北仑河口北岸潮间带大型底栖动物生态特征及潮间带环境质量评价

调查北仑河口北岸竹山岛沿岸3条潮间带断面大型底栖动物的生态特征,共采集到大型底栖动物63种,其中软体动物29种,甲壳动物18种,多毛类12种,其他类4种。优势种为珠带拟蟹守螺(Cerithidea cingulata)、长腕和尚蟹(Mictyris longicarpus)、智利巢沙蚕(Diopatra chilienis)和艾氏活额寄居蟹(Diogenes penicillatus)。平均生物量为155.06 g/m2,平均栖息密度为343.8 ind/m2。香农-维纳多样性指数平均值为2.27,种类均匀度指数平均值为0.48,丰富度指数平均值为3.53。ABC曲线分析结果表明,3条断面的潮间带大型底栖动物均受到了中等程度的扰动。Ⅰ~Ⅲ断面的大型底栖动物污染指数(MPI值)分别为2.61、0.16和-17.08。该海域的潮间带环境受到了一定程度的人为活动干扰。     

北京北运河水系夏季底栖动物功能摄食类群与环境因子的关系

【目的】评价北京北运河水系河流生态系统状态,分析底栖动物群落与环境因子之间的相关性。【方法】2015年6月对北京地区夏季北运河水系33个样点的大型底栖动物群落结构和水环境理化因子特征进行野外调查,基于香浓维纳指数、均匀度指数、底栖动物功能摄食类群的划分以及典范对应分析等方法,分析底栖动物群落组成和空间结构特征。【结果】共鉴定出底栖动物3门23种,各采样点位平均密度为1037.35 ind/L,香浓维纳指数平均值为0.88,均匀度平均值为0.41。全区大型底栖动物共划分成5类功能摄食类群,其中刮食者物种数占绝对优势,滤食者密度占绝对优势。典范对应分析表明,夏季影响北运河底栖动物功能摄食类群的主要环境因子是水温和p H。【结论】北运河水系底栖动物群落香浓维纳指数较低,水体污染较为严重。     

流沙湾底栖贝类耐污值的研究

于2008年3月～2009年1月在流沙湾设7采样站,对底栖贝进行了6次采样调查。用Lenat耐污值估算方法对流沙湾底栖贝类耐污进行分析,建立16个分类单元(科)贝类的耐污值谱。结果表明,16个分类单元(科)的耐污值均在6.5以上,其中骨螺科、织纹螺科和汇螺科的耐污值为10.0;马蹄螺科、笔螺科和帘蛤科耐污值在9.0~9.9之间;蚶科、贻贝科、牡蛎科、樱蛤科、竹蛏科、绿螂科、牙螺科和钥孔虫戚科在8.0~8.9之间;蟹守螺科与滨螺科在6.0~7.0之间。流沙湾大多数贝类的耐污值集中于耐污值谱的高端(≥8.0),水体的环境梯度值处于较高值,说明流沙湾已处于中度到高度的污染水平。     

湛江湾大型底栖动物的群落结构和多样性特征

2010年5月,在湛江湾海域设立10个站点对大型底栖生物进行调查,分析湛江湾大型底栖生物的种类组成、生物量、栖息密度和生物多样性特征,并通过聚类(CLUSTER)和MDS排序对大型底栖生物群落进行划分。结果表明,调查海域共有底栖生物共7门112种,环节动物门、软体动物门和节肢动物门为湛江湾大型底栖生物的主要类群。生物量分布范围为0.93～98.20 g.m-2,其中软体动物门的平均生物量最高值。栖息密度分布范围为6.11～24.80 ind.m-2,其中以环节动物门(24.08 ind.m-2)和星虫动物门(22.22 ind.m-2)最高。该海域大型底栖生物群落物种较为丰富,但多样性差。根据Bray-Curtis相似性系数聚类分析和多维尺度排序分析结果,可将湛江湾大型底栖动物划分为4个群落。丰度生物量曲线(ABC)分析结果,湛江湾大型底栖生物受到严重的环境污染或者扰动,群落结构不稳定。与其他海域大型底栖生物种类数、生物量和丰度的比较分析结果,湛江湾的生物量和丰度偏低。     

