南京都市区就业空间结构与区位模式演变研究

就业空间是城市空间的重要组成部分,映射出城市经济与社会现象的多样性。论文采用经验贝叶斯克里金、非参数局部加权回归、多中心密度函数等方法综合刻画南京都市区就业空间结构特征,并从就业结构化分散、就业中心增长转型、就业异质性集聚与土地混合利用3个方面剖析其就业区位模式特征。研究发现：① 南京都市区就业郊区化与多中心化并存,“分散化集聚”的结构性特征显著;② 就业中心决定着就业空间的整体结构与密度分布,然而城市中心影响力开始减弱而次中心则逐渐增强;③ 就业中心出现增长转型,服务化转向与高技能化趋势明显;④ 就业分布呈现异质性集聚模式且与混合土地利用存在正向关联;⑤ 城市就业空间格局演变是自组织与他组织2种力量、市场行为与政府行为2种机制相互作用的结果,集聚经济、城市规划、土地市场开发等均是重要的影响因子。     

Livelihoods and the transformative potential of cities: Challenges of inclusive development in Rustenburg,North West Province,South Africa

Urban geographers increasingly incorporate the potential of so‐called informal livelihood activities to provide resources that can be creatively managed in the transformation of urban space, particularly to the benefit of less well off and marginalized residents. This paper reports a case study in Rustenburg, North West Province, South Africa, where city managers began to promote inclusive development in the early 1990s, just prior to the formal dismantling of the apartheid system. The findings reveal that Rustenburg's urban transformation process, over a decade later, continued to reproduce repressive practices that limit the informal livelihood activities of the urban majority. Apparently efforts of well‐meaning city managers to implement a sustainable and inclusive development process are often rendered futile at the point of actually defining the constituents of urban socioeconomic transformation.     

试论半城市化现象及其特征——以广东省东莞市为例

改革开放以来,在外国资本涌入、大都市辐射与扩散、乡村工业化等多种动力的复合作用下,在长江三角洲、珠江三角洲等区位、禀赋条件较好的农村地区,普遍发育和形成了一种城乡土地利用混杂交错、社会经济结构急剧变化的、“似城非城”的过渡性地域类型。在广泛地辨识国内外相关概念的基础上,本文认为可以将其纳入“半城市化地区”的概念范畴内,并提出从结构、变化、景观和体制等4个层面来构建半城市化地区的判别指标体系。本文还以广东省东莞市为例,从经济、产业、人口、就业、土地利用、管理体制等多个方面对半城市化地区的特征及其面临的问题进行了具体剖析。     

Provincializing urban appropriation: Agonistic transgression as a mode of actually existing appropriation in South African cities

Urban appropriation is a key dimension of both Lefebvre's widely hailed ‘Right to the City’ and Bayat's concept of ‘quiet encroachment’. For Lefebvre, appropriation is a (generally unrealized) claim by those who do not ‘have’ the city of a right to ‘take’ it. Bayat, in contrast, characterizes actually existing appropriation as motivated by everyday needs, not aimed at wider social change. While both theorizations may be useful, we argue that a third mode of appropriation is apparent in South African urban contexts. Actors often act in ways that could be characterized as appropriative, yet do not work to consolidate an abrogated appropriative right or durable permission. Nor are they adequately explained as apolitical or individualistic; the logic used to justify them similarly is based neither on rights nor needs. We label such appropriation ‘agonistically transgressive’. We argue that agonistically transgressive appropriations are particularly evident in post‐apartheid South Africa, in part because of changing urban conditions and consequent renegotiations of spatial regulation. Using examples of urban land appropriation for housing in South Africa, we briefly illustrate how thinking pluralistically about urban appropriation might help better understand its actually existing forms in—and beyond—the global South.     

