Thermal Process in the Crust and Upper Mantle in Xingtai-Shulu area of Hebei Province,China

Study of geothermal field data,terrestrial heat flow values,and other geophysical data from the Xingtai-Shulu area of Hebei Province made us more understanding of the distribution of geothermal fields and deep structures and their interrelation.The study illustrates that the geothermal field has an apparent lateral inhomogeneity and is evidently correlated by the structure of the crust and upper mantle in the area.The relation of the geothermal field distribution to the structure indicates that in comparison with the depression zone,the uplift zone has a higher heat flow value and a larger geothermal gradient.The analysis of the relation between distribution of earthquake epicenters and geothermal field and mathematical simulation of thermal stress in the area suggests that thermal stress plays an important role in the process of earthquake generation.     

INTEGRATED EXPLORATION FOR LOW-TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN THE HONEY LAKE BASIN,CALIFORNIA1

An integrated exploration study is presented to locate low-temperature geothermal reservoirs in the Honey Lake area of northern California. Regional studies to locate the geothermal resources included gravity, infra-red, water-temperature, and water-quality analyses. Five anomalies were mapped from resistivity surveys. Additional study of three anomalies by temperature-gradient and seismic methods was undertaken to define structure and potential of the geothermal resource. The gravity data show a graben structure in the area. Seismic reflection data indicate faults associated with surface-resistivity and temperature-gradient data. The data support the interpretation that the shallow reservoirs are replenished along the fault zones by deeply circulating heated meteoric waters.     

Analysis and interpretation of gravity data from the Aluto-Langano geothermal field of Ethiopia

The Aluto-Langano geothermal field is located in the central southern portion of Ethiopia within the Ethiopian Rift Valley. The gravity of the area was surveyed in an attempt to delineate the subsurface structure and to better understand the relationship between the geothermal systems and the subsurface structure. The gravity data were analyzed using integrated gradient interpretation techniques, such as the Horizontal Gradient (HG), Source Edge Detection (SED), and Euler Deconvolution (ED) methods. These techniques detected many faults that were compared with the mapped faults in the surface geology. The results of the present study will lead to an improved understanding of the geothermal system in the study area and aid the future geothermal exploration of the area.     

Exploration of geothermal structure in Puga geothermal field, Ladakh Himalayas, India by magnetotelluric studies

To understand the crustal electric structure of the Puga geothermal field located in the Ladakh Himalayas, wide band (1000 Hz–0.001 Hz) magnetotelluric (MT) study have been carried out in the Puga area. Thirty-five MT sites were occupied with site spacing varying from 0.4 to 1 km. The measurements were carried out along three profiles oriented in east–west direction. After the preliminary analysis, the MT data were subjected to decomposition techniques. The one-dimensional inversion of the effective impedance data and the two-dimensional inversion of the TE (transverse electric) and TM (transverse magnetic) data confirm the presence of low resistive (5–25 Ω m) near surface region of 200–300 m thick in the anomalous geothermal part of the area related to the shallow geothermal reservoir. Additionally, the present study delineated an anomalous conductive zone (resistivity less than 10 Ω m) at a depth of about 2 km which is possibly related to the geothermal source in the area. A highly resistive basement layer separates the surface low resistive region and anomalous conductive part. The estimated minimum temperature at the top of conductive part is about 250 °C. The significance of the deeper conductive zone and its relation to the geothermal anomaly in the area is discussed.     

唐山地震热力源的研究

本文从应力场角度分析了1976年唐山地震发生的可能力源。震前唐山地区除受有太平洋板块和印度板块的作用外,主要受有附近的热力源的作用。以渤中为中心的下辽河—渤中—黄骅上地幔隆起的高温区和沧东断裂水平温度梯度带的存在,使唐山地区位于热应力集中区。本文根据已有的观测结果,提出了将温度变化区简化为圆形、狭长矩形和椭圆形等三个力学模式,分别求得它们的解析解,并计算了它们的热应力场。结果表明:在增温区以内,正应力都是压应力,剪应力很小。在增温区以外,法向应力为压应力,周向应力为张应力,水平剪应力较大,但各个应力分量随着距离增加而衰减,只在增温区的边缘地带达到最大值,其数值有几百巴的数量级。唐山恰好位于该增温区的边缘地带,表明热力源是促使唐山地震发生的重要原因。 除唐山地震外,华北地区近年发生的几个大地震如邢台、河间、渤海、海城地震,以及1983年发生的菏泽地震,均位于热应力的高值地带,这些地震的孕育和发生显然也与热力源的作用有关。      

