河北省古马铁矿深孔岩心钻探施工技术

河北省滦县古马铁矿矿区地层复杂,钻探存在坚硬打滑、漏失严重、构造发育（局部断层）的现象,在总结以往钻探施工经验的基础上,提出了千米以深钻孔复杂地层的钻探施工技术措施和钻探施工质量保证措施。从钻孔结构、冲洗液选取、钻探设备、钻具配置等方面入手,提出了解决坚硬“打滑”、破碎漏失及坍塌掉块地层的处理方法,优化了钻孔施工环境和广谱护壁剂、防塌堵漏剂以及聚丙烯酰胺冲洗液的配置,改善了复杂地层的深孔钻进环境,提高了钻探生产效率,保证了钻孔安全终孔。     

小口径膨胀波纹管技术在若尔盖铀矿区的应用

地层漏失一直是钻探施工的技术难题,寻找有效、快速解决不同工况下漏失问题技术方法一直是若尔盖铀矿区钻探技术工作的重点。在ZK4-5钻孔施工中钻遇大漏失地层,钻具多次空放,水泥堵漏收效甚微,在钻孔结构受限制的情况下,采用了小口径膨胀波纹管技术,应对大漏失地层取得了较好的效果,解决了该孔空放漏失段的漏失问题,为矿区解决大漏失等复杂地层技术难题提供了可靠的技术支持。     

漏失地层沥青堵漏的工艺实践

安徽铜陵铜金多金属矿集区在以往的钻探生产中施工难度大,溶洞、裂隙发育,导致钻孔施工中冲洗液漏失严重,施工周期长,成本高。通过配制沥青球对ZK6616孔冲洗液漏失的灰岩及大理岩裂隙地层进行堵漏,取得了良好的效果,降低了冲洗液的消耗,提高了钻探效率。与此同时,对采用常规堵漏手段无法封堵的漏失地层,也有着良好的借鉴作用,沥青堵漏的研究对漏失地层钻探施工有着重要的意义。     

新疆阿舍勒铜矿深孔钻探施工技术

分析了新疆阿舍勒矿区地层特点,从钻孔结构及钻具级配、钻探设备选择、钻进工艺技术、护壁堵漏技术及钻孔控斜技术等几方面总结了在阿舍勒矿区进行深孔钻探施工的技术经验,并针对矿区钻探施工中存在的地层复杂破碎、钻孔漏失、地层促斜严重等问题,提出了应对的技术措施。     

司家营（南）区大贾庄铁矿复杂地层深孔钻探技术

总结了滦县司家营（南区）铁矿大贾庄矿段复杂地层深孔钻探施工技术经验,着重分析了厚覆盖层和破碎漏失、坚硬＂打滑＂地层的钻进方法,同时介绍了保证复杂地层岩心采取率及控制钻孔弯曲超差偏离勘探线的技术措施。通过大贾庄矿段深部钻探施工,提出了千米以深钻孔复杂地层的钻探施工技术措施和保证钻探施工质量应注意的事项及措施。     

煤田钻孔漏水防治工艺技术

钻探施工中出现冲洗液漏失,是无效耗资的孔内事故,而且延误勘探速度。因此防治钻孔冲洗液漏失是降低勘探成本、提高生产效率、缩短勘探周期的有效技术措施。钻孔漏失的客观因素是遇到漏失层,主观因素是钻进工艺问题。煤田钻探常遇到的漏失层有未胶结和胶结不好的第三纪、第四纪地层、风积层、洪积     

新疆阿舍勒铜矿ZK2102孔钻探施工技术

新疆哈巴河县阿舍勒矿区地层构造复杂破碎、蚀变强烈以及地层促斜严重,深部钻探施工难度较大。通过对钻探施工中的难点进行分析,总结了本地区钻探施工技术经验,针对钻探施工中存在的地层复杂破碎、钻孔漏失、地层促斜严重等问题,提出了应对的技术措施和钻探施工工艺。顺利完成了钻探任务,取得了可喜的钻探成果,为将来进行深孔施工积累了丰富经验。     

