皖西霞石正长岩合成沸石分子筛及提钾的实验研究

合成沸石因具有优异的吸附及离子交换性能而备受关注。本实验以皖西地区霞石正长岩为主要原料 ,成功地合成了 13 X型沸石分子筛 ,母液经蒸发、分离 ,制得了白炭黑及碳酸钾 ,表明霞石正长岩具有巨大的潜在综合利用价值。合成沸石、白炭黑和碳酸钾的成分、结构及性能分析表明 ,3种产品均达到了国家或化工行业标准。基于此 ,对工艺技术可行性作了分析评价     

铜改性坡缕石的结构特征与抗菌性能研究

采用液相离子交换法制备了铜改性坡缕石,通过正交实验得到的最佳改性工艺条件为:母液初始浓度为0.02 mol/L,反应温度95℃,常压,反应时间6 h。所制备的Cu2 改性坡缕石对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌48 h抑菌率分别达到了87.3%和82.2%。对铜改性坡缕石的晶体结构特征和微观形貌的测定和分析结果表明,铜改性坡缕石仍然保持着坡缕石的基本晶体结构,但结晶度有所降低,晶体颗粒更易分散,单晶表面略显粗糙,单晶的长度有所变小。     

非水溶性钾矿制取碳酸钾:副产硅铝胶凝材料

白云鄂博稀土-铌-铁矿床上部围岩产富钾板岩, 其K2O平均含量达13.0%, 钾资源储量巨大.矿石的物相组成以微斜长石、黑云母为主, 是一种重要的非水溶性钾矿资源.实验表明, 以碳酸钠为助剂, 经中温烧结, 矿石分解率达98.2%以上.烧结物料中K₂O的浸出率约70%, 且在水浸酸化反应过程中, 大部分Fe3+、Ti4+、Mn2+、Mg2+、Ca2+等杂质离子与硅铝质胶体同时沉淀析出, 为制取电子级碳酸钾提供了可能.硅铝质胶体滤渣用于制备矿物聚合材料.采用本项技术开发利用此类非水溶性钾矿资源, 符合节能高效和“清洁生产”的要求, 兼有规模化经济效益和良好的环境效益.      

浸矿开采对离子型稀土基岩力学特性的影响研究

为研究原地浸矿母液对离子型稀土矿收液底板的侵蚀影响,以离子型稀土矿基岩（半/弱风化花岗岩）为研究对象,开展了室内浸矿模拟试验。对比分析了不同浸矿时间岩样的应力−应变曲线、峰值应力、峰值应变和弹性模量,获取了不同浸矿历时岩样的孔隙度和细观形貌特征,并运用盒维法对岩样的非线性裂纹特征进行了定量化描述。结果表明：浸矿侵蚀作用对离子型稀土矿底板基岩力学性质的影响主要表现在前150 d,破坏形式由贯穿破坏转变为贯穿破坏与片状剥落并存;浸矿母液侵蚀作用下,基岩力学特性呈现先大幅减小后大幅回升,其后在小范围波动现象,浸矿约60 d对基岩力学特性的影响程度最大;浸矿母液侵蚀造成基岩内小孔隙增长,导致表面出现腐蚀及孔洞现象;浸矿时间不同将造成岩石不同的微观结构变化。     

钾盐生产工艺中结晶器母液波美度的测量

钾盐为可溶性盐,加工生产过程在母液中进行,波美度是氯化钾结晶器控制过程中的重要指标。如何较为准确测量结晶器母液的波美度进行了试验,分析了测量数据变化趋势,认为不同波美度计之间存在系统误差,准确测量母液的波美度从而优化结晶器的控制过程对获得良好生产指标具有重要意义。     

负载型Mn/RE催化剂制备条件对其电催化功效的影响

采用Mn/RE多相催化电解氧化方法深度处理垃圾渗滤液,制备了负载型Mn/RE氧化物双活性组分催化剂,研究了Mn/RE负载型催化剂的制备条件(不同组分的浓度配比,焙烧温度,催化剂载体材料)对电多相催化氧化降解垃圾渗滤液中有机物的影响,确定催化剂的适宜制备条件研究结果表明:催化剂中Mn 与稀土组分复合其催化活性好于单一组分,其中以Ce+ Mn制备的催化剂效果最好;浸渍液金属离子质量分数Mn为3％、Ce为1％,焙烧温度为550℃.以γ-Al2O3为载体时所制得的催化剂活性较高并且该催化剂的性能稳定,经6次使用后仍具有一定的催化活性.对于COD为533mg/L的渗滤液生物处理出水的电解氧化降解,采用催化剂后,COD去除率由26.9％提高到71 76％,可有效降低COD.     

