2011年与2008年贵州低温雨雪冰冻天气锋区特征对比

用常规气象观测资料和NCEP2．5°×2．5°再分析资料,对贵州2011年年初和2008年年初2次严重低温雨雪冰冻灾害期间的天气形势、冷空气、水汽和大气层结等特征进行了分析比较。结果表明：静止锋是贵州低温雨雪冰冻天气的主要天气系统;2008年较2011年冷暖空气均较强,故锋区强、锋面坡度较小,这是2008年冰冻天气强于2011年的主要原因;冻雨的发生与层结的逆温有很大关系,逆温发展的阶段均能较好地对应每一次冰冻过程;逆温强度强且长时间存在是2008年冰冻天气持续时间长的原因。2次过程中低层锋区附近有明显的水汽辐合,形成雨雪天气;对2011年降雪和冻雨过程的对比分析表明降雪与冻雨最明显的特征是降雪时层结基本无逆温,逆温层的出现是降雪转换成冻雨的重要原因。     

我国冬季冻雨和冰粒天气的形成机制及预报着眼点

利用探空和地面观测资料,通过对2001年冬季至2010年冬季我国不同区域（分为4个区域：北方、江南、华南、西南）的冻雨和冰粒天气形成的物理过程进行分析发现：（1）除北方区域外,我国其他区域的冻雨主要以暖雨机制为主。北方区域的融化类冻雨比例也仅为39％,但纬度越高,出现融化类冻雨的几率高于上述比例。暖层出现是冻雨天气的重要特征,但暖层作用主要是输送水汽和维持锋面系统,以保证降水的发生和持续,低层及地面气温普遍低于0℃可能是最重要的原因。（2）我国冰粒天气的形成机制主要以融化机制为主。冰粒天气的云顶高度普遍高于冻雨天气。冰粒天气的暖层厚度和强度均小于冻雨天气,这主要是由于弱暖层只是部分融化冰晶和雪花,使其重新冻结成为可能。冰粒天气的700hPa风速值普遍小于冻雨天气,这一方面说明冰粒天气对水汽输送条件要低一些,另一方面也反映了冰粒天气暖层较弱的特点。（3）云顶高度、暖层强度和厚度、低层冷层温度露点差、700hPa风速以及地面气温是甄别冻雨和冰粒天气的特征量,但不同区域,这些特征量的有效性不一样。西南区域冻雨和冰粒天气的主要差别在地面气温,其他特征量或差别不明显,或代表性不足,只可以作为辅助判断的因子。     

2008年初中国南方持续性冰冻雨雪灾害形成的温度场结构分析

2008年初,中国南方发生了大范围、持续性低温冰冻雨雪天气,冻雨、暴雪灾害历史罕见,许多地方打破50年记录。文中主要从3种降水类型,特别是冻雨的地域分布和促使其形成的温度场层结及地面温度分布特征方面讨论了1月25日到2月2日冰冻雨雪灾害最为严重的过程阶段。分析表明,降雨、冻雨和降雪3种类型降水物的自南向北分布特征是由对流层中低层向北后倾的锋区在南北不同区域上的层结特征和地面温度条件决定的;在倾斜锋区存在背景下,在对流层中低层形成了产生冻雨的大气逆温特征和较低的地面(表)温度条件。逆温区大于0℃的暖层应具有合适的强度、厚度和高度,既不能太厚太低,也不能太薄太高。如果太厚太低,降水将会以雨的类型降落地面,如果太薄太高,降水则会以雪或冰粒子的类型出现。这次过程中0—6℃的暖层在650—850hPa,其下为低于0℃的次冻层,在次冻层温度较低的情况下,即使地面(表)温度在0—1℃,也可能形成冻雨或冰冻灾害。此外,在没有适宜逆温区存在的条件下,较低的地面(表)温度也能使"冰包水"物质、过冷却水滴降落到地面或雪融化成水后迅速凝冻成冰,或使冰冻维持而至灾。     