胶州湾口大型底栖动物群落结构及底栖生境健康状况

【目的】运用不同生物指数分析胶州湾口海域底栖生态环境变化情况,以期为胶州湾环境保护政策制定及后续生态修复提供参考。【方法】于2016―2019年各年9月在青岛胶州湾口薛家岛海域设置12个站位进行大型底栖动物调查,分析该海域大型底栖动物栖息密度、生物量及群落结构特征,并运用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H′、海洋生物指数AMBI和多变量海洋生物指数M-AMBI评价该海域底栖生境健康状况的时空变化。【结果】2016―2019年共鉴定大型底栖动物84种,其中多毛类(39种)、甲壳类(23种)和软体动物(15种)是该海域的主要组成类群,平均栖息密度和生物量分别为130 m^-2和7.22 g/m²。多毛类寡鳃齿吻沙蚕(Micronephthys oligobranchia)、拟特须虫(Paralacydonia paradoxa)、软背鳞虫(Lepidonotus helotypus),节肢动物绒毛细足蟹(Raphidopus ciliatus)、隆线强蟹(Eucrate crenata)和头索动物青岛文昌鱼(Branchiostoma jap...     

辽河油田油泥微生物多样性分析及功能菌种筛选评价

分析辽河油田某区块不同来源油泥中微生物种类多样性、优势菌群和分布特征,探讨功能微生物在含油污染物的生物修复及提高原油采收率的应用可行性。采集辽河油田某区块3个油泥样品,利用第二代高通量测序技术测定油泥样品内微生物的16SrDNA V3-V4可变区序列,整理和统计各分类水平的微生物类群数,分析微生物的丰度、分布和多样性,以及不同位置油泥微生物多样性丰度的差异。结果表明:辽河油田某区块油泥中3组样品属水平的微生物类群数分别为51、135和213,不同来源样品中微生物种类及所占比例差异显著;优势菌群中含有多种已报道可作用原油的功能微生物,如芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和诺卡氏土壤菌属(Nocardiopsis)等;从油泥中筛选的菌株LH-03发酵液表面张力为29.3mN/m,对煤油和液体石蜡乳化层高度分别为6.1和5.7cm,经鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),与Pseudomonas aeruginosa CB-01复配使用,油泥降解实验除油率达到51.9%,石蜡降解率达到38.9%,填砂管驱油实验可在水驱基础上提高采收率12.7%。辽河油田油泥含有较丰富的微生物修复物质基础,具备通过生物刺激和强化技术实现原位生物修复的可行性。     

黄河入海口水域春季浮游动物群落特征研究

对2008、2009年黄河入海口水域春季浮游动物进行调查,采用香农-威纳多样性指数(Shannon-Weiner index)、Pielou均匀度指数和McNaugton优势度指数对其浮游动物群落特征进行分析。结果表明:浮游动物鉴定出6大类44种,以甲壳动物种类最多;2008年5月黄河入海口水域浮游动物多样性指数范围为0.92～2.65,均匀度变化范围为0.25～0.66;2009年5月浮游动物多样性指数范围为0.76～2.87,均匀度变化范围为0.21～0.70。黄河入海口水域浮游动物时空分布较不均匀,群落特征(包括丰度、多样性指数、均匀度和优势度等)在同一时期同一水域各采样点间差异较大,同一采样点不同年份差异显著。     

基于机器学习的稀疏样本下的土壤有机质估算方法

采用GRNN（Generalized Regression Neural Network）和RF（Random Forest）2种机器学习方法构建土壤有机质预测模型,以提高稀疏样本情况下的土壤有机质估算精度。依据北京市大兴区农用地2007年的土壤有机质采样数据,按MMSD准则（Minimization of the Mean of the Shortest Distances）抽稀为8种不同采样密度的样本（分别为2703、1352、676、339、169、85、43、22个样本）,分别采用GRNN、RF和Ordinary kriging对各采样密度下的未知采样点进行预测,采用交叉检验的方式验证各采样密度下未知样点的预测精度。随着采样点密度的下降,样点间的空间自相关性逐渐减弱,半变异函数的拟和精度变差,预测点结果误差增大,预测的置信度降低。当抽稀到43个和22个采样点时,样点间的空间自相关性接近歼灭,半变异函数的决定系数较低且残差较大。普通克里格受到采样点数量和采样密度、样点的空间结构的影响比较明显,其预测精度随采样点数量的下降而下降。在85个采样点及以下时,其预测值与观测值之间没有显著的相关性。GRNN和RF的预测精度受采样密度的影响不大,其预测精度在一个较小的范围内波动,其预测值围绕观测值在一定阈值空间内震荡波动,具有较好的相关性,在85个及以下的采样密度时,预测精度相对普通克里格有较大的提升。普通克里格法不适合在稀疏样本条件下空间插值计算,尤其是在空间自相关性比较弱的情况下。机器学习模型能充分学习土壤间环境信息、样点空间邻近效应信息,兼顾属性相似性和空间自相关,具有更好的稳定性和适应性,不容易受到采样点数量、构型和采样密度等因素的影响,即使在采样点空间自相关性很弱的情况下也能做出稳定预测精度。     