碳钠钙铀矿的成矿实验研究

本文介绍了碳钠钙铀矿的合成原理,并介绍了在18℃、37℃、60℃、80℃、92℃下的合成实验过程。然后,对合成的碳钠钙铀矿进行了X射线粉晶衍射分析、化学分析、差热分析、热失重分析、光性鉴定及红外光谱分析。此外,对合成碳钠钙铀矿还进行了荧光光谱研究及碳钠钙铀矿成矿母液pH值范围及成矿过程中pH值变化实验。该实验表明:母液稳定pH值范围为7.22—9.30,能形成碳钠钙铀矿的母液值范围为8.00—9.30,结晶形成过程中,母液pH值向一个很窄的pH值范围靠拢,即pH为8.00—8.25。     

用天青石矿制高纯碳酸锶

首先将天青石与碳酸铵反应得到的粗碳酸锶，通过酸溶、精制、碱析得到氢氧化锶，后加水制浆，同碱金属碳酸盐反应生成碳酸锶沉淀和含苛性碱的母液，经分离、水洗、干燥，得高纯碳酸锶，含苛性碱的母液可循环用于碱析工序。该方法生产的碳酸锶含量大于99%，且生产成本低，应用范围广泛。     

SPSS软件分析木屑气化碳黑制备衍生环保燃料技术经济性最优化条件

运用SPSS统计软件, 分析研究了木屑气化碳黑后形成的衍生燃料的商业化条件.根据商业化性能要求(抗压强度、挥发成分及热值) 与制备条件(粘接剂、成型温度及成型压力) 的相关性, 以确定最优制备条件.由衍生燃料燃烧温度、燃烧值、燃烧时间、灰分、含水率、总硫分及燃烧现象与传统商用木炭燃烧性质的对比, 确定最优应用条件.最后, 通过市场现状分析, 表明该衍生燃料具备价格和环保效益等多方面竞争优势.研究结果说明, 在综合考虑技术可行与经济效益后, 该衍生燃料的最优制备条件是: PVA-1000粘接剂添加量5%, 成型温度150℃, 成型压力130 kg/cm2, 制备出的产品符合目前商业化产品规范.其最优应用条件是: 最高温度可达550℃, 平均燃烧温度约350℃, 热值约24.284 MJ, 燃烧时间87 min/kg.整个燃烧过程温度释放均匀, 无烟无臭无味, 总硫分仅0.19%.燃烧后氮氧化物与硫氧化物的排放量比市售传统木炭低, 粒状污染物也在排放标准内, 燃烧后维持原型, 易清除, 最优市场价格为6元/kg.该项技术具有良好的环保及经济效益, 预计将有广泛的市场应用前景.      

聚苯胺／蒙脱石纳米复合材料的实验制备研究

对聚苯胺 /蒙脱石纳米复合材料的制备方法与制备产物进行了研究。将新疆某地蒙脱石在钠化改型后进行了季铵盐改性处理。以苯胺作为客体物质 ,利用季铵盐 /蒙脱石插层复合物与有机物良好的相容性 ,将季铵盐 /蒙脱石插层复合物分散在苯胺单体中后 ,苯胺单体进入了蒙脱石层间域 ,通过原位聚合法制备了聚苯胺 /蒙脱石纳米复合材料。XRD、SEM、TG_DTA分析结果表明 ,苯胺单体的进入使蒙脱石的层间距大大增加 ,经聚合后聚苯胺 /蒙脱石复合物中蒙脱石及其插层复合物的X射线衍射特征、形态特征和热学性质特征完全消失 ,表明蒙脱石晶层已被剥离分散在聚苯胺中形成聚苯胺 /蒙脱石纳米复合材料。     

