精细化MOS相对湿度预报方法研究

利用2003年5~9月MM5模式每隔1 h的站点基本要素预报场和物理量诊断场资料,以及相应时段内宁夏25个测站的相对湿度自记观测资料,同时采用多元线性和逐步回归2种MOS统计方法,预报宁夏25个测站5~9月48 h逐时相对湿度。对2004年夏季6~8月预报效果检验表明:MOS方法制作宁夏48 h逐时相对湿度预报结果是可用的或是可参考的;2种MOS统计方法预报结果相近,逐步回归方法比多元线性方法预报效果稍好,08:00预报误差明显低于20:00;当天气形势变化较平稳时,MOS预报结果稳定,平均绝对误差控制在10%左右;当有明显的变温等特殊天气时,误差变率起伏波动大,预报结果不稳定。     

风的精细化MOS预报方法研究

利用MM5模式的站点输出产品,采用多元线性和逐步回归的MOS统计方法,预报宁夏25个测站48 h逐时风速、风向,通过对2004年6月~2005年4月近一年的预报效果检验,结果表明:该方法对逐时风速有较强的预报能力,对逐时风向有一定的预报能力,但尚未达到可用程度,还有待于进一步的改进,但都较原MM5模式预报水平有了显著的提高。     

MOS方法在动力延伸期候平均气温预报中的应用

利用1982年1月-2010年3月动力延伸预报产品及宁夏候平均气温,采用逐步回归的MOS统计方法,预报宁夏24个测站未来40 d逐候平均气温,为了对比模式直接输出结果与资料按月和按季节划分建立的MOS方法预报效果,对2009年和2010年1-3月的预报效果分别进行了对比检验.结果表明:MOS预报效果较模式直接输出有显著...     

支持向量机非线性回归方法的气象要素预报

该文介绍了基于基本的支持向量机非线性回归方法,该方法具有解决非线性问题的能力,在数值预报解释应用技术中,对某些预报量与预报因子之间相关性不显著的要素,如风、比湿等,采用支持向量机非线性回归技术较多元回归的MOS方法更具优势;利用北京市气象局中尺度业务模式 (MM5V3) 的12:00(世界时) 起始数值预报产品和观测资料,制作北京15个奥运场馆站点6~48 h逐3 h的气象要素释用产品。对比MM5V3模式,从均方根误差的平均减小率来看,2 m温度减小12.1%,10 m风u分量减小43.3%,10 m风v分量减小53.4%,2 m比湿减小38.2%。与同期的MOS方法预报结果相比,整体预报效果SVM略优于MOS。由此可见,支持向量机非线性回归方法解决与预报因子之间非线性相关的气象要素较好,具有较高的预报优势。     

MOS方法在短时要素预报中的应用与检验

通过对MM5数值预报产品的释用,将MOS统计方法应用到短时要素预报中,综合利用MM5数值预报产品、自动站实况数据和雷达数据等资料,建立降水和温度的4 h预报模型;降水作为不连续变量,将其通过建立降水可能函数的方法转化为连续变量,利用统计预报方法,可以达到定量预报的目的。通过对4140个时次的样本进行检验。结果表明：MOS预报结果较MM5直接输出结果整体有所改进,当数值模式误差较大时,统计方法显示出一定的优势;降水预报检验结果显示,TS评分为65%,预报正确率PC为91%。降水明显的样本(3 h雨量>5 mm)平均误差在8 mm以内,弱降水样本(3 h雨量<3 mm)平均误差在1 mm以内,预报方程对非雨日样本的整体预报效果较好,优于MM5模式预报,预报正确率高达98%,但对流性降水仍是预报难点;对于温度预报,20-08时段误差较小、平均在1.0℃以内,而11-17时、误差平均在1.5℃左右,但经过误差的季节订正,可以控制在1.0℃左右。     

三种数值模式对山西降水预报性能的对比检验

利用MM5、T213和Grapes3种数值模式的降水预报产品和山西省108个标准测站的降水实况资料,采用客观统计检验方法,对2008年7月各模式在山西省的累加降水预报进行了对比检验。结果表明：24h中雨以下预报1、213优于MM5,中雨以上MM5则略优于T213,48h预报各级降水MM5都优于T213,T213和MM5对暴雨都有一定的预报能力。无论哪个预报时效和降水量级,Grapes均无明显优势。Grapes预报降水量级和降水范围都偏小,空报较少,漏报严重,尤其48h和72h10mm以上降水基本都漏报。MM5预报降水量级和预报范围都偏大,10mm以上降水TS评分较其它模式高,但同时空报也比较严重。3种模式TS评分均随降水量级的增大而减小,T213和Grapes的TS评分随预报时效的增加而减小,MM5的TS评分随预报时效的增加变化不大。     

