城市居民对居住区位的偏好：支付意愿梯度模型的估计

利用翔实的社会调查数据，本文考察了我国城市居民对居住区位的偏好和支付意愿，以及影响支付意愿相对水平的各项因素。首先，本文对影响居民对居住区位支付意愿高低（即支付意愿梯度）的因素进行了理论分析，将其分为两组，一组是家庭个体特征，一组是城市形态特征，同时分析了支付意愿梯度与这些因素之间的相关关系。在初步分析的基础上，本文建立了支付意愿梯度模型，利用北京、上海、广州、武汉和重庆五城市的调研数据对模型参数进行了估计。模型估计结果显示，高收入群体仍倾向于居住在距离市中心偏近的位置。另外，工作地点、对环境的偏好、城市规模和郊区基础设施完善程度都会从各方面影响支付意愿的梯度值。     

Determinants of Wild Fish Consumption in Indigenous Communities in the Ecuadorian Amazon

This paper analyzes the socioeconomic determinants of consumption of wild fish among the Kichwa and Shuar indigenous peoples in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The results of a random-effect linear model show that the consumption of wild fish is higher for households with younger heads that do not have off-farm work and reside far from urban centers, in communities with low population densities. Although various actors promoting aquaculture in the region often claim that it helps to relieve the pressure on wild fish stocks, no statistically significant effect of the consumption of cultivated fish on the consumption of wild fish could be shown. Thus, our analysis suggests that public policies and development interventions which increase access to off-farm employment can both improve local livelihoods and conserve biodiversity, but that the same affirmation cannot be made for the promotion of aquaculture.     

对南北极地衣优势共生藻的初步探究

对采集自南极乔治王岛和北极新奥尔松地区的32份地衣标本中共生藻rDNA ITS序列进行测定,发现均为Trebouxia jamesii;结合Genbank中来自不同地区地衣中该藻的序列信息,发现T. jamesii的基因型与地衣物种及采集地都没有明确的对应关系。广布于全球范围的T. jamesii作为地衣优势共生藻,存在多种基因型,并且可以被多种地衣共生菌选择;其中优势基因型A在采集自南极洲、欧洲、北美洲和北极地区的地衣中均有发现,而其它基因型则在一定程度上出现地区特有性。本研究为地衣中的藻交换提供了证据,并提出地衣体碎片是实现地衣共生藻长距离传播的载体。     

Immigrant groups and the local environment: socio-spatial differentiation in Czech metropolitan areas

The spatial distribution of immigrant groups is a more relevant topic now than ever before. While the study of this topic has a long tradition in the “traditional” immigration countries, it is rare in the very different context of Central and Eastern Europe, especially at the level of metropolitan areas. This study aims to address this gap by providing an analysis of the spatial distribution of various immigrant groups (defined by country of citizenship) in 17 Czech metropolitan areas, and its determinants. First, we characterize the specific situation of the Czech immigration system. Then we use cluster analysis to create a typology of neighbourhoods and compare the distribution of immigrant groups in each type of neighbourhood. Finally, we use regression analysis to examine which characteristics of the local environment are connected to concentrations of different immigrant groups. We show that the presence of foreigners remains associated with core urban areas. Some predominantly Western citizens act as gentrifiers, being associated with spacious pre-war apartments in prestigious inner-city areas, but there are also signs of suburbanization among more well-off immigrants to Czech metropolitan areas. We identify little evidence of ghettoization of immigrants into socially excluded areas.     

基于地理探测器的国家级经济技术开发区经济增长率空间分异及影响因素

建设国家级经济技术开发区（经开区）是中国扩大对外开放和促进区域发展的重要政策。历经30年多发展,国家级经开区已遍布全国,其个体间的发展差异也由于不同的动力机制而日趋显著。认识和探讨国家级经开区经济增长率的空间分异及其核心影响因素,对因地制宜制定发展策略、引导开发区高效发展具有重要意义。运用变异系数和地理探测器方法,分析2010年国家级经开区经济增长率的空间分异,并探测了其核心影响因素。结果表明：① 总体上,国家级经开区经济增长率在东中西三大区差异显著,呈现出高低高的U型格局;② 个体上,国家级经开区经济增长率在三大区内部存在不同分异特征,其中西部分异度最大、东部次之、中部最小;③ 探测因子决定力显示,主导三大地区国家级经开区经济增长率的核心要素明显不同;在所选出的5大核心影响因素中,中西东三大区呈现出由开发区内在因子主导向城市和区域性外在因子主导的转变趋势;④ 国家级经开区经济增长率及核心影响因素在三大区间的分异特征,一定程度上反映了开发区生命周期阶段性的演变规律。由此建议：近期内,中西部国家级经开区仍应聚焦于改进其自身发展要素;而从长远看,城市性和区域性的外部因子对经开区的影响将变得日益重要,亦即是经开区的未来发展将越来越依赖于与其所在城市和区域的有效融合。     