YPS-1型钻孔堵漏片的应用效果

我队钻探施工的彭山矿区,主要地层岩性为炭质页岩,粉砂质页岩等。区内断裂带及裂隙构造极为发育,层间破碎带也极为常见。钻探施工过程中,冲洗液沿裂隙带及层间破碎带漏失,严重漏失钻孔达80%以上。为解决这个生产难题,我们应用YPS-1型钻孔     

用泡沫洗井技术钻探萤石矿

金家萤石矿，由于地层裂隙发育，在钻探施工中钻孔全孔漏失；孔壁掉块坍塌；岩心采取率低以至钻孔报废；基于钻探质量满足不了地质要求，被迫中途停止施工。现采用泡沫洗井技术，解决了钻探生产中的采心、供水、施工难等问题。     

安溪黄厝坪铁矿区复杂地层钻孔护壁堵漏实践

福建省安溪县黄厝坪铁矿区地层复杂,设计钻孔2个。01孔钻探中遇多孔段漏失,反复采用多种堵漏方法顺利终孔,但严重影响了钻探效率。经过总结经验和教训,在02孔施工中,对护壁堵漏措施进行了完善,较好地解决了钻进漏失问题,取得了良好的效果。介绍了2个钻孔的护壁堵漏过程,总结了在破碎漏失严重地层的堵漏对策以及堵漏方法的选择经验。     

Evolution of the European Cenozoic Rift System: interaction of the Alpine and Pyrenean orogens with their foreland lithosphere

The evolution of the European Cenozoic Rift System (ECRIS) and the Alpine orogen is discussed on the base of a set of palaeotectonic maps and two retro-deformed lithospheric transects which extend across the Western and Central Alps and the Massif Central and the Rhenish Massif, respectively.During the Paleocene, compressional stresses exerted on continental Europe by the evolving Alps and Pyrenees caused lithospheric buckling and basin inversion up to 1700 km to the north of the Alpine and Pyrenean deformation fronts. This deformation was accompanied by the injection of melilite dykes, reflecting a plume-related increase in the temperature of the asthenosphere beneath the European foreland. At the Paleocene–Eocene transition, compressional stresses relaxed in the Alpine foreland, whereas collisional interaction of the Pyrenees with their foreland persisted. In the Alps, major Eocene north-directed lithospheric shortening was followed by mid-Eocene slab- and thrust-loaded subsidence of the Dauphinois and Helvetic shelves. During the late Eocene, north-directed compressional intraplate stresses originating in the Alpine and Pyrenean collision zones built up and activated ECRIS.At the Eocene–Oligocene transition, the subducted Central Alpine slab was detached, whereas the West-Alpine slab remained attached to the lithosphere. Subsequently, the Alpine orogenic wedge converged northwestward with its foreland. The Oligocene main rifting phase of ECRIS was controlled by north-directed compressional stresses originating in the Pyrenean and Alpine collision zones.Following early Miocene termination of crustal shortening in the Pyrenees and opening of the oceanic Provençal Basin, the evolution of ECRIS was exclusively controlled by west- and northwest-directed compressional stresses emanating from the Alps during imbrication of their external massifs. Whereas the grabens of the Massif Central and the Rhône Valley became inactive during the early Miocene, the Rhine Rift System remained active until the present. Lithospheric folding controlled mid-Miocene and Pliocene uplift of the Vosges-Black Forest Arch. Progressive uplift of the Rhenish Massif and Massif Central is mainly attributed to plume-related thermal thinning of the mantle-lithosphere.ECRIS evolved by passive rifting in response to the build-up of Pyrenean and Alpine collision-related compressional intraplate stresses. Mantle-plume-type upwelling of the asthenosphere caused thermal weakening of the foreland lithosphere, rendering it prone to deformation.     

