三峡库区坡地生态工程控制土壤养分流失研究——以等高植物篱为例

三峡库区紫色土陡坡地径流小区大雨强模拟降雨实验表明,以等高植物篱为代表的坡地生态工程能相当有效地减少坡面侵蚀量、径流量和坡面氮、磷养分损失量。由于植物篱和带间覆盖稿秆对径流的阻滞作用使坡面径流与表土的混合、养分溶解交换过程更加充分,径流携带的养分流失成为有效养分流失的主要方式。通过施肥改善土壤渗透特性、抗蚀性及带间覆盖能明显提高控制坡面产沙、产流和养分流失。等高植物篱-农作系统各种处理中以施用有机肥和配施有、无机肥-带间麦秆覆盖两种处理效果最好。     

紫色土不同土体的土壤养分和酶活性特征

对紫色土未培肥和培肥的不同土体,在小麦生育期内土壤养分和酶活性的动态测定结果表明:未培肥土体的全氮、有效磷、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶有明显变化。尤其是砂土在改变为不同质地的土体后,上述土壤养分和酶活性都有所提高。培肥土体的土壤有机质、全氮、有效钾明显增加,土壤酶活性增强。砂土培肥的效果最显著。所以改变土体质地,并加以培肥,有助于提高土壤肥力,防治紫色土退化。     

土壤地理

5157.1 2003043103植物篱对土坡养分流失的控制机理研究“Impact of hedger-ow on the control ofso,1 nutrient 1055味远达,蔡强国…//长江流域资源与环境一2003,12(4)一345一351 通过地形测量和采样分析,拟通过局部地形变化、土壤颖粒和养分在小区内的空间分布变化来分析植物篱对紫色土区土壤养分流失的控制机理.结果表明:植物篱带前出现泥沙堆积,说明植物篱能有效阻止侵蚀泥沙的向下搬运,而植物篱对不同粒径的土壤颗粒的流失均有控制效果.全量养分和速效养分含量分布的分析结果表明,植物篱对土壤养分流失有明显的控制作用图9表2参1l(宋…     

四川植棉紫色土养分对棉花营养和纤维品质的影响

在分析植棉紫色土养分对棉花营养影响的基础上,讨论了土壤养分对棉花纤维品质的作用.比强度、2.5％跨距长度、伸长度、麦克隆值和整齐度五个纤维品质指标中,前三者与土壤养分显著相关.土壤养分中对纤维品质影响较大的是微量元素硼、铜及大量元素磷、钾,其中以硼和铜与棉花纤维品质的关系最为密切.     

耕作制度对紫色土养分循环的影响

用定位试验结果,比较聚土免耕、早三熟、平作等耕作制对紫色土氮磷钾养分循环结构和强度的影响.紫色土养分主要通过作物收获输出,钾素淋失突出,聚土免耕养分输入量大,其中有机物料形式的氮、磷各为336.64kg/hm~2,48.48kg/hm~2,养分输入略大于支出.     

基于GIS重庆市土壤养分贫瘠化研究

以重庆市为例,在GIS技术支持下,利用模糊数学和多元数理统计方法对研究区土壤养分贫瘠化现状进行了综合评价。根据评价结果,采用地理信息系统软件ARCVIEW绘制了重庆土壤养分贫瘠化状况的等级图。结果表明,这一地区土壤养分大多处于中度贫瘠化水平,土壤养分处于轻度、中度和严重贫瘠化的面积比例分别为17.42％、47.75％和34.83％。其中,水田土壤的养分贫瘠化程度相对较林旱地土壤要重。     

新疆耕地土壤养分时空变化

土壤养分状况是土壤肥力的重要标识,并决定着农作物产量高低,对其进行调查分析可以为今后土壤养分资源的综合评价和科学施肥管理提供基础资料。采用Meta-analysis方法,通过对1999-2005年期间有关新疆耕地土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的研究文献的收集分析,并与20世纪80年代全国第二次土壤普查数据对比分析,研究了近20多年来新疆耕地土壤养分的时空变化。结果表明耕地土壤有机质、速效磷和碱解氮总体呈现增加的趋势,土壤肥力在不断提高,全氮含量略有下降趋势,速效钾含量下降明显,但存在区域差异,准噶尔盆地北部区和伊犁地区具有较高的土壤肥力,塔里木盆地区域土壤肥力较低。分布于新疆的7种主要耕地土壤类型,其养分含量变化总体表现为与全疆耕地土壤养分相似的变化趋势。人类的施肥、耕作措施的改变及土地利用变化是引起土壤养分变化的主要原因。     

西藏自治区小康示范村土壤养分状况及效益分析

建设小康示范村是西藏自治区实现全面小康的合理选择。文章以山南地区为研究对象,采集土壤样品并以常规方法分析了琼结县下水村、乃东县昌珠村、桑日县吉荣村、扎囊县孟嘎如村等小康示范村土壤养分含量,研究了养分指标之间以及与农作物能量的关系,结果如下:土壤养分含量具有总体上为中等偏下、全量养分低磷中氮富钾、速效养分高磷中氮、钾,但速效磷含量变幅大的特点;相关分析和回归分析表明各养分指标中除全K含量和pH外,其余养分指标间相关系数均达到了0.01极显著性水平,具有极显著的直线相关性;表层土壤养分含量在一定范围内与农作物能量值具有较强的一致性。最后,提出了研究区土壤施肥的一些建议。     