Another political ecology of civil society reflexiveness against urban industrial risks for environmental justice: The case of the Bisasar landfill,Durban, South Africa

The concerns of political ecology since its beginnings as a field have been predominantly set in rural areas with limited focus on urban industrial risks. Further, debates on the global South (often from Anglo‐American perspectives) have not fully appreciated the divergent and differentiated perceptions of urban risks and, therefore, everyday forms of resistance within civil society. Instead, work has mainly focused on civil society power relations against the state and industry that are driven by coherent populist political agendas. Against this setting, this paper's contribution aims to better contextualize ‘other’ third world localities in political ecology through a case study of urban industrial risks in the upper/middle income (as opposed to rural, low/lower middle income) country, South Africa. In doing so, the paper sheds light on the derelict aspect of civil society contestation, especially along class and ethnic lines, over urban landfill infrastructure as a livelihood resource or a health hazard. The paper draws upon frameworks of self‐reflexivity and reflexive localism as complementary to the mainstream political ecology to illuminate differentiated civil society reflexiveness and therefore, aims to advance the discussion of other political ecologies. The case study of the largest formal landfill site in Africa, the Bisasar landfill situated in Durban, highlights differences underlying power relations and constraints within civil society (in leadership, social networking, resources and mistrust) that have implications for mainstream political ecology notions of civil society coherence.     

Labor Location and Agricultural Land Use in Jilin,China

Conventional agricultural land‐use theory overlooks labor location and its effects on land use. This paper argues that in labor‐intensive commercial agriculture where labor concentrates in large labor centers (villages), the distance from the labor center is more important than the distance from market in determining land use and land rent and is important at both the microscale and larger scales. Both qualitative observations and quantitative field level land‐use research in Jilin, China, support this approach. A new model is developed to incorporate labor location into the conventional land‐use model. It regards agriculture as an industry using localized gross inputs.     

Rural Local Economic Development and Land Restitution in South Africa: The Case of Schmidtsdrift,Northern Cape

Local Economic Development is (LED) an activity of increasing importance in the developing world as globalisation produces new roles for local governments. As compared to a growing number of urban initiatives for LED, rural LED initiatives are relatively undeveloped. In this paper, the focus is upon South Africa, where the post‐apartheid government has sought to encourage both urban and rural LED initiatives. Programmes of land reform and restitution in South Africa result in the resettlement or return to the land of communities formerly dispossessed under apartheid. A critical element of planning for successful resettlement is the implementation of LED programmes. Schmidtsdrift in Northern Cape is examined as an example of participatory LED in a developing rural context. Rural LED in South Africa is distinguished by its focus upon poverty alleviation in the context of addressing the legacies of apartheid.     

Land-cover change and human–environment interactions in a rural cultural landscape in South Africa

This paper presents an historical analysis (1974–97) of associations between land-cover change and socio-economic factors for three villages in a former bantustan region of South Africa. The notion of social–ecological systems is used as the conceptual framework for this analysis, in which the former bantustan region of Bushbuckridge is posited as a cultural landscape. The local landscape showed distinctive modifications over the study period, broad trends including the growth of human settlements and the decrease in woodland cover. However, changes were not uniform across sites, and the direction and magnitude of changes in land cover were often nonlinear and site-specific. Analysis of associations between biophysical and socio-economic changes at different scales revealed a range of important interacting forces such as population growth, drought, shortages of land, grazing and wood resources, weakening institutional governance of natural resources, and the diversification of livelihood strategies, including the sale of fuelwood, concurrent with declining employment security and cattle ownership. Evidence suggests a possible erosion of resilience in these social–ecological systems at various scales, with important implications for socio-economic development and sustainable resource management.     