Geochemistry and cosmochemistry of potassium stable isotopes

Stable potassium isotopes are one of the emerging non-traditional isotope systems enabled in recent years by the advance of Multi-Collector Inductively-Coupled-Plasma Mass-Spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). In this review, we first summarize the geochemical and cosmochemical properties of K, its major reservoirs, and the analytical methods of K isotopes. Following this, we review recent literature on K isotope applications in the fields of geochemistry and cosmochemistry. Geochemically, K is a highly incompatible lithophile element, and a highly soluble, biophile element. The isotopic fractionation of K is relatively small during magmatic processes such as partial melting and fractional crystallization, whereas during low-temperature and biological processes fractionation is considerably larger. This resolvable fractionation has made K isotopes promising tracers for a variety of Earth and environmental processes, including chemical weathering, low-temperature alteration of igneous rocks, reverse weathering, and the recycling of sediments into the mantle during subduction. Sorption and interactions of aqueous K with different clay minerals during cation exchange and clay formation are likely to be of fundamental significance in generating much of the K isotope variability seen in samples from the Earth surface and samples carrying recycled surface materials from the deep Earth. The magnitude of this fractionation is process- and mineral-dependent. Comprehensive quantification of pertinent K isotope fractionation factors is currently lacking and urgently needed. Significant fractionation during biological activities, such as plant uptake, demonstrates the potential utility of K isotopes in the study of the nutrient cycle and its relation to the climate and various ecosystems, enabling new and largely unexplored avenues for future research.Of significant importance to the cosmochemistry community, K is a moderately volatile element with large variations in K/U ratio observed among chondrites and planetary materials. As this indicates different degrees of volatile depletion, it has become a fundamental chemical signature of both chondritic and planetary bodies. This volatile depletion has been attributed to various processes such as solar nebula condensation, mixing of volatile-rich and -poor reservoirs, planetary accretional volatilization via impacts, and/or magma ocean degassing. While K isotopes have the potential to distinguish these different processes, the current results are still highly debated. A good correlation between the K isotope compositions of four differentiated bodies (Earth, Mars, Moon, and Vesta) and their masses suggests a ubiquitous volatile depletion mechanism during the formation of the terrestrial planets. It is still unknown whether any of the K isotopic variation among chondrites and differentiated bodies can be attributed to inherited signatures of mass-independent isotopic anomalies.     

Djerfisherite: nebular source of refractory potassium

Djerfisherite is an important carrier of potassium in highly reduced enstatite chondrites, where it occurs in sub-round metal-sulfide nodules. These nodules were once free-floating objects in the protoplanetary nebula. Here, we analyze existing and new data to derive an equation of state (EOS) for djerfisherites of $ {\text{K}}_{ 6} ({\text{Cu}},{\text{Fe}},{\text{Ni}})^{B} ({\text{Fe}},{\text{Ni}},{\text{Cu}})_{24}^{C} {\text{S}}_{ 2 6} {\text{Cl}} $ K 6 ( Cu , Fe , Ni ) B ( Fe , Ni , Cu ) 24 C S 2 6 Cl structural formula. We use this EOS to calculate the thermal stability of djerfisherite coexisting in equilibrium with a cooling vapor of solar composition enriched in a dust analogous to anhydrous, chondritic interplanetary dust (C-IDP). We find that condensed mineral assemblages closely match those found in enstatite chondrites, with djerfisherite condensing above 1,000 K in C-IDP dust-enriched systems. Results may have implications for the volatile budgets of terrestrial planets and the incorporation of K into early formed, highly reduced, planetary cores. Previous work links enstatite chondrites to the planet Mercury, where the surface has a terrestrial K/Th ratio, high S/Si ratio, and very low FeO content. Mercury’s accretion history may yield insights into Earth’s.     

钾稳定同位素研究综述

钾稳定同位素是重要的非传统稳定同位素体系,也是近年来迅速发展的热门研究课题。对钾同位素研究历史和现状进行综述,具体包括以下内容:(1)总结了钾元素的地球化学和宇宙化学性质,包括钾在主要地质储库(地幔、地壳、海洋)中的丰度及其分配,钾在岩浆演化中的不相容大离子亲石性,常见含钾火成岩/沉积岩矿物以及钾在表生过程中的循环,也包括主要行星物质(球粒陨石、非球粒陨石、火星和灶神星陨石以及月球样品)中钾的含量、赋存状态、主要矿物,钾在太阳星云冷凝、行星积聚以及岩浆海过程中的中等挥发性质;(2)介绍了钾同位素的研究历史,从1922年Dempster利用最早的质谱仪测量钾同位素在自然界的丰度,到Taylor和Urey在1938发表的经典的钾同位素分馏实验,再到Humayun和Clayton在1995年发表的钾同位素领域的经典研究,最后到近几年的进展;(3)介绍了对钾的前处理(离子交换柱法)以及钾同位素的主要测量方法,包括早期热电离质谱仪法(TIMS),二次离子质谱仪法(SIMS)和近十几年以来高速发展的多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪法(MC-ICP-MS)及其不同的技术路线;(4)介绍了高精度钾同位素比值在低温地球化学和生物地球化学中的应用,包括钾同位素在地表的风化过程中、海水洋壳的反向风化作用中的分馏及其在示踪全球钾元素循环和洋壳俯冲等过程中的应用;(5)介绍了高精度钾同位素比值在高温地球化学中的应用,包括钾同位素在岩浆分异和矿物结晶过程中的分馏;(6)介绍了高精度钾同位素比值在宇宙化学中的应用,包括在太阳星云冷凝、行星凝聚、月球形成大碰撞、岩浆海、火山喷发去气过程中的分馏作用。     

