用经验模型判断能力验证统计分析结果的合理性

能力验证是检测实验室识别与同行差异的一种途径,但中国合格评定国家认可委员会( CNAS)在组织能力验证时发现由于种种原因,有些实验室并不能秉承诚信的原则参加能力验证活动,导致统计分析结果“失真”.如何甄别这种情况,确保所有参加CNAS能力验证活动的实验室都获得公平的评价,这是CNAS亟待解决的问题.本文在用国内文献数据对经验模型进行修正的基础上,提出用上报数据目标标准偏差(或稳健标准偏差,sR)与基于经验模型的计算值之比(H值)是否小于0.5作为判据来审核上报数据统计分析结果的合理性.对13套能力验证数据分析表明:其中10套上报数据sR正常,3套数据存在问题.当目标标准偏差偏小,H＜0.5时,建议采用同样是稳健统计方法的迭代法代替四分位法来计算目标标准偏差(sR),或用经验模型计算结果代替实验值计算Z值.通过验证表明,借助Horwitz经验模型可以判断能力验证数据统计分析结果的合理性,并能有效地识别并防止由于某种原因导致对能力验证结果评价失效的情况.     

常量金标准物质定值中离群值的统计识别

离群值的剔除常用数理统计的方法,如格拉布斯检验法和迪克逊检验法等,但是这些统计方法用于常量金标准物质分析结果的统计检验,都存在着对离群值剔除明显不够的问题.本文建立了以常量金重复分析相对偏差允许限为依据的离群值统计识别方法,包括统计计算待定值样品中金的算术平均值x和相对偏差允许限YG,确定合格的测定结果的数据区间,从而识别出离群值并予以剔除;一次剔除后,按照新的统计量确定下一轮的离群值剔除范围,直到无离群值后,给出金的平均值及其波动范围.以15个人工组合的常量金标准物质为例,模拟金标准物质定值分析,以密码形式分派给不同单位和分析者,共收集10套独立分析结果,采用本法剔除离群值后,所得金算术平均值与金标准参考值更加接近,其相对偏差的质量分数为0.35,达到优秀;而格拉布斯法(或迪克逊法)和中位值法的质量分数分别为0.42和0.40,只能达到良好.应用本文建立的离群值统计识别方法,质量分数等级有了明显提高,增强了数据统计分析的有效性.     

气相色谱法测试土壤中分段石油烃的标准化定量方法初探

目前土壤样品中分段石油烃的分析方法中石油烃包括的碳原子数范围和采用的校准物质不统一,造成不同实验室的量值不具有可比性。为保证不同实验室之间结果的可比性,本文尝试建立一种石油烃相邻碳原子数标准化定量方法。该方法主要包括:(1)规定了石油烃包括的碳原子数范围为气相色谱峰中正己烷和正四十碳烷之间所有的烃(含正己烷);(2)总石油烃(TPH)分为挥发性石油烃(VPH)和半挥发性石油烃(SPH),分别选取碳原子数为6～10的5个正构烷烃作为VPH校准物质,选取碳原子数为10～40的31个正构烷烃作为SPH校准物质。采用平均响应因子法或一次线性回归法,建立校准物质的峰面积-浓度的校准关系;(3)采用相邻峰标准化校准方法,逐一定量所有的目标色谱峰;(4)计算正构烷烃含量、总石油烃含量和任意分段的石油烃含量。该方法为环境样品中石油烃分析方法的标准化建设提供了数据基础。     

EXCEL在气相色谱-质谱检测中的应用

为了实现自动处理有机色谱分析数据,以Agilent 6890/5973N气相色谱-质谱仪检测地下水中挥发性有机化合物和多环芳烃的数据源为基础,编写了EXCEL应用程序,按批进行数据自动汇总、定性确认和结果计算,设置了对误确认数据的可逆恢复功能;对实验室空白、野外空白、实验室空白加标、实验室平行样、样品基体加标和质控样品回收率等各项质量控制指标进行统计和评价,并对分析方法长期性能的稳定性进行评价;同时生成质量控制报告,提供向数据库录入数据功能。     