全球超大城市空间扩张及分形特征研究

超大城市是全球经济、文化以及高科技产业发展的承载体和重要纽带,其形态结构特征和人口聚集效应是城市化影响的典型表现,然而当前对于全球超大城市形态特征及扩张模式的研究相对不足。基于2000—2020年全球城市土地利用/覆盖变化数据（GULUC-30）,利用城市扩张强度差异指数分析了超大城市用地的时空变化规律;而后运用面积—半径标度分析模型研究了超大城市的分形特征及扩张模式,最后基于城市用地面积和城市人口之间的线性关系评价城市用地效率。结果发现：① 2000—2020年东南亚和东亚的中国超大城市用地扩张最剧烈,城市用地面积分别扩张了3148.32 km²和5996.26 km²,城市扩张强度差异指数平均值大于3;② 2000—2020年超大城市的形态特征和扩张模式向着更加集约和紧凑的方向发展,径向维数平均值由1.54增加至1.56,分维差呈逐年减少趋势,城市内部结构一体化特征显著;③ 北美和欧洲的超大城市用地效率低,2020年城市用地面积与城市人口比值系数范围为0.89~4.11;南亚和非洲城市用地效率高,比值范围为0.23~0.87。超大城市空间扩张格局和形态变化的认识对于城市用地的集约利用和可持续发展具有重要参考价值。严格控制超大城市扩张规模,促进城市用地的均衡发展是建设韧性城市和实现城市地区可持续发展的必要条件。     

Developing KaNgwane: geographies of segregation and integration in the new South Africa

This paper examines social, political and economic processes within the former KaNgwane bantustan to understand the changing relationships between society and space in the post-apartheid era. Research on rural development and reconstruction in South Africa attest to the spatial legacy of apartheid while suggesting that dynamic transformations are occurring within the former bantustans. A central concern of this paper is the ways the apartheid government constructed and presented KaNgwane as a development project in order to justify racial segregation and control. While the bantustans have been effectively erased from the popular imagination, these spaces continue to be framed developmentally in ways that provide limited attention to local context and change. In order to consider the shifts in environment and development discourses within these territories, a case study is employed to evaluate livelihood production systems, environmental change, and governance institutions. It is argued that these patterns reveal the simultaneously static and dynamic nature of the bantustans while demonstrating that their reincorporation will remain an ongoing process in the post-apartheid era.     

基于POI数据的建设用地多功能混合利用空间分异研究

建设用地多功能混合利用对提升区域用地效率、增进国土空间效能具有重要意义。论文构建基于生产—生活—生态空间(即三生空间)的建设用地多功能混合利用分析框架,以济南市为研究区,采用POI数据,利用熵模型、景观格局分析和关联规则挖掘方法,探究土地混合利用的空间分异特征。结果显示,研究区建设用地混合利用以生产空间、生产—生活空间和生活空间为主;核心城区的建设用地混合利用度较高,而生产、生活空间集中连片,生态空间嵌入不足;乡村地区景观的破碎化特征明显,以生产—生活空间引领的建设用地混合利用度较低;产业园区的生活—生态空间在网络中处于边缘位置,加强园区内部规划与周边区域形成互补的生活、生态空间,是实现园区土地可持续利用的关键。关联规则的分析结果表明,科学的生产空间规划是优化混合利用的重要抓手,而合理的生态空间布局对带动区域建设用地混合利用起着关键作用。研究基于POI数据,从行为空间互动理论视角探究建设用地多功能混合规律,丰富了现有土地混合利用理论与方法体系,也为土地利用政策制定及城市空间格局优化提供了科学依据。     

呼和浩特市居住用地地价分布的时空特征

分析城市内部基准地价的时空格局,有助于土地市场的宏观调控和土地资源的优化配置。本文以呼和浩特 市区为研究区,在城市居住用地土地价格调查和动态监测的基础上,对2001~2007 年居住用地分布的时空特征进 行分析。主要结论如下：城市主城区居住用地的级别和基准地价由内向外顺次降低,但级别边界受到城市道路的直 接影响;基准地价与级别之间存在着显著的负相关关系,随着城市的发展,高低级别间基准地价的差距进一步扩 大;研究期内,基准地价变化在时间上呈现出阶段性特征,在空间上城市中心区和城乡结合部基准地价增幅最快, 城市腹地稍慢,近郊区最慢。     

