热平流影响下湿润地表的通量-廓线关系

在有热平流影响的湿润地表，对Ｂｕｓｉｎｇｅｒ－Ｄｙｅｒ创立的经典通量－廓线关系作了简单的非线性作用修正。并利用热量和水汽输送方程两种不同简化方程分别对非线性修正因子ａ＇ｖ进行了理论分析和讨论，表明在热平流影响下的湿润地表α＇ｖ＜１，且由理论方地出一个αｖ与ζ的简化关系式。最后，用经参数化后得到的α＇ｖ表达式和修正后的相似性关系式联立构成的闭合方程组，以及用ＨＥＩＦＥ的资料求解出α＇ｖ及其它特征参数     

线性与非线性发展方程计算稳定性的比较分析

针对性与非线性发展方程的几种差分格式，以一维线性和非线性平流方程为例，对线性与非线笥发展方程差分格式的计算稳定性进行了比较分析，揭示了差分格式结构和初值形式与计算稳定性的关系。理论分析和数值试验证明，线性与非线性发展方程差分格式的计算稳定性在本质上是完全不同的。     

发展方程计算稳定性的比较分析

对线性与非线性发展方程的几种差分格式,以一维线性和非线性平流方程为例,对线性与非线性发展方程差分格式的计算稳定性进行了比较分析,揭示了差分格式结构和初值形式与非线性计算稳定性的关系。     

空气热储存和垂直平流对干旱均匀裸土地表能量平衡的影响

利用"内蒙古微气象观测蒸发试验"的数据,估算了我国西北干旱区典型均匀裸土下垫面条件下的空气热储存和垂直平流输送,并分析了空气热储存项和垂直平流输送项对干旱区地表能量不闭合的影响。研究发现:由于干旱区温度梯度大,热力抬升作用较强,即使在均匀下垫面条件下也存在可观的垂直平流输送。在地表能量平衡方程中引入空气热储存项和垂直平流输送项之后,二者对能量不闭合的平均补偿分别达到1.0 W/m2和7.1 W/m2,闭合度分别提高2%和14%,地表能量不平衡残差平均值由26.4 W/m2减小到18.2 W/m2,地表能量闭合度由82%提升到98%,干旱区地表能量平衡有明显改善。     

夏季晴天沙漠绿洲非均匀下垫面地表能量平衡分析

利用"古浪非均匀近地层观测试验"数据,分析地表热通量不同算法对地表能量不闭合的影响,估算中国西北干旱区农田下垫面的植被光合作用、空气热储存、生物量储热和垂直平流输送,并且分析其对干旱区农田下垫面夏季地表能量不平衡的补偿。结果表明:干旱区农田植被光合作用平均日变化最大值达9.9 W·m~(-2),空气热储存平均日变化最大值达10.6 W·m~(-2),生物量储热平均日变化最大值达32.4 W·m~(-2),垂直平流输送平均日变化最大值达22.9 W·m~(-2);各补偿项对地表能量闭合度分别提高2%、1%、2%和6%;在能量平衡方程中引入这4项后地表能量平衡闭合度由79%提升到90%。植被光合作用、空气热储存、生物量储热和垂直平流输送对干旱区农田地表能量不闭合有明显改善。     

偏心绕极涡旋的形成及其动力特征

本文利用一个描写对流层和平流层运动的三层模式,以最简化的非线性积分的方法,讨论了偏心绕极涡旋的存在及其与地形、热源的关系,并用瞬时作用的关系式讨论了偏心绕极祸旋的特性。 文中得到了偏心绕极涡旋的一些动力特性,例如:β效应大于涡度平流;温度平流与涡度平流相比,在偏心涡旋中比在移动性长波中更为重要,说明这类涡旋具有更大的斜压性;在冬季由于它的存在,有可能使得平流层的强大扰动直接影响到对流层。 在北半球,大地形和热源的偏心不对称分布,对纬围环流可以产生偏心扰动。在对流层用数值积分得到的第5天的结果,同模型实验及实况观测都比较相似。     

卫星遥感敦煌地区地表特征参数研究

卫星遥感在研究沙漠化地区非均匀地表特征参数时有其独到的作用。本文提出了一个基于Landsat-7 TM资料推算沙漠化地区地表特征参数的方案，并把其用于中国西北地区“我国重大气候和天气灾害形成及预测理论的研究”的敦煌试验区，并且利用3个景Landsat-7 TM资料进行了分析研究，得到了一些有关沙漠化地区非均匀地表区域地表特征参数(地表反射率、地表温度、修正的土壤调整植被指数MSAVI和植被覆盖度)的新概念。     

陇中黄土高原地表能量不平衡特征及其影响机制研究

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL)2008年夏季的观测资料,分析了陇中黄土高原地表能量不平衡特征及其影响机制,计算了地表和5 cm深处土壤热通量板之间的热储存,并对地表能量不平衡特征重新进行了计算和评价。当把土壤热储存作为地表能量收支的一部分考虑后,不平衡差额绝对值平均降低了23 W.m-2,能量不闭合度平均减小了0.104,利用最小二乘法(OLS)进行线性回归得到的平均不闭合度减小了0.085。从白天和晚上的能量不闭合度频率分布也能够看出,土壤热储存对地表能量收支平衡有很大改善。但即使考虑了土壤热储存项,地表能量不闭合仍然很明显。除了土壤热储存,边界层大气不同形式的输送能力作为对地气能量通量交换过程中的重要因素,对能量不平衡也会产生深远影响。结果显示,地表能量不闭合度分别与垂直速度w、水平风速u和对流速度尺度w*有较密切的关系。涡动相关法通量计算中常通过坐标旋转强迫垂直速度变为零,然而非零的垂直速度和垂直平流是真实存在的,忽略垂直平流热量输送是产生地表能量不平衡的重要原因。     

利用ASTER数据估算2002年4月阿克苏地表特征和植被参数

利用ASTER卫星可见光和短波红外波段数据,估算了2002年4月12日阿克苏地区地表特征参数(地表温度T、地表反射率α)和植被参数(归一化植被指数NDVI、修正的土壤调整植被指数MSA-VI、植被覆盖度Pv和叶面积指数LAI等)。结果表明,各种植被参数在沙漠地区较小,而在绿洲中的值较大。同时本文认为ASTER遥感数据有较高的地面分辨率,利用它可以更好地反映地表的植被参数及地表特征参数状况;还指出了ASTER卫星数据在沙漠绿洲中的适用性。     

非线性计算稳定性的比较分析

非线性计算稳定性是数值天气预报中的一个重要问题。本文以一维非线性平流方程为模型,对六种常见的非线性差分格式进行定性和定量的稳定性比较分析,特别强调了非线性计算稳定性与格式结构和初值形式的依赖关系,从另一个角度揭示了非线计算不稳定的特性和机理。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.