我国南方冰冻天气过程低空逆温层特征

利用我国南方地区7省12个探空站1960-1999年时段冬半年高空规定层、特性层资料,分析南方地区冬季低空逆温出现频率、强度、厚度等,对照历年“低温雨雪冰冻”天气过程期间的逆温特征,揭示了南方冬季低空逆温的基本规律和空间分布特征.结果表明:①南方冬季低空逆温普遍存在;②逆温强度指数随逆温底部高度的上升而增加,在700～600 hPa之间,逆温强度最强;③偏西南地区(贵州和湖南南部)逆温平均强度普遍高于偏东北地区(安徽和江苏);④1964-1995年“低温雨雪冰冻”天气时段内逆温强度指数有逐年上升的趋势,而逆温层平均厚度有较明显的减小趋势;⑤逆温出现时偏西南地区高空700 hPa附近有一温度大于0℃的暖温层,而偏东北部地区没有;⑥“低温雨雪冰冻”天气期间偏西南地区以冻雨为主,偏东北地区以降雪为主.     

两次滇黔准静止锋锋区结构的对比分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°格点再分析资料,对滇黔准静止锋上的低温雨雪冰冻天气(简称08冻雨过程)及阴雨天气(简称09阴雨天气)的锋区结构特征及准静止锋的形成和维持进行了对比分析。锋区结构共同点表现在:在水平方向上,准静止锋在850 hPa的水平温度梯度大,是等温线密集区;锋后低空逆温显著,平均逆温强度达2~8℃,逆温中心位于贵州东部-湖南西部之间。在垂直方向上,锋区表现为等sθe的密集区,锋区在经向上向北倾斜,向上伸展高度接近600 hPa附近;准静止锋天气一旦持续,锋区在850 hPa上表现为正的涡度带以及水平风的辐合区;与准静止锋锋生密切相关的锋生函数为正值。不同点表现在:近地面温度场垂直结构的差异是导致准静止锋降水属性不同的重要原因;在08冻雨过程中,温度场在垂直方向不仅具有"冷暖冷"的结构特征,还具有较深厚的"一层模式"结构特征。在09阴雨天气中,低空温度场存在冷中心,但温度高于0℃。在锋区结构上,08冻雨过程表现为宽而平缓且向北倾斜,09阴雨天气在750 hPa以下表现为狭窄而陡峭,并在16°~17°N之间存在副热带锋区。造成锋区结构特征差异的重要原因在于,锋生函数的水平辐合项和变性项对准静止锋的贡献存在差异。     

地形对2008年初中国南方持续性冰冻灾害分布影响的数值模拟

2008年初我国南方发生了大范围、 持续性低温冰冻雨雪天气, 冻雨、 暴雪灾害属历史罕见, 许多地方突破50年记录。本文主要从数值模拟方面讨论了1月25日~2月2日冰冻雨雪最为严重的过程。CWRF数值模式较成功地模拟出与实况基本一致的降水分布、 温度垂直分布特征和地面气温状况, 较准确地再现了这次罕见的冰冻雨雪过程\.地形敏感性试验表明, 横断山脉和南岭山脉及邻近山区对冻雨的形成和维持具有重要影响, 这种影响是通过锋区特征的改变来实现的。具体体现在, 有地形时, 因暖湿空气的抬升和冷空气在近地面的堆积而形成易于产生冻雨的倾斜锋区; 无地形情况下, 锋区坡度增大, 冻雨赖以形成的逆温层结结构遭到破坏, 使冻雨（冰冻）灾害区在经历短暂的西进南扩后, 很快减弱消失。上述地形的移出还通过对环流特征的改变, 使对流层底层偏东气流更有组织, 整个回流也更清晰, 这对南方大范围的降水强度和强降水落区会产生显著影响, 但对整体降水的区域分布没有明显影响。     