3-D Magnetotelluric Exploration of Tenerife Geothermal System (Canary Islands,Spain)

The resistivity structure of the Tenerife geothermal system has been determined by the 3-D inversion of data from different magnetotelluric surveys. In this paper, the ocean and topography effects on the magnetotelluric data were investigated by constructing a 3-D conceptual geoelectrical model of the island. The study showed that these effects should be taken into account in order to obtain a reliable subsurface model of the island. Data from 148 sites were used during three-dimensional inversion. The most interesting feature in the final geoelectrical model of the geothermal system is a low resistivity structure (<10 Ωm) above the resistive core of the system. The low resistivity structure has been interpreted as a hydrothermal clay alteration cap typically generated in the conventional geothermal systems. The resistivity model has been correlated with a recent seismic velocity model, showing that a low resistivity structure surrounds an area with high P wave velocity and medium–high resistivity. This medium–high resistivity area can be associated with a slowly solidified magma and, therefore, with a hotter part of the geothermal system.     

山西断陷带地热分布的某些特征

利用山西断陷带的大地热流、地温梯度和温泉分布的资料，研究了地热分布与重力场、地壳深部构造和地震分布的关系。认为，区域性重力负异常多反映的是沉积盆地或凹陷；而在温泉附近，由于地壳深部高密度的熔融物质沿断裂上涌而形成重力正异常；在同一深度上，地壳和岩石圈薄的断陷盆地内部，其热流和温度都为高值；指出山西断陷带内的构造活动性、壳幔突变带、重磁力等值线密集带、大地热流和地温梯度高值区以及温泉密集分布带与地震活动之间都有着内在的联系。     

Gravity and magnetotelluric investigations to elicit the origin of Hammam Faraun hot spring,Sinai Peninsula,Egypt

There is a clear correlation between the principal areas of current geothermal development and the seismically active boundaries of the moving segments of lithosphere defined by the plate tectonic models of the Earth. The tectonic position of Egypt in the northeastern corner of African continent suggests that the most important areas for geothermal exploration are in the region where a cluster of hot springs with varied temperatures was located around the Gulf of Suez. Gravity and magnetotelluric surveys were made in the area of Hammam Faraun hot spring, which represents the most promising area for geothermal development in Egypt. These surveys were carried out for the purpose of eliciting the origin of Hammam Faraun hot spring. The results of the analyses and interpretations of these data show that the heat source of the hot spring is due to uplift of hot basement rock. This uplift may cause deep circulation and heating of the undergroundwater.     

松辽盆地地热场

本文实测了65口井的地热数据,从中取得17个大地热流值,松辽盆地地热场具有中部高边部低,并呈环状分布,该区地热具有高特征的地质发展历史。分区计算盆地的沉积岩层、花岗岩质层和玄武岩质层各底部的温度和热流值,也都具有中部高边部低的变化趋势。分析了盆地地热场受影响的状况和地热高的主要原因。还分析了盆地地热场与构造活动性、地震活动性、重磁力场、岩石圈厚度的关系,以及与石油生成、运移和富集的关系。     