荒漠草原不同退化阶段土壤微生物、土壤养分及酶活性的研究

 对我国荒漠草原生态系统不同退化阶段土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量、土壤养分及土壤酶活性进行研究。结果表明,随着草原退化程度加剧,土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量、土壤养分及土壤酶活性均表现出不同程度的变化。其中,土壤微生物数量、生物量和土壤酶活性随退化程度的加剧而有递减的趋势,各项值在总体上呈现出轻度退化>中度退化>重度退化;土壤养分中除了土壤钾含量无明显的规律性变化外, 其他含量表现出轻度退化>中度退化>重度退化的趋势;研究认为,荒漠草原的退化明显影响到土壤微生物的数量、生物量、土壤养分及土壤酶活性,土壤微生物对草原退化有响应。同时,相关性研究表明,土壤微生物数量、土壤养分和土壤生物活性之间呈较好的相关关系,这些指标可作为评价土壤肥力的有效指标。     

天山北坡绿洲土壤有机碳和养分时空变异特征

本文以天山北坡三工河流域绿洲作为研究区,利用1982、1999和2003年土壤养分数据,应用地统计学方法,分析绿洲土壤有机碳和养分的时空变异特征。结果显示:研究区1982、1999和2003年土壤有机碳和养分具有显著的差异性。空间结构上,土壤有机碳和养分具有中等或较弱的空间自相关;受土壤类型、种植作物种类等的影响,研究区土壤有机碳具有较强的各向异性,但碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾各向异性较弱。Kriging和IDW插值分析表明,土壤有机碳和养分总体呈增加的趋势,绿洲土壤表现为“碳汇”,尤其在种植6年以上的多年生作物分布区,土壤“碳汇”趋势更加明显,说明以绿洲农业为主的人类活动基本合理,土壤质量正逐步改善。     

黄土丘陵小流域土地利用格局对径流与土壤养分流失的影响--土壤侵蚀控制的意义

Serious soil erosion is one of the major issues threatening sustainable land use in semiarid areas, especially in the Loess Plateau of China. Understanding the effects of land use on soil and water loss is important for sustainable land use strategy. Two sub-catchments: catchment A (CA) and catchment B (CB) with distinct land uses were selected to measure soil moisture, runoff and soil nutrient loss in Da Nangou catchment of the Loess Plateau of China. The effects of land use patterns on runoff and nutrient losses were analyzed based on soil moisture pattern by kriging and soil nutrients using multiple regression model. The results indicated that there were significant differences in runoff yield and soil nutrient losses between the two sub-catchments. With similar land uses, the CA produced an average sediment yield of 49 kg ha-1 and 22.27 kg ha-1 during two storm events.Meanwhile, there was almost no runoff in the CB with dissimilar land uses during the same events.Buffer zones should be established to re-absorb runoff and to trap sediments in catchment with similar land use structure such as the CA. Moreover, land use management strategy aiming to increase the infiltration threshold of hydrological response units could decrease the frequency of runoff occurrence on a slope and catchment scale.     

The effects of land use on runoff and soil nutrient losses in a gully catchment of the hilly areas: implications for erosion control

Serious soil erosion is one of the major issues threatening sustainable land use in semiarid areas, especially in the Loess Plateau of China. Understanding the effects of land use on soil and water loss is important for sustainable land use strategy. Two sub-catchments: catchment A (CA) and catchment B (CB) with distinct land uses were selected to measure soil moisture, runoff and soil nutrient loss in Da Nangou catchment of the Loess Plateau of China. The effects of land use patterns on runoff and nutrient losses were analyzed based on soil moisture pattern by kriging and soil nutrients using multiple regression model. The results indicated that there were significant differences in runoff yield and soil nutrient losses between the two sub-catchments. With similar land uses, the CA produced an average sediment yield of 49 kg ha-1 and 22.27 kg ha-1 during two storm events. Meanwhile, there was almost no runoff in the CB with dissimilar land uses during the same events. Buffer zones should be established to re-absorb runoff and to trap sediments in catchment with similar land use structure such as the CA. Moreover, land use management strategy aiming to increase the infiltration threshold of hydrological response units could decrease the frequency of runoff occurrence on a slope and catchment scale.     

IMPACTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAND USE ON PROCESSES OF SOIL AND WATER LOSS OVER PURPLE SOIL SLOPELAND

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华北山区坡地产流规律研究

Simulated rainfall is a valid tool to examine the runoff generation on the slope. 13 simulated rainfall experiments with different rainfall intensities and durations are completed in a 5 m ×10 m experimental plot in mountainous area of North China. Simultaneously, rainfall, surface runoff, soil-layer flow, mantel-layer flow and soil moisture are monitored respectively. From the results, it is found that the hydrographs in all layers have the characteristics of rapid rise and fall. The recessions of surface flow and soil-layer flow are much faster than that of mantel-layer flow. Surface flow, the main contributor, makes up more than 60% of the total runoff in the study area. It even exceeds 90% in the cases of high intensity rainfall events. Runoff coefficient (ratio of total runoff to rainfall amount) is mainly influenced by rainfall amount, rainfall intensity and antecedent soil moisture, and the relationship can be well ex-pressed by a multiple linear regression function a = 0.002P + 0.1821 + 4.88Wa - 0.821. The relation between the rainfall intensity and the lag time of three flows (surface runoff, soil-layer flow and mantel-layer flow) is shown to be exponential. Then, the result also shows that the recession constant is 0.75 for surface runoff, is 0.94 for soil-layer and mantel-layer flow in this area. In this study area, the dominant infiltration excess runoff is simulated by Horton model. About 0.10 mm/min percolation is observed under the condition of different rainfall intensities, therefore the value is regarded as the steady infiltration rate of the study area.     

Slope runoff study in situ using rainfall simulator in mountainous area of North China

Simulated rainfall is a valid tool to examine the runoff generation on the slope.13 simulated rainfall experiments with different rainfall intensities and durations are completed in a 5 m ×10 m experimental plot in mountainous area of North China.Simultaneously,rainfall,surface runoff,soil-layer flow,mantel-layer flow and soil moisture are monitored respectively.From the results,it is found that the hydrographs in all layers have the characteristics of rapid rise and fall.The recessions of surface flow and soil-layer flow are much faster than that of mantel-layer flow.Surface flow,the main contributor,makes up more than 60% of the total runoff in the study area.It even exceeds 90% in the cases of high intensity rainfall events.Runoff coefficient(ratio of total runoff to rainfall amount) is mainly influenced by rainfall amount,rainfall intensity and antecedent soil moisture,and the relationship can be well expressed by a multiple linear regression function α = 0.002P + 0.182i + 4.88Wa-0.821.The relation between the rainfall intensity and the lag time of three flows(surface runoff,soil-layer flow and mantel-layer flow) is shown to be exponential.Then,the result also shows that the recession constant is 0.75 for surface runoff,is 0.94 for soil-layer and mantel-layer flow in this area.In this study area,the dominant infiltration excess runoff is simulated by Horton model.About 0.10 mm/min percolation is observed under the condition of different rainfall intensities,therefore the value is regarded as the steady infiltration rate of the study area.     

我国水土流失典型区土壤表土结皮敏感性

表土结皮是降雨与土壤共同作用下的产物,某一土壤是否结皮、结皮的敏感程度如何,取决于该土壤的性质及所处地区的降雨情况。我国广泛分布着多种理化性质迥异的土壤,尤其是黄土、紫色土、红壤和黑土分布在我国水土流失严重的区域。但是,土壤发育表土结皮的敏感性很少见报道。本文通过分析模拟降雨试验结果及前人研究结论,提出了影响表土结皮发育敏感性的3个关键因素,并基于此对我国四大水土流失典型区土壤表土结皮的敏感性进行了分析。研究表明:细颗粒,尤其是粉粒是表土结皮发育的物质基础;团聚体稳定性是表土结皮发育快慢及程度的决定因素;高强度降雨是表土结皮发育的必要条件。黄土高原地区土壤极易发育表土结皮,四川紫色土区土壤发育表土结皮的概率大,南方红壤区除花岗岩、页岩外其他母岩上发育的土壤很难发育表土结皮,东北典型黑土不发育表土结皮,而非典型黑土易发育表土结皮。     

北京密云水库小流域非点源污染负荷估算

根据不同类型的非点源污染发生区,选择若干径流小区,进行降雨、径流量、径流水质同步监测,分析不同土地利用类型小区地表径流和泥沙中氮、磷的流失情况。根据地貌特征和土地利用情况,利用通用土壤流失方程和SCS法分别计算不同土地利用类型区土壤侵蚀量和径流量,分析氮、磷的流失特点。结果表明:坡耕地和荒草坡单位面积土壤流失量比较严重;村庄中溶解态氮的流失量最多;村庄和坡耕地是氮、磷流失的重点区域。     

黄土高原小流域土壤养分的空间分布格局-Kriging插值分析

本文应用Kriging空间内插法,分析了黄土高原大南沟流域土壤有机质以及全N、全P、有效N和有效P等4种养分含量的空间分布格局。结果表明:土壤有机质呈现出坡上部低于坡下部的规律,其含量低于05%所占的面积最大,以耕地分布的区域为主,较高含量(06～08%)则分布在农果间作地和林地的区域;土壤全N的分布格局与土壤有机质具有相似性,只是坡下部的全N含量高于坡上部的趋势较为明显;土壤全P含量相差较小为138%,不同全P含量的空间分布面积基本相等;有效N和有效P并未表现出土地利用和景观位置控制的分布格局,有效P的空间分布较有效N更为复杂。