岩溶地区现代土壤与洞穴石笋中单甲基支链烷烃与烷基环己烷对比研究

利用GC-MS（气相色谱—质谱仪）,对采自湖北清江流域和尚洞洞顶的土壤样品与洞内石笋样品进行分析,发现土壤中存在的七个系列单甲基支链烷烃在所有的石笋样品中均可以找到,呈现相似的分布模式,石笋中七个系列支链烷烃有可能来自洞穴滴水携带的土壤中的支链烷烃,但是也不能排除石笋原地生长的微生物的贡献。烷基环己烷的分布在土壤与石笋中呈现了相似的分布模式,但是主峰碳数有所变化,高碳数部分与低碳数部分的相对含量也发生了变化。主要原因可能是微生物选择性降解的结果,也有可能是土壤与石笋中微生物种类分布差异所造成的。本次研究初步显示了相对封闭稳定的洞穴沉积物与上覆土壤层中生物标志化合物的异同。      

中国中新元古代重要沉积地质事件及其意义

地球曾经历了3次超大陆演化过程,其中2次超大陆(哥伦比亚(Columbia)和罗迪尼亚(Rodinia))旋回涉及中新元古代,并与一系列区域性事件相联系,形成了多成因的超大陆演化模型。华北中东部新元古代沉积事件、扬子和塔里木新元古代裂谷事件、雪球事件等都被视为Rodinia超大陆的裂解响应,它们对定时三大陆块相互关系及定位其在全球超大陆的位置具有至关重要的作用,也反映了重要沉积地质事件在超大陆研究中不可或缺的作用和意义。此外,在中新元古代的Columbia和Rodinia超大陆演化过程中,还伴随发育具有广泛区域性甚至全球意义的巨厚白云岩与碳酸盐岩微生物(岩)、红层与黑色页岩、全球性臼齿亮晶碳酸盐岩和埃迪卡拉纪盖帽碳酸盐岩等沉积事件群及元素(同位素)漂移等地球化学异常事件,也包括特殊且重要的磷块岩、锰、铁矿等沉积成矿事件。由于不断显示出来在全球古大陆重建和古地理恢复方面的重要作用,它们越来越得到学术界的广泛关注和研究。文中通过系统分析中国中新元古代超大陆旋回演化中发育的部分重要或关键地质事件(群)时空发育与分布特征,并结合作者团队的实际资料和测试数据,以期揭示超大陆演化过程与重要沉积地质事件的内在联系,为超大陆聚散旋回演化和时空定位及原型沉积盆地的发育和评价提供科学证据。     

冻融红砂岩损伤演化多尺度分析

以红砂岩为研究对象,进行冻融循环、CT扫描及力学特性试验,采用图像处理技术结合遗传算法寻优模型实现了0、5、10、20、40 次冻融循环后 CT 扫描图像的去噪、增强、分割及三维重构处理,通过对同一对象跨尺度的损伤识别与对比研究,建立了基于细观损伤的弹性模量劣化预测公式,并从材料细观结构的物理本质诠释了冻融红砂岩宏观力学行为。结果表明：基于图像最大熵值的遗传算法能够快速精确地选取阈值进行图像分割,实现对岩石细观结构中基质和缺陷的识别;随着冻融次数增加,岩石孔隙率上升、孔隙分维下降,细观尺度上呈现出孔隙扩展、数量增多,但结构复杂程度下降的演化行为;传统方法以有效承载面积、弹性模量为度量基准定义的宏、细观损伤变量未能全面考虑损伤物理机制和材料内部结构信息,宏细观损伤演化曲线差异较大;基于2种物理机制定义细观损伤变量和考虑岩石天然损伤定义宏观损伤变量,实现了损伤的宏-细观结合。最后通过冻融循环过程中细观结构演化与宏观力学响应之间的关系,提出了弹性模量劣化预测公式,并分析冻融砂岩孔隙大小及孔隙结构形态变化在损伤过程中占据的不同主导作用,根据细观结构的物理机制解释宏观砂岩冻融破坏的力学机制。     

