorobium chlorophylls and their degradation products (Fig. 2 and 3) were observed, which suggested the presence of photosynthetic bacteria from the family Chlorobiaceae COPELAND. The development of the Chlorobiaceae population was caused by the increase of organic pollution as an effect of the urbanization process of the city of Olsztyn. It was shown that Chlorobium chlorophylls can be used as indicators of organic pollution in paleolimnological investigation.     

Bottom Sediments of the Caspian Sea as an Indicator of Changes in Its Water Regime

Qualitative changes in the Caspian Sea water regime for the last 20–25 kyr are analyzed based on studying the particle-size distribution, the composition of clay minerals, the mineral composition of the coarse clastic fraction, and the magnetic susceptibility of deep-sea bottom sediments.     

岩石圈流变机制的确定及影响岩石圈流变强度的因素

讨论了确定岩石圈流变强度中存在的问题，根据Byerlee定律，给出了在Anderson断层系统下三种断层的摩擦滑动强度公式，利用小标本实验结果外推，用大标本实验结果作约束，得到岩石圈几种典型岩石的脆性破裂规律，利用上述结果和传统的方法，分别得到了鄂尔多斯和山西裂谷两个典型地区的流变强度随深度的变化。结果表明，以往的计算对岩石圈流变强度的估计过高，对脆性形变区估计不足，流变机制估计不对；岩石圈有力学分层的特性，但各地分层的深度范围不同，使得成层和力学作用变得复杂，讨论了水、应变率以及多相矿物对流变强度的影响。     

Polarization of Pc1 Geomagnetic Pulsations as an Indicator of the Position of Their Source

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The article considers the scenario of the propagation of geomagnetic pulsations Pc1 from the region of their generation in the magnetosphere to a ground-based receiver,...     

Elements in Cottonwood Trees as an Indicator of Ground Water Contaminated by Landfill Leachate

Ground water at the Norman Landfill Research Site is contaminated by a leachate plume emanating from a closed, unlined landfill formerly operated by the city of Norman, Oklahoma, Ground water contaminated by the leachate plume is known to be elevated in the concentration of many, organic and inorganic constituents. Specific conductance, alkalinity, chloride, dissolved organic carbon, boron, sodium, strontium, and deuterium in ground water are considered to be indicators of the leachate plume at this site.
Leaf samples of broad-leafed cottonwood, Populus deltoides , were collected from 57 sites around the closed landfill. Cottonwood, a phreatophyte or "well plant," functions as a & surrogate well and serves as a ground water quality sampler. The leaf samples were combusted to ash and analyzed by instrumental neutron activation for 35 elements and by prompt-gamma instrumental neutron activation, for boron. A monitoring well was located within a few meters of a sampled cottonwood tree at 15 of the 57 sites, and ground water samples were collected from these monitoring wells simultaneously with a leaf sample. The chemical analyses of the ground water and leaf samples from these 15 sites indicated that boron, bromine, sodium, and strontium concentrations in leaves were significantly correlated with leachate indicator constituents in ground water. A point-plot map of selected percentiles indicated high concentrations of boron, bromine, and sodium in leaf ash from sites downgradient of the most recent landfill and from older landfills nearby.
Data from leaf analysis greatly extended the known areal extent of the leachate plume previously determined from a network of monitoring wells and geophysical surveys. This phytosgeochemical study provided a cost-effective method for assessing the extent of a leachate plume from an old landfill. Such a method may be useful as a preliminary sampling tool to guide the design of hydrogeochemical and geophysical studies.     

2006年12月系列太阳耀斑事件的近地响应分析

利用几种不同空间位置空间天气观测数据对2006年12月系列太阳耀斑近地空间天气效应进行多方位分析,结果表明,该系列耀斑都伴随不同程度日冕物质抛射CME和高速太阳风,首轮耀斑产生超过600 km/s高速太阳风,12月6日通过L1点并持续到12月12日,12月14日次轮耀斑产生900 km/s太阳风高速流,该股高速太阳风引发12月15日地磁场特大磁暴。ACE数据显示,12月6、14、15日IMF南向分量长时间超过5 nT,14～15日有4 h以上超过10 nT,NOAA SEC发布的全球地磁综合KP指数15日超过8。磁暴期间华南地区30 min平均TEC最大值波动幅度达到10TECU或20%,表明发生了较大电离层暴。     

Fe,Mn, P and S Speciation in Sediments from the Capivara Hydroelectric Dam Lake (Brazil) as an Indicator of Anthropogenic Influences