Sodium and potassium coprecipitation in aragonite

The coprecipitation of Na and K was experimentally investigated in aragonite. The distribution functions were determined at pH 6.8 and 8.8 over aqueous Na and K concentrations of between 5 × 10^?4and 2.0 M and temperatures of between 25 and 75°C.The mole fractions of Na and K in aragonite are related to the aqueous ratios of Na and Ca by a function of the form

$\text{log}\text{X}{}_{\mathrm{Na}}{}_2\text{CO}{}_3\text{,K}{}_2\text{CO}{}_3\text{= C}{}_0\text{+ C}{}_1\text{log}\text{a}{}^2{}_{\mathrm{Na}}\text{? ,K}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{a}{}_{\mathrm{Ca}}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$

where C₀ and C₁ are constants at a given temperature. This equation was derived by a statistical model assuming a heterogeneous energy distribution for the sites of incorporation. The independence of the coprecipitation process from aqueous anion activities suggests that carbonate is the only anionic species in the solid solution.     

糖蜜酒精废液中钾测定方法的研究

采用四苯硼钠溶液滴定电导-测量法,对糖蜜酒精废液中钾的测定方法进行了研究。该法简便快速,测定周期仅需20m in左右,所需试剂种类和用量少,准确度和精密度与四苯硼钾重量法相当。     

新疆莎车盆地钾异常发现及有利找钾区预测

塔里木盆地古代钾盐找矿是一项艰巨且亟需突破的科学技术问题,在半个多世纪的找钾历程中,虽然获得少许找钾线索,但一直没有突破.塔里木盆地中、新生代发生多期次海侵—海退,发育多期蒸发岩地层,如西南部的莎车次级盆地、北部的库车次级盆地,岩盐厚度从几十米到上千米,自20世纪70年代以来,塔里木盆地一直是找钾重点区.笔者依托国家科技项目及地质调查项目,对莎车盆地开展成钾研究及找矿靶区预测,结果显示:岩石地球化学测量在莎车盆地西北部的乌帕地区发现钾异常,氯化钾含量为0.210％～0.458％,平均0.288％,该区地表盐泉水中具有高的溴氯系数(0.54)及钾异常(0.11 g/L),另外在该区地表结晶盐壳中发现光卤石.依据上述发现及研究结果,初步预测乌帕地区为该盆地有利的找钾区.     

New type of shock twinning in potassium feldspar

Peculiar deformations were observed in potassium feldspar grains from the glass-poor suevites of the Zeleni Gay astrobleme on the Ukrainian shield. In cross-polarized light, they resemble kink bands in mica. We investigated the composition of the potassium feldspar and the optical orientation of the deformation features, which appeared to be in a twin relation to the crystal matrix. Twin laws and other characteristics of the deformations were determined. The origin of such textures was attributed to a combination of relatively low-pressure shock loading (possibly, under the conditions of impactor ricochet) of a block of target granites with a subparallel orientation of tabular microcline grains.     

Flotation of synthetic zinc carbonate using potassium ethylxanthate

An attempt at flotation of fine grains of zinc carbonate using potassium ethylxanthate as the collector and sulphydryl and copper ions as the activators has been undertaken. Results of the flotation tests have been interpreted in terms of the adsorption of activating agents as well as the grain size effect.     

TEM evaluation of imaginary potential in potassium feldspar

The mean and anomalous imaginary potentials in potassium feldspar for two reflection vectors are determined by the best fit between experimental and calculated intensity curves of thickness fringes at w≠0.     

钾长石制备X型分子筛的试验研究

以长白山天然钾长石矿为原料,采用水热合成法制备了X型沸石分子筛,对影响合成工艺和产物性能等因素进行了研究.试验表明,反应混合物的配比:水钠比、硅铝比,反应过程中的搅拌速度及凝胶混合物的陈化是合成分子筛的关键工艺参数;晶化12 h是合成反应的最佳结晶时间;产物的吸附量达到了国家化学工业产品标准.