中国奥陶系和下志留统下部年代地层单位的划分

十多年来全球和我国奥陶系和下志留统下部年代地层研究取得很大进展 ,在前人所积累的大量成果和资料的基础上 ,结合近年来的研究 ,厘定了我国奥陶系和下志留统下部年代地层单位系统 ,建议分别以吉林浑江大阳岔 (或江西武宁或湖北宜昌黄花场 )、湖北宜昌黄花场、浙江常山黄泥塘、新疆柯坪大湾沟和湖北远安苟家垭剖面为界线层型 ,将中国奥陶系自下而上划分为 :新厂阶 (或特马豆克阶 )、道保湾阶、大湾阶、达瑞维尔阶、艾家山阶和钱塘江阶。为了客观反应我国奥陶系的特点 ,同时便于与全球年代地层单位界线对比 ,建议将上述各个阶底界的的界线依次划在 R.taojiangensis( =R.praeparabola) / H .simplex、 O.communis、 B.triangularis/ T.laevis、 U.austrodentatus、 N .gracilis和 N ankinolithus带的底部 ;中下奥陶统和中上奥陶统之间的界线分别定在道保湾阶 /大湾阶和达瑞维尔阶 /艾家山阶之间。建议下志留统最下部两个年代地层单位——龙马溪阶和大中坝阶——以湖北宜昌王家湾剖面为界线层型 ,分别以 A.ascensus和 D .triangulatus的首现为划分标志。对每一个阶的命名、含义、界线层型剖面的岩性特征、界线划分的生物标志、与全球相关年代地层单位层型和点 ( GSSP)的对比 ,以及与过去曾经建议或使用过?     

青藏铁路冻土区遮挡式路基结构安全可靠性预测分析

冻土区路基的安全可靠性取决于路基地温场特征和路基面抗自然侵蚀特征。在路基基床上部修筑遮阳棚和在边坡上修筑遮阳板既可阻挡太阳对路基面和路基边坡的直接辐射,改变路基地温场形态,降低土层温度,又可防止降水渗入路基或降雪覆盖路面。这对防止冻土退化,提高冻土区铁路路基安全可靠性是一种非常有效而又简单易行的工程措施。本文以青藏铁路冻土区遮挡式路基结构路基表面温度数据和该地段气象资料为基础,运用带有相变的一维热传导方程模拟分析了青藏铁路长期运营过程中遮挡式路基结构对冻土区路基人为上限的抬升效果及对路基稳定性的影响,认为遮挡式路基结构是一种安全可靠的冻土区路基工程结构形式,同时也是未来铁路运营过程整治路基病害的一种有效工程措施。     

Quality and durability assessments of the armourstones for two rubble mound breakwaters (Mersin,Turkey)

Due to economic reasons, natural stones (armourstones) of various sizes and qualities are very frequently used for the constructions of the breakwaters to protect coastal engineering structures from wave actions. Deterioration of the armourstones with time in the form of abrasion and disintegration may end up with the damage of the structures. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the long-term performance and quality of the armourstones, which should be sound and durable. Mersin and Kumkuyu harbours were constructed using four different limestones obtained from two quarries. The limestones have different characters and site performances. In this study, the material and mass properties of the limestones taken from the quarries with known site performances as armourstones are investigated. The site performances and durability of the limestones are compared with the field measurements and laboratory works. Thus, the information obtained is used to assess long-term durability of the armourstones. The long-term performance of the Degirmencayi and Tirtar upper level limestones are observed to be good whereas it is rather poor for the Tirtar middle and lower level limestones. Comparison between the predicted and observed durabilities of the armourstones indicated that CIRIA/CUR, RDI_d, RERS, and wet to dry strength ratio give better results based on their field performances. However, the prediction of the durability of the limestones is poor in case RDIs, average pore diameter, and saturation coefficient are used.     

Estuarine deposition of a mid-Viséan tetrapod unit,Ducabrook Formation,central Queensland: implications for tetrapod dispersal

