粘性泥石流残留层与泥深的关系分析

粘性泥石流泥深的观测数据过去大部分不包含残留层厚度,认为当后继粘性泥石流通过残留层时,残留层是不动的,泥深从残留层表面起算。本文通过大量的泥石流原型观测和简易模型试验表明,当后继泥石流通过时,残留层除底部很薄的一层不动外,都是运动的,并有三种运动形式,泥深应包含残留层。残留层的厚度一般为20～60cm,这样对过去不包含残留层厚度的泥深观测数据应进行更正,粘性泥石流流量和输沙率也需相应增加。     

细颗粒浆体、泥石流浆体对泥石流运动的作用

通过泥石流野外观测资料分析,得出稀性泥石流及粘性泥石流存在颗粒不分选的浆体,并讨论了一般形式的泥石流流速公式,它适用于类似蒋家沟各种类型的泥石流。     

泥石流的阵性波状运动

首先描述了在云南东川蒋家沟观测到的在粘性泥石流运动过程中的铺床作用，阵次交替的波状运动，以及相关的波的分化、叠加等现象。然后具体分析了阵性波不同部分的速度分布特征，给出了泥石流龙身部分的速度剖面示意图，并提出龙头是以滚动方式在残留层上运动的。两者间存在物质循环流动。由实测数据推算的波速表明阵性波是一种急流。最后从波的空间形态和传播速度的角度将泥石流的波状运动分为缓波、滚动短波和滚动长波。     

粘性泥石流阻力和运动方程验证分析

现有的粘性泥石流阻力方程可以大致归纳为三类：一类是将泥石流视为固液两相流,通过理论分析建立的泥石流阻力运动方程;二类是认为粘性泥石流符合宾汉姆流体阻力方程;三类是依据泥石流体具有基本符合库伦公式的剪切强度,将泥石流视为固体颗粒散体重力流,在理论分析基础上建立的阻力和运动方程。用粘性泥石流动力学实验数据对三类阻力运动方程进行了验证,结果表明第三类阻力和运动方程与实际接近。     

稀性泥石流容重计算的改进方法

稀性泥石流的沉积样的粒度不能反映稀性泥石流的实际粒度,过渡(亚粘性)泥石流的沉积样的粒度也不能完全反映亚粘性泥石流的实际粒度.通过分析稀性泥石流和亚粘性泥石流沉积样中的粗颗粒和细颗粒组成的百分比与稀性泥石流和亚粘性泥石流的实际粒度分布关系,得出稀性泥石流以细颗粒为主,>5 mm的粗颗粒的百分比较小,大多数稀性泥石流的沉积样中这部分粗颗粒百分含量被夸大.去掉稀性泥石流沉积样中>5 mm的粗颗粒可以修正被夸大的粗颗粒比例,由此粒度分布和修正公式计算的稀性泥石流容重与实际容重吻合较好.去掉亚粘性泥石流沉积样中>20 mm的粗颗粒,可以修正亚粘性泥石流的粒度分布,由此粒度分布计算的亚粘性泥石流容重与实际容重吻合更好.     

泥石流运动流型与流态特征

泥石流的运动流型与流态是研究泥石流运动力学的重要内容。以云南东川蒋家沟泥石流运动观测为例,对阵流型、连续型、复合型三种流型及相应的流量过程特征进行了分析;借鉴水力学的流态理论,对天然沟遭中泥石流的流动状态(即层动流、波动流现象)进行了探讨分析,指出在一阵流动过程中也会出现几种不同流态特征。     

粘性泥石流体的应力应变特征和应力本构关系的研究

通过粘性泥石流体阵性流的野外观测和最新研制的泥石流流变仪应用,含有砾石的粘性泥石流体具有明显的应力过冲、触变能量、剪切稀化和双屈服应力等流变特征被得到研究。粘性泥石流应力应变的自组织临界特性分析表明,泥石流的规模与频率间存在着幂定律关系。粘性泥石流体在低速率区启动初始段,其应力本构关系可用剪切稀化的幂定理方程来描述。粘性泥石流体在剪切速率区流动剪切段的应力本构关系,应包含滑动摩擦作用的零次项和反映惯性碰撞的平方项,具有屈服应力和剪切膨胀的流变特征。     

