渗浸花岗岩的识别标志

渗浸花岗岩的识别标志赫英（西北大学地质系，西安７１００６９）关键词岩浆后期，亚固相，熔体－溶液，渗浸花岗岩一般认为，岩浆花岗岩在其形成的最后阶段，可能直接由岩浆中结晶，也可能团结后遭受岩浆期后热液交代而形成“变花岗岩”。笔者注意到还有第三种情况，即一...     

沉积后过程对冰川渗浸带雪坑化学剖面的影响

通过乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川西支典型渗浸带内同一位置先后获取的一个3．0m和一个2．3m雪坑化学剖面的比较，发现沉积后过程不仅能够改变雪层的原始峰谷位置，且能导致不同种类化学记录间的位相差异，在利用高消融地区冰芯记录进行古气候和古环境恢复时，有必要排除沉积后 作用对雪层原始化学记录的干扰作用。     

渗流量微电脑测量仪

一、概述近年来,电子计算机在水文上的应用越来越普遍,出现了一些以计算机为核心的流量数据自动采集装置。但是,这些装置一般只适用于大流量的观测,对于某些水工建筑物的渗流量,基本上还是采用人工观测的方法,劳动强     

740铀矿床矿石溶浸实验研究

７４０铀矿石（Ｉ号）为易浸的砂砾岩型的铀矿石，为探索对其地浸的可行性，笔者从铀矿石水冶性质的角度，进行了溶浸条件实验和小型模拟场的溶浸试验，取得了一些进展，为进一步溶浸研究提供了一个方面的依据。     

尾矿库排渗工程技术方法

为消除或减少尾矿库的安全风险,重要措施就是降低尾矿库坝体内的浸润线,而排渗工程技术方法是其主要手段。本文结合部分岩土工程技术在尾矿库排渗工程中的运用,并通过多项工程实践,系统讨论与总结尾矿库排渗工程技术方法中的盲沟排渗法、水平孔排渗法、辐射井排渗法、井点管抽水法、其它联合排渗措施的原理特点、施工方法与质量控制要点。     

国内外铀矿地浸采矿发展现状及可地浸铀矿找矿

本文介绍了近年来国内外用地浸方法采铀和寻找可地浸铀矿事业蓬勃发展概况，重点阐述了使地浸采矿应用范围进一步扩大、经济效益得到提高的各种强化地浸过程的措施，文中还依据国外最新有关水成铀矿床的成矿特点，成矿机制的文献，着重介绍了岩石中碳物质的氧化改造作用以及油气藏与铀矿化形成之间的联系的新认识，并对沉积盆地中水的渗入和渗出两种机制及其在矿专属性的研究成果作了简述。文中依据水成铀矿成矿特点指出了一些普查标     

基于原位渗气试验的黄土潜蚀地层渗气率研究

利用改进的渗气仪器对不同地区原位马兰黄土地层及原状马兰黄土试样的渗气率进行了测量。通过新研制的原位渗气率试验装置和已有成熟经验的室内原状黄土试样渗气率试验装置的渗气率测定结果进行对比,对原位渗气率试验结果的可靠性进行了验证;结合两种渗气率试验方法所得的结果综合分析了颗粒粒径、孔隙比、含水率等因素对马兰黄土渗气率的影响规律及其机理;通过原位渗气率试验分析了湿陷裂缝（隙）和潜蚀洞穴对黄土地层渗气率的影响规律及其机理。结果表明:原状黄土试样室内渗气试验与黄土地层原位渗气试验获得的结果基本一致,黄土地层原位渗气率试验结果是可靠的。原位试验因能够最大程度上避免试样取样、运输及室内制样等过程的扰动影响而结果更为精确,且能较好地反映黄土地层的真实情况,室内渗气率试验只适合均匀、无明显节理裂缝（隙）的黄土试样。两种渗气率试验结果均表明:马兰黄土粗颗粒愈多级配愈差渗气率愈大,反之渗气率则愈小;同一地点随深度增加、孔隙比减小、含水率增大,渗气率呈现减小的趋势。潜蚀黄土场地湿陷裂缝（隙）和潜蚀洞穴附近黄土地层因受裂缝（隙）和洞穴扰动,渗气率明显偏大,而远离湿陷裂缝（隙）和潜蚀洞穴的黄土地层渗气率基本接近于非洞穴裂缝（隙）分布区黄土渗气率平均值。原位渗气率测量结果精确,测量过程快速便捷,该方法在评价黄土地层渗透性乃至评价黄土地层结构缺陷（如隐伏节理裂隙、潜蚀洞穴的发育程度）等方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