Matlab稳健回归法在FD-3019γ测井仪校准中的应用

简要介绍了FD-3019γ测井仪的校准方法,即Matlab稳健回归法及其抗差性。通过一个实例对比了Matlab稳健回归法和最小二乘法建立的一元线性回归方程,结果表明Matlab稳健回归法较之最小二乘法更为准确。     

青海省锡铁山地区地球化学异常下限确定方法的探究

地球化学异常下限的确定对圈定成矿有利靶区及指导找矿非常关键。本文以青海省锡铁山地区水系沉积物测量中As、Cr、Ni、Sn、Th等5个元素为例,分别运用剔除法、EDA法、迭代法对数据进行处理,确定异常下限,圈定异常。通过三种方法圈定异常结果对比发现,剔除法和EDA法确定的异常下限值偏高,不能够有效的圈出成矿有利靶区,而迭代法确定的异常下限,圈出了很多弱异常,与客观实际相符,故迭代法是适合本区比较合理的方法。     

基于人工神经网络的三峡库区丰都县水库塌岸预测

为了建立一个适合于三峡库区的塌岸预测方法体系,采用具有处理非线性关系功能的人工神经网络方法对水库塌岸问题进行研究。通过训练、学习和仿真,获得预测正确率为97.2%的具有7-32-14网络结构的BP神经网络模型,采用该模型对蓄水位为175　m时丰都县各岸段进行塌岸预测,并将预测结果与传统经验公式计算法所得结果及实际监测数据进行对比。结果表明:基于人工神经网络的塌岸预测宽度与实际监测数据很接近,偏差在5 m以内;公式法计算结果与监测值平均偏差为15.9 m,而且对于部分坡段,公式法计算结果比实际监测值小8～11 m,没能预测出塌岸的真正范围。采用神经网络模型对丰都县水库进行塌岸预测,预测结果与实际监测数据平均偏差约3.8%,表明其预测结果可靠。     

标准物质研制信息管理系统与合作平台

标准物质研制信息管理系统实现了对标准物质研制全过程如均匀性检验、稳定性试验、正态性检验、数据处理、标准物质定值、检测方法统计等原始数据及文档进行全方位综合管理.设计开发了项目管理、标准物质管理、用户管理、定值实验室管理、日志管理、稳定性试验、均匀性检验数据采集与统计处理、定值数据的采集与导入、定值数据离群值检验与处理、...     

基于选权迭代法的DEM粗差探测

在数字高程模型(DEM)数据采集和处理中,探测和剔除DEM数据中存在的粗差尤为重要。尝试把抗差估计的思想纳入到DEM粗差探测的算法中,探讨对模型误差,特别是粗差具有抵抗能力的基于稳健估计的选权迭代法的粗差探测方法。在数据中随机加入误差,通过对比最小二乘平差算法验证选权迭代法的有效性及稳健性。实验结果表明,基于稳健估计的选权迭代法具有良好的粗差探测能力。     

区域化探数据处理中几种异常下限确定方法的对比——以内蒙古查巴奇地区水系沉积物为例

采用传统统计、稳健估计、85%累计频率和多重分形确定异常下限的计算方法,对查巴奇地区水系沉积物数据进行统计计算,对取得的异常下限结果进行了对比。同一元素采用不同方法确定的异常下限存在明显的差异,采用85%累计频率法除铅异常下限略低于多重分形法得到异常下限外,其他11个元素异常下限最低;各个元素采用其他三种方法确定的异常下限没有固定的规律性。这种结果与元素测量数据的分布特征及使用的统计方法密切相关,通过与研究区地质特征对比认为,多重分形法确定的异常下限更适合于本研究区,累计频率法确定异常下限虽然较少遗漏低缓弱异常,在一定程度上为地质背景的地球化学反映。因此,在实际工作中要结合实际地质情况,在充分研究地质背景的基础上,合理地确定了使用的计算方法。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861