CSAMT和重力方法在狮子湖温泉深部地球物理勘查中的应用

作为一种新型开发的绿色能源,地热资源被越来越多的人所重视.开采埋藏较深的地热资源风险大,因此开发前的地质和地球物理勘查是十分必要的.采用单一的地球物理方法勘探具有很大的风险,因此采用多种方法进行综合调查可以降低单一方法的风险,取得较好的效果.本文以狮子湖温泉为例,研究了地球物理方法在温泉勘探的应用.本次勘探采用可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT-Controlled Source Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics)和微重力测量,CSAMT是针对大地电磁测深法场源的随机性和信号微弱,提出的一种采用可以控制的人工场源改进方案.仪器采用美国Zonge公司生产的GDP-32Ⅱ.该方法由人工向地下供入音频谐变电流建立电磁场,通过仪器在地面接收从地下反馈来的信息,根据不同时代、岩性地层电性特征达到勘查目的.为此我们在测区做了两条剖面,从CSAMT反演图推断,自上而下可分为3个电阻率层,该剖面视电阻率具有很好的层理特征,反映了厚大的中新生代地层（Edn、K）覆盖.剖面西部有明显的泥盆系地层（D）存在.根据视电阻率的变化特点,可以推断这条剖面的5条断层.在剖面中部距地表400～800米深处存在一明显低阻区,推测应为含水破碎带或低阻泥岩.对数据进行二维反演,可以清楚的看到利于储水的盆地构造.CSAMT方法受静态效应影响很大.静态效应位移可能是由地形和电阻率的浅部的横向变化引起的,既是不可避免的,也是不可预测的.因此对数据进行预处理是十分必要的.减少静态效应的影响办法有以下三种：（1）、对效应进行理论计算;（2）、采用空间滤波和相位积分等处理方法;（3）、使用独立的、无静态效应的测量方法.计算静态效应理论值在理论上是简捷的,但在实际的野外条件下,由于无法预测引起静态效应的物体的几何尺寸和电性参数,因此这种方法无法得到可靠的校正值.空间滤波处理是目前广泛采用的一类方法,Bostick（1986）提出了消除MT数据中静态效应的电磁列阵剖面法（EMAP）.EMAP法由于采用连续的剖面测量,可采用窗口可变的自适应空间滤波器-汉宁窗（Hanning window）或叫余弦钟形滤波器消除静态效应.但是这种方法提供了静态效应的要求的数据密度,这就增大了大量的额外测量,提高了获得数据的代价.因此,我们做重力勘探与CSAMT相对比.微重力测量使用美国产LCR-D型重力仪.实测的微重力异常是地下由浅到深各类地质体的物性差异在地面综合叠加的效应,其中包括界面起伏、岩性不均匀、地壳与壳下物质的厚度变化等诸多地质因素在内.实测的重力异常值经过固体潮改正、零点漂移改正、布格改正、正常场改正之后,得到改正后的重力异常值.从微重力反演结果看来,自西往东重力异常逐渐减小,程台阶下降趋势,并趋于平缓,验证了CSAMT的异常结果.从而弥补了CSAMT法的不足.通过这两种方法,我们大致查明了新生代红层盆地的产出形态.该红层盆地西侧边缘位于青山小学一带,自西往东变深;并反演计算出新生代红层与晚古生代泥盆系地层的分界面.深部地球物理勘探的方法有很多,各有各自的优缺点,我们不能从单一的一种方法得到的结论来判断地下地质构造.CSAMT法勘探深度大,但由于本身的物理特性,导致静态效应、近场效应等影响甚大.严重影响我们对地下地质目标体深度的判断,重力和CSAMT法的相互验证,很好的说明了多种地球物理方法综合测定的优势.     

淮北煤田宿临矿区现今地温场分布特征及其影响因素

淮北煤田是我国华东地区最主要的能源供给基地之一,研究其现今地温场特征既是强烈的现实要求,也具有十分重要的理论意义.本文在淮北煤田宿临矿区区域地质研究的基础上,根据位于宿临矿区内不同构造单元中的8个主要煤矿井田及其邻近区域111个钻孔的测温数据,绘制了矿区现今地温\|深度关系图、现今地温梯度\|深度关系图以及不同构造单元的现今地温梯度分布图,分析了宿临矿区现今地温场的分布特征.研究表明,宿临矿区现今地温梯度分布范围介于1.50～3.80 ℃/hm,整个矿区平均现今地温梯度约为2.65 ℃/hm,与华北其他主要能源盆地相比有所差异.宿临矿区现今地温梯度在相同构造单元内分布具有褶皱隆起区高、断裂密集区域高的特点;不同构造单元中井田的平均现今地温梯度相比较则表现出由东部构造单元至西部构造单元逐步增高的趋势.分析表明,区内现今地温场主要受构造格局和岩性变化影响.     

川西高温水热活动区深部热结构的地球物理分析

川西高温水热活动区是地热学研究的典型地区之一,该区温泉、热泉点分布广泛,这些温泉大多沿北西-南东向的金沙江断裂、德格-乡城断裂、甘孜-理塘断裂、鲜水河三条主断裂呈条带状分布.对此高温水热活动区开展地热学分析,是研究青藏高原"东构造结"深部地球动力学过程、开发利用川西高原地热资源的重要基础,具有重要的科学研究意义和实际应用价值.本文针对实测氦同位素所发现的壳幔热结构比,依据重力、航空磁法、地震资料,采用反演莫霍面、居里面深度等方法,对川西高温水热活动区的深部热结构进行了分析.同时对中高温热泉密集出露的巴塘、理塘以及康定水热活动区的典型壳幔热流构与深部背景场进行了对比研究.结果表明,地表氦同位素热流估算的深部热流结构与地球物理异常结果保持较好的对应关系.川西地区热流结构中地壳、地幔的热贡献比较接近：巴塘地区平均Q_c/Q=51.38%、理塘地区平均Q_c/Q=54.39%、康定地区平均Q_c/Q=42.42%.川西地区表现出了"温壳温幔"型的深部热结构,但温地壳背景下形成较高地表热流的原因有待进一步研究.     

