陨石中前太阳颗粒及其所携带惰性气体的原始同位素异常研究进展

从球粒陨石的酸不溶残渣中分离出了携带有惰性气体同位素异常的金刚石、碳化硅和石墨颗粒。这些同位素异常用太阳系内部过程是无法解释的，它们被归因于太阳系外多种核合成组分的不完全混合，称为原始惰性气体同位素异常，这三种矿物颗粒被称为前太阳颗粒。介绍了这三种前太阳颗粒的分离过程、存在部位、粒度大小、所携带惰性气体组分的同位素组成，以及这些惰性气体和携带物的成因，并对它们的科学意义进行了简要的讨论。     

从稀土元素和同位素比值看分异的陨石

根据分异型陨石的稀土元因丰度模式和年代学研究,对如何解释母体分异过程,介绍目前的研究成果。一、前言在获得原始太阳系行星形成初期事件及其时间信息方面,陨石是很珍贵的样品。陨石分为原始型陨石—球粒陨石和分异型陨石两大类。其中,分异型陨石组的石质陨石—     

清镇顽火辉石球粒陨石矿物成分及其成因意义

在球粒陨石群中顽火辉石球粒陨石具高度还原和独特的矿物学特征。顽火辉石球粒陨石几乎由纯的顽火辉石、金属(含有固溶体的硅)、硫化物及少量的斜长石、橄榄石和单斜辉石组成。硫化物矿物的组成相当复杂,普通球粒陨石(H、L及LL球粒陨石)的强亲石元素Ca、Cr、Ti、Mg、Mn、K在顽火辉石球粒陨石中呈硫化物相产出。最近我们在原有工作的     

地外有机化合物

球粒陨石中的有机化合物起源于星际介质,是构成太阳星云的初始组分,并与其他物质一起吸积形成小行星和行星。在小行星内,有机质经历了不同程度的水蚀变和热变质作用。球粒陨石中的有机化合物尽管是非生命成因,但组成极为复杂,主要是类似于干酪根的大分子物质,以及少量可溶性有机物。大部分可溶有机分子也发现于地球生物圈,但前者可具有完全不同的H、C、N等同位素组成,这也是它们来源于地球之外的重要证据。星云中宇宙线和紫外线（UV）的辐射、小行星的热变质和水蚀变,是地外有机质演化的主要过程。球粒陨石中的有机质是地球生命起源的物质基础,是生命起源不可或缺的重要环节。同样重要的是,大量的火星探测表明,火星历史上有过满足生命存在的基本条件,而在火星陨石中还发现了一些生物活动相关的线索。未来很可能首先在火星上发现地外生命存在的证据。     

陨石分类研究进展及其地学意义

近40年来陨石分类学经历了3个发展阶段，60－70年代，由根据陨石的矿物结构的分类方法发展为球粒陨石的化学一岩石学分类法和铁陨石的化学群分类法；70－80年代，提出了分异型陨石和未分异型陨石的概念，球粒陨石被认为是未分异型陨石，而其它陨石（铁陨石，石铁陨石和无球粒陨石）大多被划入分异型陨石，80－90年代以来，陨石氧同位素组成成为了陨石成因分类的一个主要依据，使陨石分类学进入了一个新的成因分类阶段，作者对80－90年代以来新确立的R群，K小群，CR群和CK群球粒陨石，以及根据氧同位素划分出的原始型无球粒陨石系列：A－L无球粒陨石，Winonaites无球粒陨石和Brachinites无球粒陨石进行了介绍，笔者对陨石研究和陨石分类学的发展在估算地球整体成分，探讨地球成因和早期演化历史方面的重要意义进行了说明，并建议地球科学家应对陨石学和陨石分类的发展现状给以关注。     

陨石、超基性岩、花岗岩及其主矿物中某些微量元素的仪器中子活化分析

研究地球物质中化学元素的分布、迁移和转变的规律，进一步探讨地球的形成与演化过程是地球化学的主要课题之一。球粒陨石的平均化学组成可能代表着形成太阳系的太阳星云的平均化学组成，也是组成地球的初始物质，而地壳上的各种岩浆岩都是从地球的初始物质经过熔融、调整、演化而逐渐形成的。我们通过对普通球粒陨石、超基性岩、各     