南京市老城区城市建筑点格局研究

城市建筑是城市形态的重要组成部分,而建筑高度对城市三维空间形态有重要的影响。目前,对城市二维形态的研究较为丰富,而对城市三维起伏形态特征及其空间分布格局方面研究较少,对城市上空利用程度及发展规律认识仍相对缺乏。本文以南京市老城区为例,基于城市数字高程模型数据,将城市建筑抽象为三维点要素,运用点格局分析法研究城市建筑三维宏观特征及建筑类型的空间分布规律。结果显示：（1）南京老城区建筑呈集聚分布,聚集性顺序是低层建筑>高层建筑>多层建筑>超高层建筑。除超高层建筑外,低层、多层和高层建筑的聚集程度,随着空间尺度先增后减,均在1.5 km尺度聚集性最大;显示1.5 km的街区单元应是城市规划管理的最适宜单元。（2）南京老城区建筑高度空间分布表现为“三高一低”,即3个高值区（新模范马路、新街口和珠江路区域）和1个低值区（集庆门区域）,它们与不同时期城市中心具有较好的对应关系;不同类型建筑与城市基准地价的相关分析显示,建筑高度的分布与城市基准地价呈现一定相关性。结果表明,点格局分析方法能有效地分析城市建筑在平面及三维的空间格局特征,进一步深化对城市形态特征的认识。     

海南文昌人工鱼礁区浮游动物群落特征与环境因子相关性

【目的】研究人工鱼礁生态区浮游动物种群分布和群落结构变化规律以及对主要环境因子响应机制。【方法】于2019年3月和9月对海南文昌人工鱼礁附近海域展开调查研究,各获取7个站位的样品数据,通过形态鉴定与Pearson相关性分析,比较浮游动物的群落特征,并探讨其季节性差异的影响因素。【结果与结论】鱼礁生态区共鉴定浮游动物48科61属79种,浮游幼体19类;春季53属65种,秋季45属53种;分为暖温带类群、暖水沿岸类群和暖水广布类群三个生态类群。优势种随季节的变化而更替,春季以鸟喙尖头溞(Penilia avirostris)和锥形宽水蚤(Temora turbinata)为主,秋季则以瘦歪水蚤(Tortanus gracilis)和肥胖箭虫(Sagitta enflata)等种类组成。浮游动物种类数、物种丰富度、丰度和生物量整体呈现为春季大于秋季,尤其是丰度、生物量呈极显著差异性(P <0.01),而多样性指数、均匀度则反之。海洋理化环境因子与浮游动物相关参数存在相关性,春季水温、NH₄-N质量浓度为主要环境限制因子,与丰度、均匀度和多样性指数存在显著负相关性(...     

A comparative study of fish community in four main estuaries of China southeastern coastal areas and their adjacent waters

Based on literature and survery data of fish composition collected by bottom trawl investigation from 2006 to 2007 infour main estuaries of China southeastern coastal areas and their adjacent waters,changes of the taxonomic diversity across spatialand temporal scales of fish community were analyzed by taxonomic diversity indices.The results are as follows:a total number of1397 fish species(including some freshwater species),belonging to 2 classes,42 orders,186 families and 593 genera,were collected inthe studied sea areas.The species richness increased with lower latitudes,particularly so with Perciformes.There were 339 fish spe-cies in the Yangtze River Estuary and adjacent waters,belonging to 2 classes,31 orders,101 families and 231 genera.There were 535fish species in the Minjiang River Estuary and adjacent waters,belonging to 2 classes,33 orders,133 families and 323 genera.A totalnumber of 803 fish species were collected in the Jiulongjiang River Estuary and adjacent waters,which belonged to 2 classes,35 orders,155 families and 419 genera.And 1021 fish species which belonged to 2 classes,32 orders,153 families,and 466 genera were collectedin the Pearl River Estuary and adjacent waters.The numbers of orders and families of fish species from the northern to the southern wa-ters first increased and then decreased.The average variation in taxonomic distinctness(Λ+)gradually decreased with lower latitudes inthe four estuaries and adjacent waters.There were no significant differences in the average taxonomic distinctness(△+)among the fourestuaries and adjacent waters,and fish fauna were closely related with each other,and all of them belonged to the same zoogeographicalfauna(Indian-Malaysia fauna).Fish composition in the Minjiang River Estuary and adjacent waters was more similar to that in the Jiu-longjiang River Estuary and adjacent waters among the four estuaries.Compared with the historical data,the average taxonomic dis-tinctness of fish community showed a great decrease in the Minjiang River Estuary and the Jiulongjiang River Estuary and their adjacentwaters.     