Population distribution in China-characteristics,components, determinants since 1949

lintroductionPopulahondistribuhonisaSynthesizedindicatorofthephysical,socialandeconomicsituation,whichalsoexertSsiofcantimpactonsocio-economicdotlopment.AnhonalPOpulationdistributionhasbecomeamajorgoalofPOpulahonanddevelopmentregulationin~deVelopingcountriesinland1983).ChinaisavaStandPOpulouscountly.ItSvariousregionshaVedifferentphysical,economicandhistoricalcondihonsaswellascurrentPOpulationchacteristjcs.Populationdistribuhonvallesfromregiontoregion.RahonalPOpulahondistribuhonisanimPO…     

The Drivers of Market Integration Among Indigenous Peoples: Evidence From the Ecuadorian Amazon

Knowledge of the driving forces behind indigenous participation in the market is essential for practitioners intending to integrate conservation and development policies in indigenous territories. Nevertheless, empirical research on the determinants of market integration among indigenous peoples is still scarce. This article uses household survey data and multivariate techniques to examine the drivers of market integration among indigenous groups in the Ecuadorian Amazon. We use multiple measures of market integration, including the sale of crops, timber, and wildlife; the use of credit; and participation in wage labor. The results show that the way in which indigenous peoples integrate into the market depends on their endowments of human, financial, and physical capital. More educated households are able to engage in commercial agriculture and nonagricultural wage work, whereas uneducated poor households in communities in conflict with outsiders are pushed to engage in poorly paid agricultural wage work and (often illegal) timber operations.     

National carbon dioxide emissions: geography matters

This article examines the role of geographical factors as determinants of cross-country differences in per capita carbon dioxide emissions. Such differences have been explained by economists mostly in terms of per capita income. Geographical factors on the other hand have been neglected by economic analysis. We examine the effects of cold and hot climates, transportation requirements and the availability of renewable energy sources on emissions. We find that with the exception of cooling requirements as measured by hot climates, all these geographical factors are statistically significant determinants of emissions in accordance with our expectation. Furthermore, cold climates and the availability of renewable resources are also substantively important.     

贵州省乡村贫困空间格局与形成机制分析

以贫困态势严峻、区域内部贫困差异大的贵州省为研究区,分析了贵州省区县层面乡村贫困的空间异质性和空间依赖性格局,定量测度了乡村贫困空间差异的影响因素和因素效应的空间差异性,进而归纳了贵州省乡村贫困的形成机制。结果发现,贵州省区县乡村贫困具有时空稳定性,呈现出东、南、西部高而中、北部低的“马蹄”形空间异质性格局。区县贫困存在较强的空间依赖性,“高-高”型贫困地域即空间贫困陷阱区域,集聚分布在贵州省的东南部、南部。定量模型发现,坡度、到所在市中心的距离、青少年人口占比、少数民族人口占比是导致贵州区县层面乡村贫困空间差异的显著因素,且这些因素的效应水平呈现出不同的空间模式。产业发展受限、劳动力流动性差、金融和人力资本积累不足是贵州贫困空间形成的主导机制。最后建议扶贫政策层面应将基于地方和基于人的政策相结合。     

中国工业中小企业省区分布及其影响因素

20 世纪90 年代乡镇企业改革以来,中国中小企业空间格局发生了显著变化。现有地理学文献主要关注中小企业空间集聚、集群研究以及八九十年代的中小企业空间分布问题,对于近20 年来宏观层面中小企业空间分布的研究比较薄弱,实证研究尤为缺乏。基于文献回顾,运用GIS 空间分析、测算变差系数CV等方法,分析1997-2010 年中国工业中小企业省区分布的时空格局变化;在此基础上,选取20 个影响因素并建立计量模型,运用SPSS及Eviews软件,系统测算导致中国工业中小企业省区分布变化的影响因素,并根据研究结果提出相关政策建议。研究表明：① 1997-2010 年间,中国工业中小企业的省区分布更加集中、空间差异不断扩大;② 中国工业中小企业省区分布格局是多因素综合作用的结果,其中地区经济实力、金融环境、市场环境及技术创新是首要因素,信息化、劳动力、铁路密度及农业资源是次要因素。     

The Nested Global City-Region: Intermunicipal Income Stratification in the Tokyo Metropolitan Region, 1980-2007