不同类型球粒陨石钙同位素组成特征及对比研究

准确限定球粒陨石的Ca同位素组成对于研究太阳星云物质演化和行星形成都具有重要意义.选取7块典型的球粒陨石,包括3块CV3型陨石(Leoville、Allende和Vigarano)、1块CM2型陨石(Murchison)、1块CO3.2型陨石(Kainsaz)、1块EH4型陨石(Indarch)以及1块H4型陨石(LaPaz Icefield 03601),进行了Ca同位素组成的研究.其中,Kainsaz、Leoville和LaPaz Icefield 03601共3块陨石的Ca同位素组成是首次报道.结果显示:(1)在增大样品量以规避"样品量效应"的情况下,我们对CV群球粒陨石Ca同位素组成进行更加精确的制约,δ44/40Ca的平均值为0.45‰±0.04‰(n=3,2SE);(2)碳质球粒陨石的Ca同位素组成相对于硅酸盐地球偏轻,从CV群(0.45‰±0.04‰,2SE)、CM群(0.73‰±0.04‰,2SE)到CO群(0.78‰±0.03‰,2SE)逐渐变重,可能与不同化学群陨石中富钙铝难熔包体(CAIs)丰度的变化有关;(3)顽火辉石球粒陨石和普通球粒陨石的Ca同位素组成与硅酸盐地球(BSE)组成一致,证实它们可以作为地球初始的组建物质.本研究丰富了球粒陨石Ca同位素组成数据库,有利于正确认识球粒陨石的Ca同位素组成及变化原因.     

六个中国普通球粒陨石的组成和各相元素分布

本文运用INAA测定了6个中国普通球粒陨石磁性相21个元素和非磁相20个元素的含量。5个H群球粒陨石的组成没有显示出明显的差异,但其元素丰度明显地不同于另一个L群的肇东球粒陨石。相对于CI,磁性相中Ga归一化的元素丰度可以作为普通球粒陨石分群的指示剂。根据普通球粒陨石各相元素丰度建立的模式成分和组成与全岩分析结果一致。     

西藏泽当地区的宇宙尘

宇宙尘也称微陨石、陨砂、微玻璃陨石,我国海南岛、雷州半岛产的玻璃陨石称为雷公墨,其中也有微玻璃陨石,或称为显微熔融石。 宇宙尘最早是1872—1876年英国“挑战”号考察船在大洋底淤泥中发现的,Murray根据这些宇宙尘球粒表面构造特征与铁质陨石相似,认为它们是宇宙物质,称它们为宇宙球(Cosmic spherules)。但当时因技术条件所限,只是推测它们为地球外物质。后     

第一性原理计算陨石中主要含钙矿物间平衡钙同位素分馏系数

<正>钙是亲石元素且有着很高的半凝聚温度,受到蒸发作用影响较小,在陨石形成和演化过程中不会进入金属核。前人利用Ca同位素来示踪陨石和地球的成因联系。Simo等[1]、Huang等[2]以及Valdes等[3]分别测量了碳质球粒陨石、普通球粒陨石和顽火辉石球粒陨石中的钙同位素组成。其中碳质球粒陨石和普通球粒陨石的测量结果非常一致,但是Simo等[1]测量的顽火辉石球粒陨石比其他两组普遍富集重Ca同位素。     

Heavily fractionated noble gases in an acid residue from the Klein Glacier 98300 EH3 chondrite