The environmental implication of diatom fossils in the surface sediment of the Changjiang River estuary(CRE) and its adjacent area

In order to depict the distribution of diatom fossils in surface sediments and to establish a reliable reference data for further paleoenvironmental study in the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary and its adjacent waters, the diatom fossils from 34 surface sediment samples and their relationship with environmental variables were analyzed by principal component analysis and redundancy correspondence analysis. The diversity and abundance of diatom fossils were analyzed. Some annual average parameters of the overlying water(salinity, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, depth, dissolved inorganic nitrogen,dissolved inorganic phosphate and dissolved inorganic silicate) were measured at each sampling site. A total of 113 diatom taxa and one silicoflagellate species were identified in the investigation area. Diatom fossils were better preserved in fine sediments. The absolute abundance of diatom fossils did not significantly dif fer between inshore and of fshore areas, the species diversity decreased from inshore to of fshore. This may be because high nutrients and low salinity promoted the growth of more brackish species in coastal waters. The diatom taxa were divided into three groups, on the basis of their response and indication to environmental changes. For example, Actinocyclus ehrenbergii and Cyclotella stylorum were dominant in coastal waters(Group 1 and Group 3) with high nutrients and low salinity; the relative abundances of Paralia sulcata and Podosira stelliger were significantly higher in of fshore sites(Group 2, average 39.5%),which were characterized by high salinity and deep water. Four environmental variables(salinity, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, temperature and water depth) explained the composition and distribution of diatom taxa independently( P 0.05), this finding can be applied in further paleoenvironmental reconstruction research in this area.     

Fish assemblage structure in the hypoxic zone in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary and its adjacent waters

Fish assemblage structure in the hypoxic zone in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary and its adjacent waters were analyzed based on data from bottom trawl surveys conducted on the R/V Beidou in June, August and October 2006. Four fish assemblages were identified in each survey using two-way indicator species analysis (TWIA). High fish biomass was found in the northern part, central part and coastal waters of the survey area; in contrast, high fish diversity was found in the southern part of the survey area and the Changjiang estuary outer waters. Therefore, it is difficult to maintain high fishery production when high fish diversity is evenly distributed in the fish community. Fish became smaller and fish size spectra tended to be narrower because of fish species variations and differences in growth characteristics. Fish diversity increased, the age to maturity was reduced and some migrant species were not collected in the surveys. Fish with low economic value, small size, simple age structure and low tropic level were predominant in fish assemblages in the Changjiang estuary and its adjacent waters. The lowest hypoxic value decreased in the Changjiang estuary and its adjacent waters.     

DEM分辨率与平均坡度的关系分析

由DEM提取坡度时,DEM分辨率的变化会造成局部栅格提取的坡度数值的变化,其变化规律对于深刻理解平均坡度,随DEM分辨率的变化而变化的规律具有现实意义。在黄土高原的研究中,选择了8个典型地貌类型的样区,获得了以1:10 000比例尺地形图为数据源的DEM(分辨率为5 m)。从DEM分辨率对栅格坡度影响规律的分析中,得到如下结论:(1)随着DEM分辨率粗略化,所提取的坡度平均值有可能升高;(2)在所有样区,随DEM分辨率粗略化,负误差的栅格均是正误差的栅格数量的1.13倍以上,保持负误差的栅格是保持正误差的栅格数量的1.81-4.04倍,同时坡度的负误差均值是正误差均值变化幅度的3.1倍以上;(3)结合结论(2)和本文提出的指标,可准确地解释8个样区中坡度平均值随DEM分辨率变化而变化的规律;(4)DEM的分辨率对正负误差的栅格数量没有明显影响,正误差(或负误差)栅格均集中于个别坡度的分级区间,而DEM分辨率对此集中的区间没有明显影响;(5)坡度总体误差可根据本研究所提出的经验公式由DEM分辨率和分辨率为5 m的DEM所提取坡度的平均值计算出来。     

福州市城市不透水面景观指数与城市热环境关系分析

城市化致使城市环境问题的产生,城市热环境问题就是其中之一。本文从不透水面方面研究对城市热环境的影响。根据福州市1989年和2001年LandsatTM/ETM+遥感影像数据,利用线性光谱分解法提取两时相不透水面信息,并离散化分级为中低、中、中高、高密度区4个区域,分别计算这4个区域的地表温度(LST)、归一化植被指数(NDVI),并进行相关性分析;根据阈值法和范围法分别计算不透水面的PD、AI、LPI等景观指数,结果表明:两时段内不透水面的面积有所增加,在高密度区增加明显;不透水面与地表温度的呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.66和0.71;不透水面景观指数对FISA敏感,景观指数整体的变化趋势与地表温度的变化趋势相一致,FISA值越大,温度越高,且各斑块的形状越来越复杂,空间的连续性越强;聚集度越高,人类活动也越强。     