地浸钻孔技术

１钻孔设备为浸出铀而使用的钻孔设备由注入孔、生产孔和监测孔组成,称为组合（图１）注入孔和生产孔应根据矿体情况排列,以达到最有效地回收铀为目的。主要排列方式有５点４角排列、７点６角排列和线性排列。注入孔和生产孔一直钻到矿体底部,置入聚氯乙烯或玻璃纤维套...     

生物制剂浸金试验研究

生物制剂浸金试验结果表明，生物浸金制剂对氧化型金矿金的浸出率大于９５％，对经过细菌预氧化的难浸金精矿金的浸出度与氰化法相同。     

融雪入渗条件下边坡渗流计算及稳定性分析

本文利用饱和非饱和渗流有限元方法,参考积雪厚度、温度变化与融雪入渗关系统计资料,对积雪深度、气温变化以及坡度等不同条件进行了边坡融雪入渗渗流计算及稳定性分析。本文条件下计算结果表明:同一坡度下融雪入渗系数和坡面一定范围内的含水量及压力水头随积雪深度增加而增加,积雪深度达1.0m时,融雪入渗垂直影响范围为30.0m,边坡暂态饱和水位升高13m;相同积雪深度条件下,坡度越大,融雪入渗系数越小,坡内压力水头及含水量变化越小,30°边坡融雪入渗垂直影响范围最大为30.0m;同一积雪深度和坡度下,融雪入渗系数及坡面附近压力水头均与气温变化幅度呈正相关关系。根据极限平衡计算,边坡的稳定系数随着融雪过程的持续而降低,积雪深度、边坡坡度或温度变化越大,安全系数降低幅度越大;其中,坡度因子对边坡安全系数的影响最为显著,60°边坡受融雪影响安全系数降幅达9.7%。     

1962-2014年秦岭主峰太白山地区积雪变化特征及其成因分析

利用太白气象站1962-2014年地面积雪观测资料,太白、眉县气象站1980-2014年高山积雪观测记录和1988-2010年卫星遥感资料,分析了秦岭主峰太白山西部中山区、西部中高山区和中部中高山区积雪初、终日期、积雪日数和积雪深度等的变化特征,以及西部中山区积雪变化的成因.结果表明：1962-2014年太白山西部中山区积雪初日推迟,终日提前,初终间日数减少,积雪日数显著减少,积雪深度呈现波动变浅的趋势;1980-2014年西部中高山区积雪日数同样呈现波动减少趋势,西部中山区和中高山区年积雪日数减少率分别为3.2 d·（10a）^-1和8.9 d·（10a）^-1.1980-2014年中部中高山区积雪初、终日期和积雪日数变化趋势不明显.卫星遥感监测资料分析结果显示太白山地区积雪面积呈现波动减少趋势.1962-2014年西部中山区气温升高,降水减少,积雪参数与气候要素相关分析结果表明气温和累积雪深等参数变化关系密切,气温升高是太白山积雪减少的主要原因.1980-2014年太白山地区7月积雪日数很少,关中八景之一的“太白积雪六月（公历7月）天”已很少见到.     