WRF和MM5对2008年6—9月温度数值预报结果的对比分析

使用WRF模式和MM5模式分别对吉林省50个地面观测站做了温度预报的数值模拟,并进行了检验分析和对比。结果表明：0-24h定时预报的预报准确率,WRF模式高于MM5模式5％～20％;24-48h定时预报的预报准确率,WRF模式高于MM5模式的6％～20％;0-24h最高和最低温度预报准确率,WRF模式分别高于MM5模式12．8％和10．9％;24-48h最高和最低温度预报准确率,WRF模式分别高于MM5模式11％和26．8％。表明WRF模式的温度预报性能优于MM5模式。     

ROAD模式渤海10 m风场预报误差订正

使用"递减平均法"和渤海28个石油、平台、浮标站资料分析得到的渤海10m风速逐时格点场,对ROAD模式(Regional Ocean and Atmosphere Model)渤海区域10m风速预报进行误差订正,不同权重系数试验表明:对于渤海10m风速预报场,权重系数取0.18,订正效果最佳,12～72h预报时效内,月逐时均方根误差和平均偏差均有明显改善,分别减小1.0～1.5m/s和2.3～3.0m/s;对比渤海北部、西部和中部代表格点72h预报时效内,逐12h最大风速评分结果发现:60h预报时效内,当风速预报在5～6级时,渤海北部、中部和西部订正后的预报评分大多有所提高;当风速预报在7级时,渤海北部和中部分别在36～72h和24～48h,预报评分有提高;在实况出现最多的风力分布范围内评分提高最多。     

GPS观测资料应用于中尺度数值预报模式的初步研究

利用建立在长江三角洲地区GPS观测网中 11个站点的可降水量资料 ,对 2 0 0 2年 6月 2 3～ 2 4日影响长江三角洲地区的降水过程进行了MM5模式初始湿度场调整和Nudging同化试验。试验表明 :利用GPS测量的可降水量对模式初始湿度场进行调整能明显增强模式初始场描述水汽分布的能力 ,从而有效地控制模式积分初期对可降水量预报的误差 ,并对模式 6h累积降水量预报有较明显的改善作用。利用Nudging技术同化GPS可降水量资料对MM5预报效果改善较小 ,并且Nudging系数的增加对预报效果的影响不大。总体上 ,利用GPS可降水量资料调整模式初始湿度场对模式 6h累积降水预报效果的改善明显好于连续Nudging同化。试验还表明 :GPS资料对模式初始湿度场调整改善模式对累积降水量的预报主要是通过改善网格降水预报来实现的 ,而Nudging同化主要是通过改善次网格降水而提高模式降水预报能力的。     

数值模式预报延迟量与GPS测量的比较研究

利用长江三角洲地区GPS观测网中4个站点的资料，研究了2002年梅雨期静力延迟和湿延迟的时、空变化，以上海宝山站为例用探空资料对GPS资料进行了验证，并将MM5模式24h的预报结果与GPS测量资料进行比较，以检验MM5模式对静力延迟和湿延迟的预报能力，在此基础上提出了订正模式预报静力延迟误差的方法。研究结果表明：GPS是一种与探空观测有可比性的大气静力延迟和湿延迟测量手段。GPS站点测得的静力延迟和湿延迟呈现出不同特征，静力延迟有明显的周期变化，湿延迟的变化与天气过程相关联。模式初始场对静力延迟有很好的描述能力，而对湿延迟却存在低估现象。MM5模式24h滚动预报基本能反映出静力延迟的日变化趋势，而模式在预报静力延迟的逐时次变化方面还存在一定的偏差。模式对湿延迟变化有一定的预报能力，但也存在低估现象。模式对总延迟的预报总体偏低，偏差主要集中在-3cm附近。可以通过订正地面气压的方法减小模式对静力延迟的预报误差。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.