Macrobenthic community structure and species composition in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea in jellyfish bloom

To understand the characteristics of macrobenthic structures and the relationship between environment and benthic assemblages in jellyfish bloom, we studied the macrobenthos and related environmental factors in the coastal waters of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Data were collected during two seasonal cruises in April and August of 2011, and analyzed with multivariate statistical methods. Up to 306 macrobenthic species were registered from the research areas, including 115 species of Polychaeta, 78 of Crustacea, 61 of Mollusca, 30 of Echinodermata, and 22 of other groups. Nine polychaete species occurred at frequencies higher than 25% from the sampling stations： Lumbrineris longifolia, Notomastus latericeus, Nin6e palmata, Ophelina acuminata, Nephtys oligobranchia, Onuphis geophiliformis, Glycera chirori, Terebellides stroemii, and Aricidea fragilis. Both the average biomass and abundance of macrobenthos are higher in August （23.8 g/m^2 and 237.7 ind./m^2） than those in April （11.3 g/m^2 and 128 ind./m^2）; the dissimilarity ofmacrobenthic structures among stations is as high as 70%. In terms of the dissimilarity values, we divided the stations into four clusters in spring and eight in summer. The ABC curve shows that the macrofauna communities in high jellyfish abundance were not changed. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that depth, temperature, median grain size, total organic carbon of sediment and total nitrogen in sediment were important factors affecting the macrozoobenthic community in the study area.     

Summertime community structure of intertidal macrobenthos in Changdao Archipelago,Shandong Province,China

The community structure of intertidal macrobenthos in Changdao Archipelago(north of Shandong Peninsula,between Bohai Bay and the northern Yellow Sea) was examined based on samples collected from 14 stations in five transects in June 2007.Three stations corresponding to high,medium and low tidal areas were set up for each transect.A total of 68 macrobenthic species were found in the research region,most of which belonged to Mollusca and Crustacea.The average abundance and biomass of the macrobenthos was 1 38...     

空间抽样的理论方法与应用分析——以厦门岛问卷调查为例

在社会问卷调查中,面临调查样本点如何布局的问题,传统的空间抽样理论主要针对单目标抽样,而社会调查问卷往往涉及到多个调查目标,并且可能是类别数据,例如涉及到被调查对象的年龄、受教育程度等,因此需要在传统的抽样方法上进行适当的改进。本文从多目标空间变异的思想出发,针对社会多目标抽样调查,利用三明治空间抽样模型软件,以厦门岛住区问卷调查的需求为目标,平衡抽样精度和抽样成本,采用简单随机抽样、空间分层抽样和三明治空间抽样方法进行抽样。通过对比分析,结果表明:(1)先验知识不丰富的情况下,简单随机抽样的结果较合理,当有足够先验知识的情况下,进行空间分层抽样能使抽样的样点更具有代表性,提高抽样的精度。(2)空间抽样样点的分布主要与分层相关,分层等级越高,也就是复杂程度越高的区域分布的样点也就越多。(3)通过综合因素分层抽样和专家分层抽样的对比,分层的合理与否,与抽样结果的合理与否有直接的关联,在抽样过程中对分层的把握非常重要。本研究的目的是为厦门岛住区问卷调查选点提供依据,同时,通过复杂程度来描述各个区域的差异,也为建立多目标空间抽样模型提供了思路。     

DEM地形描述误差(Et)计算模型研究

论文依据DEM地形描述误差（简称Et）的产生机理,在分析现有Et计算模型的基础上,研究建立了顾及DEM格网布设位置的新型Et计算模型,同时以1:5万黄土丘陵地形为例,采用对比分析法揭示了DEM高程插值模型对Et计算结果准确性的影响。实验测试表明：（1）模型能有效地解算出Et的标准差、平均值、最大值、最小值等指标,准确展示出Et的空间分布特征,有助于实现DEM地形描述质量与应用不确定性的分区评价;（2）与双线性、三次卷积、局部二次多项式等常用DEM插值模型相比,以4×4 DEM格网单元为搜索圆的完全规则样条函数插值模型所重构的DEM地表形态,能更为理想地反映Et的量值大小和空间分布。