Snow cover depletion under changed climate with the help of remote sensing and temperature data

Snow cover depletion curve (SDC) is one of the important variables in snow hydrological applications, and these curves are very much required for snowmelt runoff modeling in a snowfed catchment. Remote sensing is an important source of snow cover area which is used for preparation of SDC. Snow cover maps produced by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellites are one of the best source of satellite-based snow cover area at a regular interval. Therefore, in this study, snow cover maps have been prepared for the years 2000?C2005 using MODIS data. The study area chosen viz. Beas basin up to Pandoh dam falls in western Himalayan region. For snowmelt runoff modeling, catchment is divided into number of elevation zones and SDC is required for each zone. When sufficient satellite data are not available due to cloud cover or due to some other reasons, then SDC can to be generated using temperature data. Under changed climate conditions also, modified SDC is required. Therefore, to have SDC under such situations, a relationship between snow cover area and cumulative mean temperature has been developed for each zone of the catchment. This procedure of having snow cover maps has two main purposes. First, it could potentially be used to generate snow cover maps when cloud-free satellite data are not available. Second, it can be used to generate snow-covered area in a new climate to see the impact of climate change on snowmelt runoff studies.     

中国高寒区水文学中的一些认识和参数

针对中国高寒区水文数据和参数缺乏、机理不清的现状,应用祁连山葫芦沟寒区水文小流域观测数据及相关研究成果,率定并获取了高寒区水文模拟中的几个关键参数:① 降水观测误差校正系数及公式;② 固液态降水分离的临界气温;③ 高寒灌丛降水截留参数;④ 土壤完全冻结温度;⑤ 积雪消融的临界气温。认识到若全球变暖引起植被带上移,则山区流域蒸散/降水比例增大、径流系数必然减小;现有降水数据难以满足高寒区水文模拟的需要,降水截留模拟有待改进,冰川、积雪消融缺乏高精度简单估算方法;长时间水文模拟中必须考虑风吹雪、冻土类型演替及冻结深度变化,以及冰川运动和体积变化;需加强冻结层下水、积雪升华和冰川汇流观测试验研究。     

乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川不同时期雪层剖面及成冰带对比研究

对20世纪60年代、80年代和21世纪初天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川(以下简称1号冰川)雪层剖面特征、成冰带的对比分析研究,发现自20世纪60年代以来,1号冰川雪层剖面厚度明显减薄,结构变得简单,各层界限变得模糊.成冰带类型及其分布发生了明显变化,60年代存在于冷气候条件下的冷渗浸带,80年代被渗浸带所替代.21世纪初,1号冰川成冰带变化更为显著,尤其是东支,顶部已具有消融带特征.研究表明,20世纪80年代以来河源区气候变暖是导致上述变化的主要原因.     

Potential impact of climate change on snow cover area in the Tarim River basin

Two data sets, annual temperature and precipitation time series from 19 observation stations in the Tarim River basin covering 1958 through 2002, were investigated by non-parametric tests to detect the trend and features of climate change and variability. Based on these data, the snow cover area (SCA) in situ for the period 1982–2001 was further analyzed to examine the effect of climate change on snow. The results showed that both the temperature and precipitation had a jump in the mid 1980s and significantly increased in winter and summer, respectively. The SCA of the entire basin showed a slowly increasing trend. Responses of the SCA to temperature and precipitation in the northern, western and southern regions showed that the effect of precipitation on SCA is larger than that of temperature. In vertical direction, the SCA in the zone below 2,500 m a.s.l. kept a slow increase, but that in the zone above 2,500 m a.s.l. was inching down. Comparatively, the lower altitude zone was apt to be affected by precipitation, while the higher altitude zone tended to be influenced by temperature. The mid zone from 2,500 to 5,000 m was the area most sensitive to and affected by climate change. Compared with that in the 1980s, both the snowing and melting rates were higher in the 1990s. Correlation analysis implied that the SCA change in the cold season was positively correlated with the contemporary precipitation change, but had no strong correlation with the contemporary temperature change.     