基于CA-ABM模型的福州城市用地扩张研究

以中国海西地区重要门户福州市为研究区,结合其地理位置多层次约束性条件,以地理加权回归模型作为元胞自动机(CA)层的转换规则,同时以2000-2015年多期LandsatTM/ETM+影像的城市用地情况为参照,借助GIS空间分析技术,对CA和多智能体(ABM)相耦合的城市用地扩张模型进行改进。然后利用传统的和改进后的CA-ABM模型,多角度、多层次地模拟福州市2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年城市用地扩张在微观格局上的变化。结果表明,传统的和改进后的CA-ABM模型的整体精度均在80%以上,模拟结果具有较强的可信度;改进的 CA-ABM模型模拟的点对点总体精度和Kappa系数均高于传统的CA-ABM模型,而且模拟结果更加接近实际的城市用地扩张分布情况。结论可为平衡城市化进程和合理规划城市用地提供重要的理论技术支撑。     

FIGHTING FIRE WITH A BROKEN TEACUP: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOUTH AFRICA'S LAND‐REDISTRIBUTION PROGRAM*

ABSTRACT. Since the rise of its first democratically elected government in 1994, South Africa has sought to redress its highly inequitable land distribution through a series of land‐reform programs. In this study we examine land‐redistribution efforts in two of South Africa's provinces, the Western Cape and Limpopo. By analyzing a cross‐section of projects in these two locales we develop a political ecology of stymied land‐reform possibilities to explain the limited progress to date. Given South Africa's ambitious goal of redistributing 30 percent of its white‐owned land by 2014 and the incremental and flawed nature of its redistribution program, we argue that the process is like trying to put out a fire with a broken teacup. Our results are based on interviews with policymakers, commercial farmers, and land‐redistribution beneficiaries, as well as on an analysis of land‐use change in Limpopo Province.     

Simulating urban land use change by integrating a convolutional neural network with vector-based cellular automata

ABSTRACT

Vector-based cellular automata (VCA) models have been applied in land use change simulations at fine scales. However, the neighborhood effects of the driving factors are rarely considered in the exploration of the transition suitability of cells, leading to lower simulation accuracy. This study proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN)-VCA model that adopts the CNN to extract the high-level features of the driving factors within a neighborhood of an irregularly shaped cell and discover the relationships between multiple land use changes and driving factors at the neighborhood level. The proposed model was applied to simulate urban land use changes in Shenzhen, China. Compared with several VCA models using other machine learning methods, the proposed CNN-VCA model obtained the highest simulation accuracy (figure-of-merit = 0.361). The results indicated that the CNN-VCA model can effectively uncover the neighborhood effects of multiple driving factors on the developmental potential of land parcels and obtain more details on the morphological characteristics of land parcels. Moreover, the land use patterns of 2020 and 2025 under an ecological control strategy were simulated to provide decision support for urban planning.     

Spatiotemporal analysis of rural–urban land conversion

Understanding the complexity of urban expansion requires an analysis of the factors influencing the spatial and temporal processes of rural–urban land conversion. This study aims at building a statistical land conversion model to assist in understanding land use change patterns. Specifically, GIS coupled with a logistic regression model and exponential smoothing techniques is used for exploring the effects of various factors on land use change. These factors include population density, slope, proximity to roads, and surrounding land use, and their influence on land use change is studied for generating a predictive model. Methods to reduce spatial autocorrelation in a logistic regression framework are also discussed. Primarily, an optimal sampling scheme that can eliminate spatial autocorrelation while maintaining adequate samples to allow the model to achieve the comparable accuracy as the spatial autoregressive model is developed. Since many of the previous studies on modeling the spatial complexity of urban growth ignored temporal complexity, a modified exponential smoothing technique is employed to produce a smoothed model from a series of bi‐temporal models obtained from different time periods. The proposed model is validated using the multi‐temporal land use data in New Castle County, DE, USA. It is demonstrated that our approach provides an effective option for multi‐temporal land use change modeling and the modeling results help interpret the land use change patterns.     

