Sponges from Trawl-Exploitable Bottoms of Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas: Distribution and Ecology*

Abstract. Sponges from muddy and dctritic bottoms along the coasts of Liguria and Tuscany (Western Méditerranean) were studied to 700 m depth. The distribution of the 66 species identified was compared with depth, geographic location, as well as type of bottom and benthic community in order to determine whether a typical sponge fauna exists in these environments. The most common species (Suberites carnosus, S.ficus, Thenea muricata) are characteristic soft bottom dwellers, but the remaining sponge fauna seems to be linked to the presence of small patches of hard substrate scattered on these bottoms. As a consequence, the neighbouring hard bottom biocoenoses may remarkably affect the composition of this fauna by an export of larvae. Many species are clearly eurybathic, but most were recorded between 50 and 200 m. Type and size of the available substrate for sponge settlement and growth are apparently the most important Écological factors affecting the studied fauna.     

Relationships of Phytoplankton with Certain Environmental Factors in the South Euboikos Gulf (Greece)

Abstract. The abundance and taxonomic diversity of phytoplankton have been studied in relation to certain environmental factors in the South Euboikos Gulf, a restricted tidal embayment on the eastern coast of Greece. The northern part of the gulf with higher tidal current, influenced by sewage and industrial effluents, showed high concentrations of nutrients, a greater total density of phytoplankton, relatively high chlorophyll a content, and a lower taxonomic diversity when compared with the southern part. The phytoplankton cycle was largely due to changes in diatom concentration. A slight variation in the occurrence of species and dominance could be observed along the salinity gradients.     

南海北部东沙天然气水合物区浮游植物生物量和生产力粒级结构特征及其环境影响分析

本文讨论了2013年5月南海东沙天然气水合物区浮游植物生物量和生产力粒级结构特征及其环境影响因素。结果表明,研究海域表现出典型的低营养盐、低叶绿素a、低生产力特征,浮游植物叶绿素a和初级生产力具有明显的次表层最大值现象。东沙海域生物量和初级生产力粒级结构差异性显著,从生物量和生产力贡献度来看,表现为微微型浮游植物> 微型浮游植物> 小型浮游植物。生物量的垂直分布结果表明,春季不同粒级类群浮游植物在真光层内的分布存在明显不同,比如小型浮游植物在真光层内分布较均匀;微型浮游植物则主要分布于近表层或真光层中部,而微微型浮游植物则主要分布于真光层中部和底部。微微型浮游植物在纬度较低的热带贫营养海区之所以能够占主导优势,最主要的原因是其极小的细胞体积和较大的表面积使其有利于营养竞争。相关性分析表明,南海东沙浮游植物各粒级生物量与温度、pH显著正相关,与硅酸盐、磷酸盐显著负相关;浮游植物各粒级生产力与温度显著正相关,与盐度、磷酸盐显著负相关。磷酸盐含量是影响东沙海域浮游植物粒级结构差异的重要因素之一,同时,光辐照度和水体的真光层深度对东沙天然气水合物区不同粒径浮游植物的垂直分布起着更为重要的调控作用。     

1999年渤海浮游植物生物量的数值模拟

以浮游植物量、浮游动物量、营养盐浓度 (包括无机氮和无机磷 )以及碎屑量为生态变量 ,在HAMSOM水动力学模式的基础上构建了 1个三维浮游生态动力学NPZD模型。采用此模型研究了渤海 1999年浮游植物量和初级生产力的变化情况 ,模拟结果与实测基本相符。模拟结果表明 :1999年渤海浮游植物量的变化大致呈双峰分布 ,春季水华出现在4,5月份 ,秋季水华出现在 9,10月份 ;受透明度和局地水深的影响 ,渤海湾和辽东湾北部浮游植物量的年变化呈夏季大、冬季小的单峰分布。 1999年渤海不同海区初级生产力的变化特征是 :除莱州湾一年中有春、夏 2个峰值外 ,其它 3个海区都是夏季高、冬季低的单峰分布 ;1999年整个渤海年平均的初级生产力为 2 5 7mgC/m2 /d。     