粘性泥石流沟口回淤实验研究

泥石流在堆积区进行堆积时,常在沟口形成回淤并造成灾害.为了探讨泥石流在沟口回淤的发展过程、影响因素及其预测,开展了4组107次泥石流连续堆积和4组共21次单次堆积实验.实验结果表明,粘性泥石流在沟口回淤的发展过程中,累积回淤长度与泥石流累积总量呈线性正相关,相对累积回淤坡度与泥石流累积总量呈对数负相关,根据相对累积回淤坡度的变化将粘性泥石流沟口回淤的发展过程分为三个阶段;在泥石流总量相同的情况下,回淤长度随泥石流重度增大而呈线性增大,随堆积区坡度增大而呈线性减小,随流通区坡度增大而成对数减小.相对回淤坡度随泥石流重度的增大呈线性减小,随堆积区坡度增大而呈线性增大,随流通区坡度增大而呈线性增大;在泥石流总量不同的情况下,随泥石流总量的增大,其沟口回淤长度随之呈线性增大,而相对回淤坡度随之呈线性减小;在粘性泥石流沟口回淤发展过程及其影响因素分析的基础上,采用多元线性回归的方法,建立了粘性泥石流在连续堆积及单次堆积情况下沟口回淤的经验预测公式.     

砖砌体建筑在泥石流冲击力作用下动态响应实验

我国山地泥石流活动频繁,建筑物防护是山区城镇建设及泥石流堆积扇开发利用中必须解决的问题,有效模拟泥石流冲击力,研究建筑物在泥石流冲击力作用下的动态响应有助于防灾工程设计。以云南东川蒋家沟为研究区域,利用实际观测数据和对泥石流破坏现场调查分析的结果,对粘性泥石流冲击力进行理论模拟,研究砖砌体建筑在受到泥石流冲击力作用下的受力形式及破坏形态;在此基础上,进行了砖砌体结构墙体模型试件的破坏性实验,现场观测试件在冲击力作用下的破坏形态和历程,采集其动态位移及主振频率数据,得出结构开裂冲量。     

云南蒋家沟泥石流固体物质补给量

在长期观测资料的基础上,据泥石流沟床临界纵坡的研究值,估算泥石流固体物质总补给量;年均补给量可由多年泥石流运动观测值确定。两者可供泥石流发展趋势分析和制定防治方案时参考。     

Estimate of Ablation Rate of Glacier Ice under a Supraglacial Debris Layer

The ablation rate under a debris layer is very difficult to measure directly at debris-covered glaciers, because the surface is highly heterogeneous, and the ablation rate varies tremendously from place to place. Heat budget considerations with a debris layer on top of glacier ice suggested that 'thermal resistance' of the debris layer could be estimated from surface temperature and the heat fluxes at the debris surface, and the ablation rate of the underlying glacier ice from the thermal resistance and meteorological data. The method was tested at the Lirung Glacier in Langtang Valley, Nepal Himalayas, using the thermal band of LANDSAT satellite for estimating surface temperature distribution of the debris top surface. The amount of melt water thus estimated was compatible with the observed discharge data from the glacier basin for periods of the monsoon season in 1985 and the pre-monsoon to the monsoon season in 1996. The investigation also revealed that the amount of discharge was much larger than the amount of precipitation over the basin, and it was suggested that the melt water from the debris-covered glacier contributes significantly to the river flow as a result of the shrinkage of the glacier.     

云南滑坡泥石流灾害的气象成因与监测

根据云南滑坡泥石流灾害资料，分析了其形成环境与分布特征，给出了典型降水滑坡泥石流灾害事件，研究了滑坡泥石流灾害与气象环境的关系。云南滑坡泥石流灾害主要出现在盛夏7～8月，主要影响天气系统有切变线、冷锋、西风槽、西南涡、孟加拉湾风暴、南海西行台风和两高辐合区。诱发滑坡泥石流灾害的前期降水类型有3种，即暴雨型，中～大雨型和连阴雨型。得出了云南滑坡泥石流发生的区域临界雨量指标，提出了滑坡泥石流灾害的气象监测预警方法。     

粘性泥石流应力应变特征的初步试验研究

采用自己最新研制的泥石流流变仪，测试自然界活泥石流体的样品，发现粘性泥石流体在低速率受剪时具有应力过冲和剪切稀化等特征。这些特征的讨论和认识，为进一步深化泥石流模型理论研究奠定了基础。     

神府东胜煤田开发中人为泥石流发育现状及其分布特征

神府东胜煤田我国本世纪重要能源供应地，90年代大规模开发以来泥石流频繁发生，通过实地考察发现：神府东胜煤田泥石流规模小、同人为诱发的人为泥石流，泥石流的分布特征与人工采石场等弃土弃堆放地的分布紧密对应；泥石流呈集群式分布，与地面物质组成密切相关；泥石流主要分布在面积为1km^2以下的二级沟里。     

A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN) real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system's performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.     