共和盆地干热岩地热资源的成因机制:来自岩石放射性生热率的约束

共和盆地位于青藏高原东北缘,是我国重要的干热岩地热资源赋存区之一．成因机制研究是干热岩地热资源研究中最为基础与核心的工作之一,也是干热岩地热资源潜力精细评价和合理开发利用的重要依据．本文基于98块采自共和—贵德盆地岩石样品的放射性生热率数据,分析了盆地主要岩性岩石的放射性生热率分布特征,讨论了共和盆地干热岩地热资源的成因机制,并初步建立了干热岩地热资源的成因模式．研究表明,共和盆地恰卜恰地热区沉积岩（以泥岩和粉砂质泥岩为主）放射性生热率为1.21～2.02μW·m~(-3),平均值为1.67±0.29μW·m~(-3);以花岗岩和花岗岩闪长岩等为主的基底岩石的放射性生热率介于1.17～5.81μW·m~(-3)之间,平均值为3.20±1.07μW·m~(-3)．贵德盆地扎仓寺地热区沉积岩（以砂岩和泥质砂岩为主）放射性生热率为1.83～2.40μW·m~(-3),平均值为2.13±0.23μW·m~(-3);基底花岗质岩石的放射性生热率介于0.92～6.49μW·m~(-3)之间,平均值为2.81±1.40μW·m~(-3)．测试数据显示共和—贵德盆地基底花岗岩不存在高放射性生热率异常．但是,新生代以来印度—欧亚板块持续性陆-陆碰撞作用造成的壳内放射性生热元素富集层增厚,导致了花岗岩放射性生热率的热贡献量同步增大（30.3～40.5mW·m~(-2)）,因此,花岗岩放射性生热可为共和盆地干热岩地热资源提供稳定的壳内热源基础．基于放射性生热率数据和热流配分研究,结合研究区已有地质-地球物理研究资料,本文认为壳内部分熔融层作为附加热源为共和盆地干热岩地热资源提供了重要的附加热流贡献．在此基础上,本文初步构建了共和盆地干热岩地热资源成因模式：加厚地壳花岗岩放射性生热与壳内部分熔融层供热．     

Integrated interpretation of the magnetotelluric and magnetic data from Mahallat geothermal field,Iran

Magnetotelluric (MT) and ground magnetic surveys were conducted on the Mahallat geothermal field situated in Markazi province, central Iran, as a primary part of the explorations and developments of a geothermal energy investigation program in the region. Mahallat region has the greatest geothermal fields in Iran. MT survey was performed in November 2011 on an 8 km profile crossing the hot springs with a total of 17 stations. The 2D inversion of the determinant MT data was performed using a 2D inversion routine based on the Occam approach. The 2D resistivity model obtained from the determinant data shows a low resistivity zone at 800-2000 m depth and a higher resistivity zone above the low resistivity zone, interpreted as geothermal reservoir and cap rock, respectively. It also revealed two major concealed faults which are acting as preferential paths for the circulation of hydrothermal fluids. To obtain more geophysical evidence, a ground magnetic survey with 5000 stations was also performed over an area of 200 km² around the MT profile. Magnetic measurements show a main positive anomaly of about +1000 nT over the study area, which could be interpreted as an intrusive body with the high magnetic susceptibility (i.e. mafic and ultramafic rocks) into the sedimentary host rocks. We interpret the body as the heat source of the geothermal system. Structural index and depth estimation of the anomaly indicate that the intrusive body is similar to a cylinder extending from about one kilometer depth down to greater depths. The results of MT and magnetic investigations indicate a geothermal reservoir which proves the preliminary geological observations to a great extent.     

被动式超低频电磁法在深部地热资源勘察中的应用——以JR-119井及JR-168井为例

分析了深部地热资源勘察中的地球物理电磁法应用现状,阐明了被动式超低频电磁法在深部地热资源勘察中的可用性和优势;重点论述了被动式超低频电磁法在深部地热资源勘察中的探测机理.利用北京大学研制的BD-6型被动式超低频电磁探测仪在京热119井和168井附近布点探测,在探测过程中利用硬件滤波和水平旋转探头方向的方法消除了工频50Hz的部分谐波干扰,同时探测曲线的重复性也非常好,得到了相应井位的超低频电磁探测数据.在对深部热水储层和盖层岩性界面进行地质解释后,得到热储层赋存深度的绝对误差为23-50 m,盖层岩性界面的相对误差小于6.3%.探测结果表明借助被动式超低频电磁探测仪,可以较准确地获得深部岩溶裂隙地热水的分布信息.     