2009 年夏季南海北部的浮游植物群落

根据2009 年8 月份对南海北部(18°～22°N, 110°～117°E)水域22 个采水站位的调查, 分析夏季调查区浮游植物的群落结构特征。通过Uterm?hl 方法共鉴定出浮游植物5 门60 属109 种(不包括未定种),群落组成以硅藻为主, 其次是甲藻。浮游植物生态类群以广温广布型种为主, 调查区的优势种为柔弱伪菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissma, 菱形海线藻Thalassionema nitzschioides, 颗粒直链藻Melosiragrannulata, 尖刺伪菱形藻Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, 矮小短棘藻Detonula pumila, 原多甲藻Protoperidinium sp., 以及冰河拟星杆藻Asterionopsis glacialis。调查区细胞丰度介于0.009×10³个/L到249.930×10³个/L, 平均8.197×10³个/L。南海北部表层浮游植物细胞丰度由近岸向外海逐渐降低,高值区位于珠江口附近以及南部水域, 甲藻在广东沿岸附近出现高值。调查区浮游植物丰度在垂直方向随着水深的增加而递减。Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数和Pielou 均匀度指数在珠江口南部和广东沿岸站位出现低值区, 群落结构稳定性较差。     

胶州湾浮游植物研究Ⅱ环境因子对浮游植物群落结构变化的影响

该文依据 1995年 3月～ 1996年 1月间浮游植物的调查资料 ,并结合同期水温和营养盐的资料变化 ,分析不同环境因素对浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果表明 :水温的变化对浮游植物的种类组成和数量变化都有一定影响 ,秋季和冬季优势种交替明显 ;营养盐对浮游植物群落结构的变化影响明显。根据胶州湾营养盐结构的改变状况 ,并结合历史资料对比发现 ,胶州湾网采浮游植物的物种数和细胞数量呈下降趋势 ,优势种类趋单一化 ;但初级生产力并未下降 ,可能与微型浮游植物所占份额增大相关。     

春季海州湾临洪河口浮游植物粒级结构及环境因素

2017年4月作者对海州湾临洪河口海域16个站位的常规理化因子以及浮游植物粒级结构进行了采样和分析,结果表明:调查海域盐度和温度均值分别为35.2和11.2℃,均由近岸到外海逐渐增大;悬浮物质量浓度在3.4 mg/L～137.6 mg/L变化,均值为22.8 mg/L,由近岸到外海逐渐减少,水体逐渐清澈; pH均值为8.29,近岸低,外海高; DO均值为9.8 mg/L, COD在0.34 mg/L～6.55 mg/L变化,均值为3.42mg/L,DO和COD分布规律不明显;浮游植物粒级组成以微型与小型浮游植物为主,其叶绿素a质量浓度平均值与范围分别为1.48μg/L(0.68μg/L～3.13μg/L)、9.14μg/L(2.69μg/L～25.50μg/L),且呈现自沿岸河口向外海逐渐递减的趋势;而微微型浮游植物叶绿素a质量浓度平均值仅为0.27μg/L,且分布较不规律;小型浮游植物对浮游植物总生物量的贡献率最大,高达83.89%,微型及微微型浮游植物的贡献率分别为13.60%和2.52%;在相关性分析中,各项环境因子对小型浮游植物的分布有较大的影响,其中悬浮物、pH与小型浮游植物叶绿素a浓度表现出显著相关(P0.05),溶解氧、盐度与小型浮游植物叶绿素a质量浓度呈极显著相关(P0.01),微型、微微型浮游植物的分布与各项环境因子的相关性不明显。     

Summer Phytoplankton Physiognomy in Coastal Waters of the Gulf of Naples

Abstract. Thirteen sampling cruises were conducted at weekly intervals in the inner part of the Gulf of Naples in the summer of 1983 to investigate the effects of excess nutrient inputs on phytoplankton communities. High surface phytoplankton concentrations (up to 1.15 ×10⁸ cells 1^-1) were recorded, particularly near Naples harbour and along the eastern coast, two locations that receive most of the area's sewage and industrial discharge. Phytoplankton populations were generally dominated by small species, mainly diatoms, which were associated with small phytoflagcllatcs. Species diversity values were relatively high (H'≤ 3.62) in most samples. Throughout the sampling period a high spatial and temporal variability for phytoplankton abundances and species composition was observed.     

Environmental Factors Affecting the Occurrence and Production of the Spring Phytoplankton Bloom in Funka Bay, Japan

The concentration of nutrients was measured during the spring phytoplankton bloom in Funka Bay over a 5-year period (1988–92). During the winter mixing period, nutrient concentrations were similar in every year except in 1990 when a high concentration of silicate was observed. There was interannual variation in the onset of the bloom, presumably depending on the stability of the water column. The bloom developed in early March when the Oyashio water (OW), which has a lower density than the existing winter water, flowed into the bay and the pycnocline formed near the bottom of the euphotic zone. In this case, high chl a was found only in the euphotic zone and nutrient utilization was limited to this zone. In the year when the inflow of OW was not observed by April, the bloom took place at the end of March without strong stratification and high chl a was found in the whole water column, accompanied by a decrease in nutrients. Interannual differences were found not only at the beginning of the decrease, but also in the thickness of the layer which showed a decrease in nutrients. Primary production from the beginning to the end of the spring bloom was estimated from the nutrient budget before and after the spring bloom. The integrated production over the spring bloom period ranged from 25 to 73 g C m^-2, which accounts for 19–56% of the annual production in this bay. We found that the timing of the bloom was strongly dependent on the inflow of OW, but the amount of production was not clearly related to this timing.     