Spatial distribution of supraglacial debris thickness on glaciers of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and surroundings

Debris-covered glaciers, characterized by the presence of supraglacial debris mantles in their ablation zones, are widespread in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and surroundings. For these glaciers, thin debris layers accelerate the melting of underlying ice compared to that of bare ice, while thick debris layers retard ice melting, called debris-cover effect. Knowledge about the thickness and thermal properties of debris cover on CPEC glaciers is still unclear, making it difficult to assess the regional debris-cover effect. In this study, thermal resistance of the debris layer estimated from remotely sensed data reveals that about 54.0% of CPEC glaciers are debris-covered glaciers, on which the total debris-covered area is about 5,072 km², accounting for 14.0% of the total glacier area of the study region. We find that marked difference in the extent and thickness of debris cover is apparent from region to region, as well as the debris-cover effect. 53.3% of the total debris-covered area of the study region is concentrated in Karakoram, followed by Pamir with 30.2% of the total debris-covered area. As revealed by the thermal resistance, the debris thickness is thick in Hindu Kush on average, with the mean thermal resistance of 7.0×10^-2 ((m²?K)/W), followed by Karakoram, while the thickness in western Himalaya is thin with the mean value of 2.0×10^-2 ((m²?K)/W). Our findings provide a basis for better assessments of changes in debris-covered glaciers and their associated hydrological impacts in the CPEC and surroundings.     

HOLOCENE ROCKWALL RETREAT AND THE ESTIMATION OF ROCK GLACIER AGE, PRINS KARLS FORLAND, SVALBARD

This paper presents a simple analytical model for estimating rock glacier age by coupling the ratio of frontal advance to total rock glacier length and the ratio of debris volume in the rock glacier to present debris flux in the talus cone–rock glacier transition zone. The model was applied to two rock glaciers at Prins Karls Forland, Svalbard. By assuming volumetric debris contents in the deforming layer of the rock glacier of between 0.3 and 0.4, we obtained age estimates for the rock glaciers of between 12 ka and 24 ka. The corresponding average rockwall retreat rates are between 0.30 and 0.62 mm a^‐1. Considering the limitations of the model, we suggest a minimum age of 13 ka for the initiation of rock glacier development. Using this age, rockwall retreat rates for the seven rock glaciers investigated at Prins Karls Forland are between 0.13 and 0.64 m ka^‐1 (assuming the volumetric debris content for the whole rock glacier/talus cone is 0.35). The model requires further testing on other datasets, better field estimates of the debris content and depth of the deforming layer, and could also benefit from the inclusion of an unsteady debris supply function in order to refine age estimates.     

泥石流输沙及其对山区河道的影响

泥石流能在很短时间内将大量大小混杂的固体物质输入主河,影响主河河床演变,形成灾害。在连续观测资料的基础上,对泥石流输沙的强度、级配和时空分布特征进行了分析。通过实际测量,分析了泥石流在沟道内冲淤特征以及影响泥石流冲淤特征的因素,如泥石流活动规模和局部沟道条件等。通过水槽实验,分析了泥石流与主河交汇的机理,将泥石流入汇主河的模式概括为掺混模式、潜入模式、推进模式和堵河模式,并且从能量角度阐释了汇流区的水沙交汇特征,提出了泥石流堵江的判据。最后,分析了泥石流多发区受泥石流入汇影响,主河河床在平面形态、横断面形态、纵断面形态和河型等方面的变化特征。     

A study on the early-warning technique concerning debris flow disasters

According to the principle of the eruption of debris flows, the new torrent classification techniques are brought forward. The torrent there can be divided into 4 types such as the debris flow torrent with high destructive strength, the debris flow torrent, high sand-carrying capacity flush flood torrent and common flush flood by the techniques. In this paper, the classification indices system and the quantitative rating methods are presented. Based on torrent classification, debris flow torrent hazard zone mapping techniques by which the debris flow disaster early-warning object can be ascertained accurately are identified. The key techniques of building the debris flow disaster neural network (NN)real time forecasting model are given detailed explanations in this paper, including the determination of neural node at the input layer, the output layer and the implicit layer, the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight value and so on. With this technique, the debris flow disaster real-time forecasting neural network model is built according to the rainfall features of the historical debris flow disasters, which includes multiple rain factors such as rainfall of the disaster day, the rainfall of 15 days before the disaster day, the maximal rate of rainfall in one hour and ten minutes. It can forecast the probability, critical rainfall of eruption of the debris flows, through the real-time rainfall monitoring or weather forecasting. Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping, combined with rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time forecasting models, the debris flow disaster early-warning system is built. In this system, the GIS technique, the advanced international software and hardware are applied, which makes the system′s performance steady with good expansibility. The system is a visual information system that serves management and decision-making, which can facilitate timely inspect of the variation of the torrent type and hazardous zone, the torrent management, the early-warning of disasters and the disaster reduction and prevention.