Noble gases were measured both in bulk samples (stepped pyrolysis and total extraction) and in a HF/HCl residue (stepped pyrolysis and combustion) from the Klein Glacier (KLE) 98300 EH3 chondrite. Like the bulk meteorite and as seen in previous studies of bulk type 3 E chondrites (“sub-Q”), the acid residue contains elementally fractionated primordial noble gases. As we show here, isotopically these are like those in phase-Q of primitive meteorites, but elementally they are heavily fractionated relative to these. The observed noble gases are different from “normal” Q noble gases also with respect to release patterns, which are similar to those of Ar-rich noble gases in anhydrous carbonaceous chondrites and unequilibrated ordinary chondrites (with also similar isotopic compositions). While we cannot completely rule out a role for parent body processes such as thermal and shock metamorphism (including a later thermal event) in creating the fractionated elemental compositions, parent body processes in general seem not be able to account for the distinct release patterns from those of normal Q noble gases. The fractionated gases may have originated from ion implantation from a nebular plasma as has been suggested for other types of primordial noble gases, including Q, Ar-rich, and ureilite noble gases. With solar starting composition, the corresponding effective electron temperature is about 5000 K. This is lower than inferred for other primordial noble gases (10,000-6000 K). Thus, if ion implantation from a solar composition reservoir was a common process for the acquisition of primordial gas, electron temperatures in the early solar system must have varied spatially or temporally between 10,000 and 5000 K.Neon and xenon isotopic ratios of the residue suggest the presence of presolar silicon carbide and diamond in abundances lower than in the Qingzhen EH3 and Indarch EH4 chondrites. Parent body processes including thermal and shock metamorphism and a late thermal event also cannot be responsible for the low abundances of presolar grains. KLE 98300 may have started out with smaller amounts of presolar grains than Qingzhen and Indarch.     

Low-pressure adsorption of Ar, Kr, and Xe on carbonaceous materials (kerogen and carbon blacks), ferrihydrite, and montmorillonite: Implications for the trapping of noble gases onto meteoritic matter

Noble gases trapped in meteorites are tightly bound in a carbonaceous carrier labeled “phase Q.” Mechanisms having led to their retention in this phase or in its precursors are poorly understood. To test physical adsorption as a way of retaining noble gases into precursors of meteoritic materials, we have performed adsorption experiments for Ar, Kr, and Xe at low pressures (10⁻⁴ mbar to 500 mbar) encompassing pressures proposed for the evolving solar nebula. Low-pressure adsorption isotherms were obtained for ferrihydrite and montmorillonite, both phases being present in Orgueil (CI), for terrestrial type III kerogen, the best chemical analog of phase Q studied so far, and for carbon blacks, which are present in phase Q and can be considered as possible precursors.Based on adsorption data obtained at low pressures relevant to the protosolar nebula, we propose that the amount of noble gases that can be adsorbed onto primitive materials is much higher than previously inferred from experiments carried out at higher pressures. The adsorption capacity increases from kerogen, carbon blacks, montmorillonite to ferrihydrite. Because of its low specific surface area, kerogen can hardly account for the noble gas inventory of Q. Carbon blacks in the temperature range 75 K-100 K can adsorb up to two orders of magnitude more noble gases than those found in Q. Irreversible trapping of a few percent of noble gases adsorbed on such materials could represent a viable process for incorporating noble gases in phase Q precursors. This temperature range cannot be ruled out for the zone of accretion of the meteorite precursors according to recent astrophysical models and observations, although it is near the lower end of the temperatures proposed for the evolving solar nebula.     

太阳星云凝聚过程的岩石学模型：（Ⅲ）类地行星区星云凝聚作用和地球原始成分的估算

在建立了小行星区星云凝聚模型的基础上，对类地行星区中上物质（硅酸盐、氧化物、金属、硫化物等）的凝聚作用，以及凝聚物的水化作用进行了讨论，进而建立了包括小行星区在内的整个类地行星区的星云凝聚模式。根据地球核慢质量比和关于地球初期演化的研究结果；使用顽火辉石球粒陨石和Ｃ１陨石的化学成分分别做为地球形成区中类顽火辉石球粒陨石质星子和类Ｃ１陨石质星子的成分数据；假定类顽火辉石无球粒陨石质星子的成分与类顽火辉石球粒陨石质星子的硅酸盐部分成分相同，计算出原始地球可能由１．５８％的类铁陨石质星子、１３．９％的类顽火辉石无球粒陨石质星子、８２．５２％类顽火辉石球粒陨石质星子、２％的类Ｃ１陨石质星子组成。     