Simulations of Annual Cycle of Phytoplankton Production and the Utilization of Nitrogen in the Yellow Sea

A nutrient dynamic model coupled with a 3D physical model has been developed to study the annual cycle of phytoplankton production in the Yellow Sea. The biological model involves interactions between inorganic nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium), phosphate and phytoplankton biomass. The model successfully reproduces the main features of phytoplankton-nutrient variation and dynamics of production. 1. The well-mixed coastal water is characterized by high primary production, as well as high new production. 2. In summer, the convergence of tidal front is an important hydrodynamic process, which contributes to high biomass at frontal areas. 3. The evolution of phytoplankton blooms and thermocline in the central region demonstrate that mixing is a dominant factor to the production in the Yellow Sea. In this simulation, nitrate- and ammonium-based productions are estimated regionally and temporally. The northern Yellow Sea is one of the highly ranked regions in the Yellow Sea for the capability of fixing carbon and nitrogen. The annual averaged f-ratio of 0.37 indicates that regenerated production prevails over the Yellow Sea. The result also shows that phosphate is the major nutrient, limiting phytoplankton growth throughout the year and it can be an indicator to predict the bloom magnitude. Finally, the relative roles of external nutrient sources have been evaluated, and benthic fluxes might play a significant role in compensating 54.6% of new nitrogen for new production consumption.     

Effects of cold eddy on phytoplankton production and assemblages in Luzon strait bordering the South China Sea

The biochemical effects of a cold-core eddy that was shed from the Kuroshio Current at the Luzon Strait bordering the South China Sea (SCS) were studied in late spring, a relatively unproductive season in the SCS. The extent of the eddy was determined by time-series images of SeaWiFS ocean color, AVHRR sea surface temperature, and TOPEX/Jason-1 sea surface height anomaly. Nutrient budgets, nitrate-based new production, primary production, and phytoplankton assemblages were compared between the eddy and its surrounding Kuroshio and SCS waters. The enhanced productivity in the eddy was comparable to wintertime productivity in the SCS basin, which is supported by upwelled subsurface nitrate under the prevailing Northeastern Monsoon. There were more Synechococcus, pico-eucaryotes, and diatoms, but less Trichodesmium in the surface water inside the eddy than outside. Prochlorococcus and Richelia intracellularis showed no spatial differences. Water column-integrated primary production (IPP) inside the eddy was 2–3 times that outside the eddy in the SCS (1.09 vs. 0.59 g C m⁻²d⁻¹), as was nitrate-based new production (INP) (0.67 vs. 0.25 g C m⁻²d⁻¹). INP in the eddy was 6 times that in the Kuroshio (0.12 g C m⁻²d⁻¹). IPP and INP in the eddy were higher than the maximum production values ever measured in the SCS basin. Surface chlorophyll a concentration (0.40 mg m⁻³) in the eddy equaled the maximum concentration registered for the SCS basin and was higher than the wintertime average (0.29 ± 0.04 mg m⁻³). INP was 3.5 times as great and IPP was doubled in the eddy compared to the wintertime SCS basin. As cold core eddies form intermittently all year round as the Kuroshio invades the SCS, their effects on phytoplankton productivity and assemblages are likely to have important influences on the biogeochemical cycle of the region.     

渤海初级生产力的若干理化影响因子初步分析

根据文献资料分析了辐射、温度、透明度和营养盐浓度等影响渤海初级生产力的主要理化因素 ,定量给出了它们的相关程度。这些因子与初级生产力之间的线性相关系数约为 0 .5～ 0 .8,且以透明度与初级生产力的相关性最好。然后利用一个简单的海洋生态系统动力学模式 ,进一步讨论了物理和化学强迫对渤海初级生产力的影响。物理和化学环境的改变不仅能影响初级生产力的大小 ,也决定了其时间变化特征。     