This study investigates whether or not income stratification by place has widened within the Tokyo Metropolitan Region (TMR) over the past 30 years. Its analysis shows that although income stratification among the TMR's 228 municipalities has expanded noticeably since 1980, it has remained far less severe than that in America's three largest metropolitan regions, New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. Declining regional industrial employment, expanding national income inequality, falling land prices in the region's core, and the entrepreneurial waterfront redevelopment policies of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) were some of the catalysts that propelled this rise in stratification in the TMR. Conversely, the region's unique racial-ethnic context and the municipal merger policies of Japanese Government were two of the factors keeping its level of income inequality far below that of America's largest urban regions. These findings support the position of Nested City theorists, who claim that embedded forces remain the most decisive determinants of growth trajectories in the TMR.     

Feeding the family during times of stress: experience and determinants of food insecurity in an Inuit community

This paper uses a mixed methods approach to characterise the experience of food insecurity among Inuit community members in Igloolik, Nunavut, and examine the conditions and processes that constrain access, availability, and quality of food. We conducted semi-structured interviews (n= 66) and focus groups (n= 10) with community members, and key informant interviews with local and territorial health professionals and policymakers (n= 19). The study indicates widespread experience of food insecurity. Even individuals and households who were food secure at the time of the research had experienced food insecurity in the recent past, with food insecurity largely transitory in nature. Multiple determinants of food insecurity operating over different spatial-temporal scales are identified, including food affordability and budgeting, food knowledge and preferences, food quality and availability, environmental stress, declining hunting activity, and the cost of harvesting. These determinants are operating in the context of changing livelihoods and climate change, which in many cases are exacerbating food insecurity, although high-order manifestations of food insecurity (that is, starvation) are no longer experienced.     

Commentary on Michael Pacione's 'Urban Liveability: A Review'

From an exploratory factor analysis of the 2001 Hong Kong census, it was found that after the political changeover, the underlying determinants of the social dimensions were education, ethnicity, age, occupation, housing, and household size characteristics, with education being the most important, reflecting a new division of labor that has created occupational polarization and income inequality. When compared with factor analyses of the 1971 and 1981 data, a high degree of continuity is present in the social landscape. However, cluster analysis based on these determinants revealed a significant spatial mixing of population with different demographic, social, and economic characteristics, so much so that the distinction between the traditional rural areas (the New Territories) and the traditional urban areas (Hong Kong Island and Kowloon) has become blurred. Nonetheless, a strong spatial polarization has also emerged. The driving force of this spatial integration and demographic/socioeconomic change was the population decentralization policy and the new airport construction which have transformed Hong Kong into an efficient, unified, polycentric city, an international financial center that services the global economy.     

Globalizing Polycentricity in Istanbul: Mamdani-Type Fuzzy Rule-Based Model of CBD Office Space Rents

For some two millennia Istanbul has been one of the world's greatest cities, and is today classified as an "Alpha-" world city in the Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) group's 2010 rankings. Istanbul is an emerging global city that is facilitating Turkey's transnational integration into the global economy, and as of June 2009 the city had the second largest office stock among all Southeast European countries. This paper investigates the determinants of office rent levels in the city's Central Business District (CBD) and the spatial variation of rents in a polycentric metropolis. The paper uses a stepwise regression and a Mamdani-type fuzzy rule-based model to estimate office space rents, and compares empirical results with those of a conventional OLS regression analysis. Rents are driven not only by physical characteristics and locational services, but also the terms of lease contracts. New CBD locations that command the highest rents on spacious, high-rise office spaces with comparatively few employees conform well with contemporary accounts of world-city financial districts, and confirm the significance of urban office infrastructures for globally oriented financial elites beyond the familiar roster of Global North world cities. The traditional center retains the core purpose identified nearly a century ago, in Marshall's analysis of centralization during the most vibrant period of the industrial age. Despite all the transformations of transnational urbanist polycentricity, the traditional CBD is still the place with the most diverse mix of activities, and the greatest variation in rents.     

DYNAMIC SETTLEMENT PROCESSES: THE CASE OF US IMMIGRATION*

Immigration settlement patterns are examined within a pooled cross-section time-series framework. Trends in settlement patterns from 1970 to 1979 differentiate the immigration streams from various source areas. Certain “new'’immigrants show an increasing propensity to concentrate, while immigrants from traditional source areas deconcentrate in some cases. The analysis suggests that immigration is a dynamic process with characteristics and determinants that change over time.     