Planetary and pre-solar noble gases in meteorites

Noble gases are not rare in the Universe, but they are rare in rocks. As a consequence, it has been possible to identify in detailed analyses a variety of components whose existence is barely visible in other elements: radiogenic and cosmogenic gases produced in situ, as well as a variety of “trapped” components – both of solar (solar wind) origin and the “planetary” noble gases. The latter are most abundant in the most primitive chondritic meteorites and are distinct in elemental and isotopic abundance patterns from planetary noble gases sensu strictu, e.g., those in the atmospheres of Earth and Mars, having in common only the strong relative depletion of light relative to heavy elements when compared to the solar abundance pattern. In themselves, the “planetary” noble gases in meteorites constitute again a complex mixture of components including such hosted by pre-solar stardust grains.The pre-solar components bear witness of the processes of nucleosynthesis in stars. In particular, krypton and xenon isotopes in pre-solar silicon carbide and graphite grains keep a record of physical conditions of the slow-neutron capture process (s-process) in asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. The more abundant Kr and Xe in the nanodiamonds, on the other hand, show a more enigmatic pattern, which, however, may be related to variants of the other two processes of heavy element nucleosynthesis, the rapid neutron capture process (r-process) and the p-process producing the proton-rich isotopes.“Q-type” noble gases of probably “local” origin dominate the inventory of the heavy noble gases (Ar, Kr, Xe). They are hosted by “phase Q”, a still ill-characterized carbonaceous phase that is concentrated in the acid-insoluble residue left after digestion of the main meteorite minerals in HF and HCl acids. While negligible in planetary-gas-rich primitive meteorites, the fraction carried by “solubles” becomes more important in chondrites of higher petrologic type. While apparently isotopically similar to Q gas, the elemental abundances are somewhat less fractionated relative to the solar pattern, and they deserve further study. Similar “planetary” gases occur in high abundance in the ureilite achondrites, while small amounts of Q-type noble gases may be present in some other achondrites. A “subsolar” component, possibly a mixture of Q and solar noble gases, is found in enstatite chondrites. While no definite mechanism has been identified for the introduction of the planetary noble gases into their meteoritic host phases, there are strong indications that ion implantation has played a major role.The planetary noble gases are concentrated in the meteorite matrix. Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) are largely planetary-gas-free, however, some trapped gases have been found in chondrules. Micrometeorites (MMs) and interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) often contain abundant solar wind He and Ne, but they are challenging objects for the analysis of the heavier noble gases that are characteristic for the planetary component. The few existing data for Xe point to a Q-like isotopic composition. Isotopically Q-Kr and Q-Xe show a mass dependent fractionation relative to solar wind, with small radiogenic/nuclear additions. They may be closer to “bulk solar” Kr and Xe than Kr and Xe in the solar wind, but for a firm conclusion it is necessary to gain a better understanding of mass fractionation during solar wind acceleration.     

Noble gases,nitrogen and cosmic ray exposure age of the Sulagiri chondrite

The Sulagiri meteorite fell in India on 12 September 2008,LL6 chondrite class is the largest among all the Indian meteorites.Isotopic compositions of noble gases(He,Ne,Ar,Kr and Xe) and nitrogen in the Sulagiri meteorite and cosmic ray exposure history are discussed.Low cosmogenic(~(22)Ne/~(21)Ne)_c ratio is consistent with irradiation in a large body.Cosmogenic noble gases indicate that Sulagiri has a 4πcosmic-ray exposure(CRE) age of 27.9 ± 3.4 Ma and is a member of the peak of CRE age distribution of IX chondrites.Radiogenic ~4He and ~(40)Ar concentrations in Sulagiri yields the radiogenic ages as 2.29 and4.56 Ca,indicating the loss of He from the meteorite.Xenon and krypton are mixture of Q and spallogenic components.     