2012年楚科奇海及其邻近海域浮游植物现存量和初级生产力粒级结构研究

通过2012年夏季第五次北极科学考察期间在楚科奇海及其邻近海域现场调查所获得的数据分析研究了海域的粒度分级叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力。结果表明,叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的高值均出现在楚科奇海陆架区,并且远高于深海区。去程时调查海域水层平均叶绿素a浓度的变化范围为0.32~15.66mg/m3,平均(2.77±3.96)mg/m3,高值区出现在南部邻近白令海峡海域、北部阿拉斯加巴罗近岸和冰缘区;初级生产力的范围为50.11~943.28mg/(m2d),高值出现在冰缘水华区。返程时水层平均叶绿素a浓度的变化范围为0.07~1.52mg/m3,平均(0.41±0.40)mg/m3,高值仍出现在陆架区,但比去程时低了一个数量级;初级生产力的分布范围为12.31~41.35mg/(m2d),高值出现在陆架区。浮游植物粒度分级测定结果表明,在生物量较低的深海区,叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的粒级结构以微微型浮游生物(Pico级份)占优势(其贡献率分别为46.1%和56.9%),小型(Net级份)和微型(Nano级份)对总叶绿素a浓度的贡献差异极小,分别为26.6%和27.3%,对总初级生产力的贡献分别为23.8%和19.3%;而在生物量较高的水深小于200m的陆架区,Net级份叶绿素a浓度所占百分比最高,Pico级份次之,Nano级份最低,分别为59.8%、27.9%和12.3%,初级生产力的粒级结构中叶绿素a浓度所占百分比由高到低同样是Net、Pico和Nano,所占百分比分别为60.6%,32.2%和7.2%。     

A preliminary study on the response of marine primary production to monsoon variations in the South China Sea Basic characteristics

Seasonal, interannual and interdecadal variations of monsoon over the South China Sea （SCS） directly influence the ocean circulation and the mass transport process, etc. , especially the changes of horizontal circulation pattern and upwelling area. These changes directly influence the nutrient transport and the photosynthesis of phytoplankton, which induce the change of the marine ecosystem in the SCS, including the change of marine primary production in this sea area. On the basis of climatic data for long-time series and primary production estimated by remote sensing, the multi-time scale variations of monsoon, seasonal and interannual variations of primary production, and the response of primary production to monsoon variations were analyzed. Furthermore, the spatio-temporal variations of primary production in different sea areas of the SCS and their relations to the monsoon variations were given. The results showed that the strong southwesterly prevailed over the SCS in summer whereas the vigorous northeasterly in winter. The seasonal primary production in the entire sea area of the SCS also produced a strong peak in winter and a suhpeak in summer. And the seasonal primary production distributions displayed different characteristics in every typical sea area. The variations of the annual and summer averaged primary production in the entire sea area of the SCS showed almost the same rising trend as the intensity of the summer monsoon. Especially for 1998, the summer monsoon reached almost the minimum in the past 54 a when the primary production was also found much lower than any other year （ 1999--2005 ）. The responses of annual primary production to monsoon variation were displayed to different extent in different sea areas of the SCS ; especially it was better in the deep sea basin. Such research activities could be very important for revealing the response of marine ecosystem to the monsoon variations in the SCS.     

钦州湾海洋环境的富营养化水平评价及其对浮游植物叶绿素a的影响

文章通过钦州湾现场调查资料,分别利用单因子污染指数法和富营养化指数法对湾内水质的污染状况和富营养化水平进行评价,并分析讨论不同的富营养化水平条件下浮游植物叶绿素a的响应。结果显示,钦州湾的污染状况和富营养化程度从湾顶至湾外呈现由重至轻的梯度变化,并出现两个“极端区域”：茅尾海化学需氧量（COD）和营养盐的污染指数劣于三类海水水质标准并重度富营养化;外湾污染指数符合一类海水水质标准并贫营养化。分析表明,茅尾海的重度富营养化是由河流输入、相对封闭的地形以及过度的牡蛎养殖造成,而外湾的贫营养化则主要归因于较少的水产养殖和陆源污水排放以及大量的浮游植物对磷酸盐的消耗。叶绿素a在这两个区域均呈现低值,茅尾海内主要是由于贝类滤食大粒径浮游植物和真光层深度下降引起,而外湾则是氮磷比（N/P）失衡,浮游植物生长受磷限制导致。另外,核电站温排水有可能是导致叶绿素a较高的原因。减少茅尾海内的养殖规模,种植红树林,集中污水于外湾排放,加强温排水口的水质监控是保证钦州湾海洋生态环境可持续发展的手段。     