At Ducabrook property, central Queensland, the mid-Viséan Ducabrook Formation has yielded a diverse vertebrate fauna (fish and one tetrapod taxon) from a thin unit among siltstone interbedded with sandstone, minor oolitic limestone and conglomerate. Five lithofacies can be distinguished: the Oolitic Facies, distinguished by oolitic limestone and straight parallel ripple crests; the Sandy Facies, composed of plane-laminated and current-rippled sandstones; the Conglomeratic Facies, represented by pebble conglomerate displaying planar cross-bedded megaripples; the Silty Facies of siltstone with abundant calcrete nodules or sand/silt/clay interlaminations; and the Lime-Flake Facies, characterised by abundant locally derived lime flakes. The last includes the fossiliferous tetrapod unit. The Oolitic Facies was deposited in the inner (proximal) and outer (distal) zones of an estuary, based on identification of tidal sedimentary structures (e.g. mud drapes) and estuarine oolitic fabrics; the Lime-Flake Facies and Silty Facies were deposited in the estuary and lower reaches of a river and its surrounds; and the Sandy and Conglomeratic Facies represent braid-river deposits. Overall, the sequence represents intermittent deposition throughout an estuary, both within the tidal channel and the surrounding tidal flats, with additional deposition from the feeder river. The tetrapod unit, from the Lime-Flake Facies, represents a twin-peaked storm-induced flood event onto the tidal channel floor. The vertebrate bones have a shared taphonomic history and have undergone only local transport. The tetrapod and fish were spatially and temporally concurrent, probably in a shallow tidally influenced proximal estuarine habitat experiencing monsoonal conditions. Estuarine adaptations of these vertebrate taxa can explain migration along shallow-water continental shelves between the supercontinents during the Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous.     

从第三极到北极： 气候与冰冻圈变化及其影响

第三极和北极地区对于区域和全球环境、 社会经济以及国家战略的重要性日益凸现。通过对第三极和北极气候与冰冻圈研究的现状、 趋势进行梳理总结, 为未来的系统研究提供借鉴。结果显示, 第三极和北极气候系统与冰冻圈正在发生显著变化并预计将持续下去。第三极和北极地区气温在以全球平均升温速度两倍的速率变暖, 且在20世纪70年代以来, 变化总体趋势高度一致; 降水变化总体呈增加趋势, 但变率和不确定性较大; 极端事件（尤其是极端降水）的频率增加; 积雪范围总体上呈现减少趋势, 雪水当量、 积雪天数的变化存在区域和周期性差异; 多年冻土温度升高, 活动层厚度增加, 亦呈现较大的区域差异。这些变化不仅对生态、 水文、 碳循环产生重要影响, 而且对基础设施、 社会经济以及人类健康产生不可忽视的影响, 包括重金属污染、 食品安全等。气候及冰冻圈快速变化会通过反照率反馈、 水汽反馈等机制被放大, 并通过一系列大气及海洋环流过程, 对周边乃至全球气候系统产生广泛影响。目前第三极和北极研究中面临的重要共同问题包括极度稀疏的地面观测资料、 模型物理机制和精细化描述不足以及缺少与周边地区乃至全球系统关联的量化研究和可靠证据。这些问题的解决都需要依赖地面监测网络的扩展以及对冰冻圈和气候系统物理过程理解的提升。从第三极到北极, 不仅是研究视角的扩大, 更是全面理解第三极和北极在地球系统中作用的必经之路。     

Exhalative Lead-Zinc Deposits in Shallow Sea, Southern Xicheng Belt, Gansu Province

SEDEX-type lead-zinc deposits in the southern belt of the Xicheng Devonian basin, Gansu Province has been already identified. However, the sedimentary environment of the limestone and philite of the Xihanshui Group within which the lead-zinc deposits occur is littoral and shallow sea. This is different from those in the northern belt such as the Changba-Lijiagou lead-zinc deposits, which were formed in deep sea. The reef and bioclastic limestone are widespread in the southern belt. Particularly they are associated with lead-zinc ores and there are no striae and banding but massive or disseminated structures. It is discovered that the black chimney consists of sphalerite, ankerite, pyrite and galena, in which black, coarse and radial sphalerite occurs as irregularly veins or cylindricality with a width of 10-40 cm in the center, and it is surround by fine ankerite and minor celestite with ribbon structure. The immediate wall rock of the chimney, reef limestone, was unaltered and the outside reef and bioclastic limestone were intensively silicified. Those silicified reef and bioclastic limestone host disseminated lead-zinc ores of the Luoba and Bijiashan type. It is concluded that the exhalative system occurred in a shallow sea in the Givetian of the middle Devonian. Brine is boiled due to low pressure, and a great deal of lead and zinc was dispersed in the interface between the limestone and phyllite and formed a source bed. In the Triassic period, meta-hydrothermal fluids leached and extracted metals from the source bed, and then moved and mineralized in open space such as arches and inverse limbs of anticlines, and formed massive and vein ores such as the Jianyagou and Dengjiashan type deposits.