Adsorption of xenon ions onto defects in organic surfaces: Implications for the origin and the nature of organics in primitive meteorites

Noble gases trapped in primitive meteorites are quantitatively hosted by a poorly defined organic phase, labeled phase Q. Xenon is enriched in heavy isotopes by +1.30 ± 0.06% per atomic mass unit (amu, 1σ) in phase Q relative to solar. To understand the origin of this fractionation, we have performed adsorption experiments of xenon atoms and ions, ionized in a radiofrequency plasma. Within the reaction vessel, anthracite was heated and the resulting smoke deposited onto the walls of the vessel, resulting in carbon-rich films. Xenon was trapped in the carbon films either as ions in the ionization zone of the vessel, or as neutral atoms outside this zone. Xenon trapped as ionic Xe is tightly bound and is enriched by +1.36 ± 0.05%/amu (1σ) in heavy isotopes, reproducing the isotopic fractionation of xenon trapped in phase Q relative to solar. Neutral xenon is more loosely trapped, is in much lower concentration, and is not isotopically fractionated. Ionized conditions allow the constant xenon isotopic composition observed in meteorite during stepwise heating release to be reproduced. Furthermore, the trapping efficiency of Xe⁺ estimated from these experiments is consistent with the high xenon concentration measured in phase Q of primitives meteorites.Xenon was not trapped in the film by implantation because the energies of the incident Xe atoms and ions were far too low (<1 eV). From the difference of behavior between ionic and neutral forms, we propose that xenon ions were trapped via chemical bonding at the surface of the newly created C-rich film. The observed mass-dependent fractionation of xenon is unlikely to have occurred in the gas phase. It is more probably related to variations in chemical bonding strengths of Xe isotopes as chemical bonds involving heavy Xe isotopes are more stable than those involving light ones. For young stars, including the young Sun, photons emitted in the far UV energy range able to ionize noble gases (<100 nm) were orders of magnitude more abundant than for the Present-day Sun, allowing efficient ionization of gaseous species. A way to achieve Q-noble gas fractionation and trapping was UV irradiation by nearby young stars from O/B association of the surface of growing organic grains in the outer part of the solar system or by the young Sun at the edge of the disk.     

微量陨石激光熔样稀有气体测定方法

微量陨石激光熔样稀有气体测定方法是一种可以在微米尺度上对几毫克陨石样品进行准确稀有气体同位素分析的方法,克服了传统全岩熔融法在测量时存在样品用量大、前处理过程复杂和样品稀有气体分布不均导致不同组分的宇宙射线暴露历史无法进一步区分等问题。但是由于该方法所用样品体积小和样品用量低,要求实验室具有超低本底的稀有气体提取系统,目前国内在微量陨石稀有气体分析技术方面尚处于起步阶段。本文采用金刚石激光样品窗成功研制了超低本底的气体提取系统,通过系统体积标定和天平称量误差、热本底、干扰元素、质量歧视及质谱灵敏度等参数的校正,在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所建立了微量陨石激光熔样稀有气体测定方法,并对毫克级微量钙长辉长无球粒陨石Millbillillie粉末标样进行了稀有气体同位素含量和比值测定,计算获得准确一致的宇宙暴露年龄。该方法的建立,将为我国迅速发展的比较行星学和深空探测提供重要技术支撑。     

对南极类C1陨石成因和星云水化作用范围的几点看法

南极陨石的研究发现，有几个碳质球粒陨石富含与ＣＩ陨石类似的含水层状硅酸盐集合体及其角砾，其氧同位素比值也与ＣＩ接近，因而称之为类Ｃ１陨石。类Ｃ１陨石与Ｃ１陨石的区别是：类Ｃ１陨石中的含水层状硅酸盐既以基质的形式产出，也出现在球粒中；类Ｃ１陨石中含有球粒及有关组分，如球粒碎块、矿物集合体等。每个陨石中所含这些组分的数量不同，其矿物的成分也差别很大，从而说明它们形成的星云环境不同。因此笔者认为类Ｃ１陨