Integrated Approaches,Multiple Scales: Snag Dynamics in Burned Versus Unburned Landscapes*

By studying landscape form and patterns, we can study processes at multiple scales and determine how collectively those processes inform us about function(s). Integrating landscape ecology from a biogeographical perspective with geographic information science (GIScience) practices offers new ways to study how landscapes change over time and space, including how they can be measured, analyzed, and modeled for management needs. This article presents methodologies and selected results of analyzing spatial patterns from field data across multiple scales by examining standing dead tree (snag) processes across wildfire‐disturbed landscapes in Arizona. Our primary motivation was to illustrate a particular type of work benefiting from the coalescing of landscape ecology and GIScience, functioning at the methodological and practical overlap of these two contributing fields. Our management goals were to (1) describe spatial patterns and characteristics of snags in pairs of burned and unburned ponderosa pine forests of Arizona in four recent (within the past ten years) wildfires, (2) document bird response to wildfires by combining landscape ecology and GIScience methods, and (3) link these patterns to snag monitoring plots and cavity‐nesting bird use to predict the probability of snag use by birds and cavity nesters based on snag characteristics (snag use model). The methods and results demonstrate how integration of landscape ecology with both GIS and GIScience improves the ways to study landscapes and land management issues, in this case offering guidelines for retention of snags that provide habitat for wildlife.     

How does the ownership of land affect household livelihood pathways under conditions of deagrarianization? ‘Hanging in’, ‘stepping up’ and ‘stepping out’ in two north Indian villages

In rural parts of the global South, livelihoods are diversifying away from agriculture. Nevertheless, agriculture typically still remains the backbone of rural life and is usually considered the prime source of economic security, social prestige and self‐identity. The task of narrating these somewhat contradictory processes in a conceptually coherent fashion has proven a major challenge for research. This paper responds to this problem by deploying an adapted version of Andrew Dorward's schema of households ‘hanging in, stepping up or stepping out’ of their landed interests. Dorward's middle‐ground theory provides an appropriate analytical vehicle for capturing the vagaries and situated complexities of the land‐livelihoods nexus. However the theory fails to fully appreciate the extent to which household livelihood decision making rests on complex entanglements that leverage land‐based and nonfarm activities against one another. We demonstrate the critical importance of these processes through the results of in‐depth interviews with 32 households in two north Indian villages. These interviews lead us to propose that land factors in livelihood aspirations in three fundamental ways: an arena for interpenetrated agrarian and nonagrarian livelihood streams; a base for social reproduction; and a bulwark of food (and by extension, livelihood) security through own‐production capabilities.     

基于POI数据的城市用地功能识别与评价研究

充分利用大数据开展城市用地功能识别,有助于把握城市空间结构,推动城市内部空间合理布局。POI数据是大数据时代一种较易获得且极具代表性的空间点状数据,能够有效地确定城市用地的实际功能。以济南市内五区的185126条POI数据为基础,对所得数据进行去重、纠偏、重分类,构建城市用地功能分类体系,运用频数密度、类型比例及核密度估计,识别济南市内五区城市用地功能并利用误差矩阵对识别结果进行检验。结果表明：①混合功能用地与单一功能用地呈现圈层化地域分布特征,“核心-外围”分异明显;②由内向外单一功能用地集聚趋势减弱,混合功能用地多样性降低,不同用地表现出不同的空间分布模式;③通过误差矩阵及与用地规划图中规划用地及电子地图的实际用地对比,识别总体精度为75.67%,识别结果较为准确。     

Between a rock and a hard place: contested livelihoods in Qwaqwa National Park, South Africa

This paper examines rural livelihoods and the prospects for participatory conservation through a case study of Qwaqwa National Park (QNP) in South Africa. The park was established in 1992 in the context of South Africa's transition to democracy, growing ecotourism in the country and global movements towards conservation involving and benefiting local people. The paper argues that the protracted conflict between park residents and management led to new patterns of livelihood activities and household formation, and resulted in material and social differentiation amongst park households. The goals of park management, with a commitment to nature conservation and ecotourism, were at odds with the livelihood practices of park residents. Conflicts arose over stocking levels, overgrazing, wood-cutting and deforestation and over the use of other natural resources, including water and medicinal plants. The park was the site of a Rand Water project that employed many residents. Residents found themselves between a rock and a hard place as they resisted attempts by the management to reduce stocking levels and yet relied on management to gain access to sources of paid employment.