黄海冷水团新生产力及微食物环作用分析

为了进一步揭示黄海冷水团水域浮游生态系统能流、物流循环的基本动力学特征,利用水层-底栖耦合生态系统垂直3层模型,模拟分析了该水域生源要素的基本特征及年变化特点,并着重分析了初级生产力、新生产力及微食物环作用。通过对黄海冷水团水域初级生产力和新生产力的模拟分析,估算出黄海冷水团年平均初级生产力为228.47mg.m-2.d-1,并根据模型中营养盐的来源估算出f比约为33%。分析模拟结果还表明,在黄海冷水团存在的季节,冷水团水域水层营养盐匮乏,浮游植物生产受限制,仅在晚秋出现了不十分明显的“秋华”。然而,在此时段内,浮游动物的生物量基本和浮游植物为同一量级且量值比较接近,由此可推断微食物环在黄海冷水团能流、物流循环过程中担当了重要的角色。模拟结果表明,浮游动物生长所需的碳约有60%是通过微食物环供给的。与实测及文献结果相比较,模型的模拟结果是合理可信的。     

珠江口初级生产力和新生产力研究

1996年12月和1997年8月在珠江河口湾及其毗邻海域对浮游植物生物量、初级生产力和新生产力及其环境制约机制的研究.结果表明,调查海区的叶绿素a、初级生产力和新生产力均是夏季高于冬季,冬、夏两季的平均值分别为(0.95±0.41)和(1.08±0.52)μg/dm3,(69.2±75.5)和(198.7±119.1)mg/(m2·d),(1.46±0.79)和(3.05±3.09)mg/(m3·h).冬、夏两季平均f-比分别为0.45和0.38.分级叶绿素a结果显示,冬、夏两季均以微型和微微型级分(<20μm)占优势,其对海区叶绿素a的贡献分别为796%和81.6%,对初级生产力的贡献分别为70.7%和896%.调查海区具显著的空间区域化特征,叶绿素a和潜在初级生产力的高值出现在冲淡水区的中部,向口门区和远岸区逐渐降低.现场初级生产力的高值出现在远岸区,它与复合参数B_eZ_pI₀(B_e为真光层平均叶绿素a,Z_p为真光层深度,I₀为海面光辐射强度-PAR)呈很好的正相关,说明光是研究海区初级生产力的主要限制因子.新生产力冬、夏两季的高值分别出现在交椅湾和伶仃洋西南部.     

大气氮沉降对南黄海初级生产过程影响的数值研究

本研究利用三维物理-生物耦合模型模拟了大气氮沉降对南黄海主要初级生产过程的影响,并通过数值实验区分了不同季节大气氮沉降的贡献。模拟结果显示,大气氮沉降明显增大了南黄海表层溶解无机氮的浓度,近岸海域增加量较大,可以达到3.0 mmol/m^3,且由近岸海域到黄海中部海域有明显的递减趋势,这主要是由于近岸海域无机氮来源众多,导致浓度较高,大气沉降的氮不会被浮游植物生长吸收,出现氮累积。大气氮沉降明显促进了黄海中部春季表层水华和夏季次表层叶绿素最大值两个重要初级生产过程,春季表层叶绿素增加量最大,可达0.20 mg/m^3,夏季次表层叶绿素浓度增加最显著,可达0.10 mg/m^3,分别约为峰值浓度的10%和6%。不同季节大气氮沉降对初级生产过程的贡献不同,冬季氮沉降可以存留下来影响春季水华过程,但作用小于春季氮沉降;夏季,由于水体层化较强,本季的氮沉降对次表层叶绿素最大值的促进作用并不明显,反而冬季氮沉降的影响大于春季和夏季的氮沉降。同时,大气氮沉降也促进了氮循环的各个过程,包括浮游植物生长吸收、呼吸释放和矿化过程。     

Phytoplankton production and adaptation in the vicinity of Pemba and Zanzibar islands,Tanzania

Phytoplankton production and physiology were investigated at six selected locations during a research cruise in early October 2007 in Tanzanian coastal waters. The dataset included photosynthesis– irradiance and active fluorescence parameters, phytoplankton absorption coefficients, and pigment concentrations. Primary production was estimated to vary over the range 0.79–1.89 g C m^?2 d^?1. Diagnostic pigments indicated that micro–nanophytoplankton comprised the communities at three stations and nano–picoplankton at the other three stations. At all stations, the populations maximised their photosynthesis in the upper water column under elevated irradiance and low nutrient conditions. Significant photosynthetic activity was also observed at depth under very low light where the communities increased their quantum yield of photochemistry and the proportion of accessory chlorophylls b and c and photosynthetic carotenoids.