An attempt to define Curie point depths in Greece from aeromagnetic and heat flow data

The objective of this study is to understand the nature and extent of the regional geothermal system at depth beneath the area of Greece by constructing the Curie isotherms.Spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data in conjunction with heat flow information revealed an almost inverse linear relation between heat flow and Curie depths and was used to construct the Curie isotherms from the existing heat flow data.The results showed that Curie depths in the area range from about 20 km in western Greece, up to 1 km beneath the Hellenic volcanic arc. These results are consistent with the existing geothermal and geotectonic regime in the area.     

鲁豫交界地区深井水位持续大幅度下降原因分析

鲁豫交界地区豫01、11井和鲁27井等3口地震观测深井的水位于2006年后出现了准同步的异常下降变化,下降幅度3 ～12m不等.经调查落实,发现该地区近年来地热开采活动日益增强,开采量逐年增大,并且开采层与异常井水位观测层同属于奥陶系热储层.为此,本文依据聊城-兰考断裂带附近区域的水文地质构造特征,建立了三维地下水流动模型,基于周边地热开采量数据和相关含水层参数,运用有限差分方法计算了地热开采所引起的区域水位降落漏斗,并分析了水位下降异常的时间演化和空间分布特征.结果显示,聊城-兰考断裂带附近区域自1995年开始地热开采活动以来,其逐年增加的地热开采量与地震观测井水位的下降幅度之间存在较好的对应关系,分析认为鲁豫交界地区3口深井水位的准同步异常下降与周边地热开采活动有关.     

Study of Shallow Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Resources Using Integrated Geophysical Methods

The paper is focused on low enthalpy geothermal exploration performed in south Italy and provides an integrated presentation of geological, hydrogeological, and geophysical surveys carried out in the area of municipality of Lecce. Geological and hydrogeological models were performed using the stratigraphical data from 51 wells. A ground-water flow (direction and velocity) model was obtained. Using the same wells data, the ground-water annual temperature was modeled. Furthermore, the ground surface temperature records from ten meteorological stations were studied. This allowed us to obtain a model related to the variations of the temperature at different depths in the subsoil. Integrated geophysical surveys were carried out in order to explore the low-enthalpy geothermal fluids and to evaluate the results of the model. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and self-potential (SP) methods were used. The results obtained upon integrating the geophysical data with the models show a low-enthalpy geothermal resource constituted by a shallow ground-water system.     

南北地震带北段地温场的初步探讨

本文利用39个地温梯度值及估算的热流值讨论了本区地温场的分布特征。并求取了居里等温面。结果表明:(1)全区平均地温梯度为3.2℃/100m,平均热流值为1.5HFU;(2)居里面的深度为14—34公里,强震主要发生在居里等温线的梯度带上。最后就地温场与地震的关系做了初步分析。     

Geology of the platanares geothermal area, Departamento de Copán, Honduras

The Platanares geothermal area, Departamento de Copán, Honduras, is located within a graben that is complexly faulted. The graben is bounded on the north by a highland composed of Paleozoic (?) metamorphic rocks in contact with Cretaceous - Tertiary redbeds of unknown thickness. These are unconformably overlain by Tertiary andesitic lavas, rhyolitic ignimbrites, and associated sedimentary rocks. The volcanic rocks are mostly older than 14 Ma, and thus are too old to represent the surface expression of an active crustal magma body. Thermal fluids that discharge in the area are heated during deep circulation of meteoric water along faults in a region of somewhat elevated heat flow. Geothermometry based upon the chemical composition of thermal fluids from hot springs and from geothermal gradient coreholes suggests that the reservoir equilibrated at temperatures as high as 225 to 240°C, within the Cretaceous redbed sequence. Three continuously cored geothermal gradient holes have been drilled; fluids of about 165°C have been produced from two drilled along a NW-trending fault zone, from depths of 250 to 680 m. A conductive thermal gradient of 139°C/km, at a depth of 400 m, was determined from the third well, drilled 0.6 km west of that fault zone. These data indicate that the Platanares geothermal area holds considerable promise for electrical generation by moderate- to hightemperature geothermal fluids.