The conservation of large water resources is essential for the preservation of human life. The quantification and, more importantly, the speciation of chemical substances that indicate the presence of anthropogenic contamination in water resources are of great importance. This paper presents the results of analysis for the determination of organic, inorganic and total phosphorus, pseudo‐sulfur, and iron and manganese, in five fractions, in water sediments collected from the Capivara Hydroelectric Power Plant, Brazil. A study on the seasonal variation of these parameters was conducted, with data having been collected in the winter and in the summer, at two sites along the dam, 5 km apart, close to the city of Primeiro de Maio. Phosphorous was found in sediments and adjacent soil in the organic form (OP), and was used as an indicator of anthropogenic influence on the reservoir banks. Speciation of potentially toxic Mn showed that it is present in the exchangeable fraction of the 0–5 cm depth layer (sediment/water interface), making its transfer to the water column possible. Results from this study showed that domestic and industrial effluent treatment measures are needed for the preservation of the quality of aquatic environments.     

Lithosphere thickness,subsidence of aseismic ridges,and volcano height

Two methods — collection of empirical subsidence data for aseismic ridges and observation of the increase in height of oceanic volcanoes with increasing lithospheric age — are used to try to discriminate between the thermal models for the oceanic lithosphere of McKenzie (1967), Parker and Oldenburg (1973), and Crough (1975). Although the volcano height data indicate that thickening of the lithosphere does occur, neither method is precise enough to allow preferential selection of one model over another.     

Age-dependent Large-scale Fabric of the Mantle Lithosphere as Derived from Surface-wave Velocity Anisotropy

—Systematic variations of the seismic radial anisotropy ξ to depths of 200–250 km in North America and Eurasia and their surroundings are related to the age of continental provinces, and typical depth dependences of ξ _R are determined. The relative radial anisotropy ξ _R in the mantle lithosphere of Phanerozoic orogenic belts is characterized by ν _SH > ν _SV , with its maximum depth of about 70 km, on the average, while beneath old shields and platforms, it exhibits a maximum deviation from ACY400 model (Montagner and Anderson, 1989) at depths of about 100 km with ν _SV ≥ν _SH signature. An interpretation of the observed seismic anisotropy by the preferred orientation of olivine crystals results in a model of the mantle lithosphere characterized by anisotropic structures plunging steeply beneath old shields and platforms, compared to less inclined anisotropies beneath Phanerozoic regions. This observation supports the idea derived from petrological and geochemical observations that a mode of continental lithosphere generation may have changed throughout earth's history.     

Relation Between Seismicity and Geothermal Structure of the Lithosphere in Yunnan Province,China

The isoline map of the heat flow has been drawn by using the measured and estimated values of the heat flow in Yunnan Province and its adjacent region. The contrast studies of the heat flow and epicenters of the strong earthquakes (886 ～ 1998), the distribution of the geotemperature and high accurate data of focal depth (1983 ～ 1997 ) show that the strong earthquakes take place along the geothermal gradient zone in which the thermal stress is concentrated, and that the foci are generally located between 100°and 600° isogeotherms corresponding to the depths of 3～ 25km and densely distribute between 200° and 450° isogeotherms, i.e. the depths of 5 ～20km. The distribution range of the focal depths is probably related to the crustal brittle to ductile transition which mainly results from the geotemperatures.     

云南地震活动与岩石圈热结构的关系

利用云南及邻区的大地热流测值和估算值资料仿制了云南大地热流等值线图。大地热流与强震（８８６～１９９８年）震中、地温分布与精度较高的震源深度资料（１９８３～１９９７年）的对比研究表明：云南强震主要发生于热应力集中的地热梯级带;震源一般位于１００～６００℃等温度线间,相当于３～２５ｋｍ深度,并密集分布于２００～４５０℃等温线间,即５～２０ｋｍ深处,震源深度分布范围可能与地温所引起的地壳脆韧性转变有关。     

Dynamical Climatology of the Upper Mesosphere, Lower Thermosphere and Ionosphere

The main features of upper atmosphere dynamics as an important part of upper atmosphere climatology are presented. The dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) are of special interest. The results are based on the long series of investigations in East Siberia and data from a world-wide network of observatories. We present the regional climatic norms for the prevailing wind and semi-diurnal tide and the main features of the quasi-periodic structure of the wind field. The non-zonality of MLT dynamics is demonstrated as well as regional differences in the response of the wind field to stratospheric disturbances, solar activity variations and geomagnetic storms.