2008年初持续雨雪灾害过程分析

利用地面实况资料与长沙单站探空等观测资料,对2008年1月中下旬至2月上旬初发生在湖南的低温、雨雪、冻雨灾害天气过程的影响实况和成因进行了分析.结果表明:中高纬阻高的建立、崩溃、重建导致其前部的鄂霍茨克海低涡不断引导冷空气南下,是产生低温、雨雪、冻雨的大气环流背景;南支锋区上强盛的西南气流带来了充沛的水汽,与北支锋区上南下的冷空气结合时,出现了持续的冻雨,当冻雨形成后逆温的强弱、融化层厚度及暖层温度高低、冷却层厚度、700 hPa西南气流强弱、日平均气温与日雨量的变化都与冻雨厚度变化密切相关;当高空南支有低槽分裂东移,中低层西南大风核上强烈的水汽辐合与阻高崩溃横槽转竖带来的冷空气共同作用影响时,为南方大范围暴雪过程提供了动力、水汽和凝结条件.     

毕节市两次持续低温雨雪天气对比分析

2008年年初、2011年年初毕节市均出现持续时间超过1个月的低温雨雪天气,利用毕节市8个气象观测站2008年1月13日—2月14日、2010年12月30日—2011年1月31日地面观测资料,贵阳、威宁探空观测资料,NCEP 2.5°×2.5°再分析资料,对比分析两次天气过程发现:2008年过程以冻雨天气为主,毕节平均冻雨日数达27 d,且过程中无明显升温天气;2011年过程雨雪交替出现,地面凝冻时间较2008年少。分析500 hPa环流特征发现2011年过程高压脊强度更强,高空冷涡较2008年更深厚;2008年过程在青藏高原西北侧南风更强,2011年过程偏北气流中心较2008年偏西、偏南,南北风分界线较2008年偏南明显。两次过程中云贵准静止锋面的摆动和位置对毕节降水相态变化有直接影响,频繁摆动的锋面是毕节降雪的有利条件,当冷空气强度较大或静止锋减弱后毕节常出现冻雨或雨夹雪天气。分析垂直层结发现两次过程中绝对水汽含量相当,但上升运动伸展高度差异明显,2008年过程上升运动高度集中在700 hPa附近,而2011年过程中上升运动伸展高度较2008年更高,上升运动达600 hPa以上的持续时间更长,这直接导致两次过程天气现象特点的差异。     

桂林2008年1～2月连续低温雨雪冰冻天气初步分析

通过对2008年1~2月下旬连续低温雨雪冰冻天气过程进行分析总结,分别得到连续低温雨雪冰冻天气过程开始、持续、结束的典型环流形势;归纳了冰冻、冻雨、降雪、化雪天气的温度指标;结合各站探空剖面图资料,得到冻雨与降雪天气的温度垂直结构特征;为建立低温冰冻、降雪天气概念模型提供了参考依据。     

“低温雨雪冰冻”天气过程锋区特征分析

2008年年初低温雨雪冰冻期间(包括4次过程),冷暖气团长期对峙是"低温雨雪冰冻"天气持续的主要原因;准静止锋稳定、少动,锋面较平缓;等θse经向和垂直向梯度不断加强;冷暖气团形成的逆温很明显;主锋区前部上空存在多层锋区现象;锋区渐强,最强时在10个纬度内南北温差超过20℃;相对湿度≥90%的高湿度区的移动趋势、范围、垂直伸展高度均与4次过程吻合较好;锋生函数的分布与等θse密集区的分布一致,呈向北倾斜上升状,滇黔地区准静止锋区域内,多数时间段有锋生发生,华南地区上空静止少动的锋生中心,正是低温雨雪冰冻期间准静止锋长期稳定的原因之一;南北风交界线的移动趋势与低温雨雪冰冻过程趋势一致,4次过程都伴有偏南风低空急流;当副热带高空急流逐渐加强、水平风垂直切变加强并向下伸展时,低空急流加强;高位涡舌向下伸展,高纬度的高位涡舌与主锋区的中高层相对应,中纬度高位涡舌与副热带锋区对应;湿位涡斜压项PMV2量级较小,但其与,4次过程的对应关系非常好;锋区上界和下界等熵面上的气流能较好地反映准静止锋区上、下界特征;约290 K等熵面上(锋区下界以下)在贵州均为偏东气流,这是贵州及江南大部分地区长时间维持低层冷气团的主要原因.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.