Spatial Variations of Single-Family Residential Water Consumption in Portland,Oregon

Although water demand theories identify price structures, technology, and individual behavior as determinants of water demand, limited theoretical or empirical evidence suggests a link between urban development patterns and water use. To assess the role of urban development patterns on water demand, we used GIS and statistical models to analyze single-family residential water consumption in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area. Our results show that residential water consumption per household at the census block group scale is best explained by average building size, followed by building density and building age, with low water consumption areas clustering together and typically located in high-density and older neighborhoods. Accounting for spatial dependence among residuals, explanatory variables explain up to 87% of variations in water consumption. Our results help to develop a water demand framework that incorporates existing factors with urban development policies to more effectively manage limited water and land resources.     

两栖生计下中国流动人口城镇购房意愿的空间特征和影响因素

流动人口的城镇购房意愿和空间偏好直接关系到流动人口市民化的路径选择与城镇化的高质量发展.基于2016年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据和统计数据,对比研究了流动人口流入地和流出地城镇购房意愿的空间特征和影响因素.研究发现:①流动人口城镇购房意愿具有层次性和两栖性特征,还有小部分流动人口拥有多地城镇购房意愿.②流入地和流出地...     

Food security,remoteness and consolidation of supermarket distribution centres: Factors contributing to food pricing inequalities across Queensland,Australia

There is a clear association between food prices, affordability and issues of food security. Australian food supply chains have lengthened in recent years in response to consolidation policies of the dominant supermarkets, which have reduced the number of distribution centres in order to maximise economic efficiencies. This study presents a spatial analysis of a healthy food basket survey undertaken across Queensland, Australia in order to identify the primary determinants of food pricing. Ambiguity in the academic literature on this subject is largely due to limitations of the utilised methods. Our results indicate that food price variability is directly related to the type of store surveyed, and the distance of the surveyed store to the supermarket distribution centres in Brisbane, or urban centres on the east coast of Australia. Population size of towns and the level of social disadvantage observed in communities were indirect determinants of food prices. Therefore, in order to lessen the disadvantage already encountered by communities located in outer regional and remote areas who pay increasingly more for food than their urban counterparts, policy interventions need to move beyond subsiding food costs and consider the relationship between fuel prices and the lengthening of dominant food supply chains, in addition to the capacity of local supply chains.     

厦门岛城市空间扩张特征及其影响因素分析

海岸带是目前世界上城市化最集中的区域,海岛作为海岸带的一个特殊地理组成,其城市空间扩张过程可以理解为城市发展与自然地理环境之间相互耦合作用的结晶。本文以中国东南沿海的厦门岛为例,结合厦门岛城市发展的相关政策、城市规划、人口、产业等历史与现状资料的文本分析,通过图片修整和遥感地理信息分析相结合的方法,首先回顾厦门岛近100 年的城市化历程,分析厦门岛海岸线、岛屿形状、建成区、交通、行政区划及主要土地利用类型历史变化及城市空间扩张特征;然后从行政区划、城市总体规划、产业发展、地形、围填海、交通和人口等方面分别探讨影响海岛城市空间扩张的潜在决定因素;总结各种因素对海岛城市空间扩张的作用;以期为中国甚至世界其它沿海城市合理开发海岛,促进海岸带可持续城市化提供科学借鉴。     

城市舒适物、经济机会、城市规模对中国高学历劳动力空间分布的影响

基于中国2010年人口普查资料和社会经济统计等数据,采用空间分析方法探讨中国300个城市高学历劳动力的空间分布特征,并基于负二项回归模型识别其影响因素。研究表明：1）中国城市高学历劳动力规模呈现级差化分异特征,其位序-规模分布符合幂函数特征,在空间上呈现集聚分布和东中西地带性分异的格局;东部沿海地区、辽中南半岛、哈长城市群及内陆省会城市是主要分布地。2）从高学历劳动力占总就业的比例看,北方资源型城市及东部沿海城市群高学历劳动力优势突出,中部和西南地区存在明显“凹陷”;从高学历劳动力和总就业劳动力耦合的结果看,相对占优型和绝对占优型两类城市主要分布在内蒙古和东北的工业城市、京津冀、山东半岛、长三角、珠三角城市群及内地省会城市。3）实证结果表明,高学历劳动力的空间格局受城市舒适物、经济机会及城市规模带来的集聚效应共同影响。从全国层面看,经济机会、城市规模、房价主导高学历劳动力的空间格局,凉爽的夏季气候、优质中学教育资源、游憩及交通资源对其也有重要影响作用。4）在不同规模等级的城市中,高学历劳动力的空间分布均受到经济机会和舒适物的影响,但舒适物因子在各类型城市中发挥的作用差异较大。