Use of objective analysis to estimate winter temperature and precipitation at different stations over western Himalaya

Temperature and fresh snow are essential inputs in an avalanche forecasting model. Without these parameters, prediction of avalanche occurrence for a region would be very difficult. In the complex terrain of Himalaya, nonavailability of snow and meteorological data of the remote locations during snow storms in the winter is a common occurrence. In view of this persistent problem present study estimates maximum temperature, minimum temperature, ambient temperature and precipitation intensity on different regions of Indian western Himalaya by using similar parameters of the neighbouring regions. The location at which parameters are required and its neighbouring locations should all fall in the same snow climatic zone. Initial step to estimate the parameters at a location, is to shift the parameters of neighbouring regions at a reference height corresponding to the altitude of the location at which parameters are to be estimated. The parameters at this reference height are then spatially interpolated by using Barnes objective analysis. The parameters estimated on different locations are compared with the observed one and the Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) of the observed and estimated values of the parameters are discussed for the winters of 2007–2008.     

45a来塔里木河流域气温、降水变化及其对积雪面积的影响

对塔里木河流域19个台站45 a(1958-2002年)的气温、降水序列进行非参数检验,查明其变化趋势及特征,在此基础上,对近20 a(1982-2001年)流域的积雪面积(SCA,%)变化进行趋势与相关分析.结果表明:流域的气温和降水均在20世纪80年代中期发生了阶段式的跳跃增长,气温和降水增加的主要季节分别为冬季和夏季.流域总体的积雪面积呈缓慢增加态势,其中北区和西区增加较为稳定,而南区相对不稳定.在垂直方向上,海拔<2 500 m的区域积雪面积表现缓慢增加,而海拔≥2 500 m的区域则减少.相比较,低海拔区域更易受降水影响,而高海拔区域更易受气温影响.海拔2 500~5 000 m的高度带是对气候变化较为敏感的区域.20世纪90年代与80年代相比,降雪和融雪的速度都更快.积雪与冷季降水呈正相关,但与冷季气温没有明显的相关关系.     

Ions of Organic Carboxylic Acids (Formic,Acetic, and Oxalic) in the Snow Cover of Permafrost Landscapes of Boreal Eastern Siberia

The distribution of ions of organic carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, and oxalic) was investigated in the snowpack of permafrost landscapes of the boreal zone of Eastern Siberia. The contents of formate-, acetate-, and oxalate-ions were determined in permafrost landscapes of different zones of latitudinal and mountain- belt types. The maximum contents of organic carboxylic acid ions were observed in the snow cover of middle-taiga landscapes. The input rate of the ions into the snow cover of middle-taiga and mountain landscapes is controlled by altitudinal zonation and correlates with the total mass of plant organisms, which are the main source of organic carboxylic acids in the atmosphere. The obtained data suggest that organic carboxyl acid ions were supplied mainly by the atmosphere (74–90%), whereas the contribution of soil respiration was minor. The upward migration of organic carboxylic acid ions from the substrate to the snow cover depends on soil and snow temperature. Cooling of the soil surface below–5°C results in a considerable decrease in the migration of organic carboxylic acid ions from soil to snow.     

辽宁省积雪对自动气象站观测地气温差的影响

利用1971—2016年辽宁省61个气象站气温、地表温度、积雪日数和积雪深度资料,分析了积雪的保温作用及其对地气温差的影响。结果表明：更换自动站前后地表温度观测方式的差异导致地气温差显著增大,地气温差的增大程度受所在区域积雪日数、积雪深度的影响显著。在积雪期较长、积雪较厚的地区,积雪引起反照率增大,使得雪面温度降低,导致雪气温差减小,而雪的保温作用使得地气温差显著增大。因此,更换自动站前地（雪）气温差与积雪日数呈显著负相关,而更换自动站后地气温差与积雪日数呈显著正相关。各台站之间地气温差随积雪深度的变化系数差异较大,为0.045~0.858 ℃?cm^-1,在年平均积雪日数＜40 d、年平均极端积雪深度＜10 cm的区域,积雪的保温作用随积雪深度增大而显著增大;在年平均积雪日数＞40 d、年平均极端积雪深度＞10 cm的区域,10 cm以下的积雪对土壤保温作用随积雪深度增大显著,当积雪深度＞10 cm后,其保温作用随积雪深度增大的幅度明显减小。