A modified box corer and extruder for marine pollution studies

Plans are presented for a box corer and extruder suitable for use in marine pollution studies where large, undisturbed samples are required. The corer has been modified to minimise disturbance of the sample during collection and a segmented core liner has been introduced to facilitate sectioning the core. Data are presented which indicate the effective operation of the sampling system.     

A sediment core sectioning method to minimize the post-sampling redistribution of organisms

We present a mechanical method to horizontally section soft bottom sediment cores to minimize the vertical post-sampling redistribution of motile infaunal macroinvertebrates. A clear acrylic core tube for a standard Kajak-Brinkhurst corer was modified by cutting a series of horizontal slits into the side of the core tube to allow the insertion of sectioning plates for physically sealing each section immediately after core retrieval. The modification is simple, inexpensive and easily adapted to any open barrel gravity corer.     

天山北麓岩石漆显微层理层序的初步建立及其年代学意义

对天山地区的调查发现天山北麓有较好的岩石漆发育。利用特殊的超薄片磨制技术,在对100 个岩石漆超薄切片的显微影象分析对比后,初步建立了研究区内晚更新世以来岩石漆显微层理的标准层序,经过年代校正后,给出了该层序的大致年代控制。并对其在估计河流阶地、断层陡坎等地貌面时代方面的应用作了探讨     

天山北麓岩石漆显微原理层序的初步建立及其年代学意义

对天山地区的调查发现天山北麓有较好的岩石漆发育。利用特殊的超薄片磨制技术,在对１００个岩石漆超薄切片的显微影象分析对比后,初步建立了研究区内晚更新世以来岩石漆显微层理的标准层序,经过年代校正后,给出了该程序的大致年代控制。并对其在估计河流阶地,断层陡坎等地貌面时代方面的应用作了探讨。     

Semiactive variable stiffness control for parametric vibration of cables

In this paper, a semiactive variable stiffness （SVS） device is used to decrease cable oscillations caused by parametric excitation, and the equation of motion of the parametric vibration of the cable with this SVS device is presented. The ON/OFF control algorithm is used to operate the SVS control device. The vibration response of the cable with the SVS device is numerically studied for a variety of additional stiffness combinations in both the frequency and time domains and for both parametric and classical resonance vibration conditions. The numerical studies further consider the cable sag effect. From the numerical results, it is shown that the SVS device effectively suppresses the cable resonance vibration response, and as the stiffness of the device increases, the device achieves greater suppression of vibration. Moreover, it was shown that the SVS device increases the critical axial displacement of the excitation under cable parametric vibration conditions.     

Growth rates of manganese nodules in Oneida Lake,New York

²²⁶Ra is used to document the growth histories of six manganese nodules from Oneida Lake, New York. Detailed sectioning and analysis reveal that there are discontinuous gradients in²²⁶Ra content in these samples. These gradients result from periods of rapid growth (>1 mm/100 years) separated by periods of no growth of erosion. Although the²²⁶Ra “age” of the nodules approximates the age of Oneida Lake, the nodules are not sediment-covered because they occur only in areas of the lake where fine-grained sediments are not accumulating.     

瞬变电磁接收装置对浅层探测的畸变分析与数值剔除

从理论上对瞬变电磁系统的接收装置频率特性进行分析,得出了瞬变信号在早期发生畸变的根本原因,揭示出接收装置在发射电流关断期间和电流关断后对一次场和二次场的影响关系,给出基于导电球体模型下接收装置的谐振频率与最小取样时间的关系图,进而讨论了接收装置对浅层目标体探测的影响.当瞬变电磁测量系统在电流关断开始时刻记录全程瞬变响应和发射电流波形时,如果接收装置的位置和谐振频率已知,就可以通过数值计算方法从根本上剔除接收装置对早期瞬变信号的影响,即使接收装置存在过渡过程,也同样可以实现近地表浅层的探测,从而缩短瞬变电磁法的浅层勘探盲区,提高近地表的探测分辨率和精度.     

A Comparison of Sampling Mechanisms Available for Small-Diameter Ground Water Monitoring Wells

The objective of most ground water quality monitoring programs is to obtain samples that are "representative" or that retain the physical and chemical properties of the ground water in an aquifer. Many factors can influence whether or not a particular sample is representative, but perhaps the most critical factor is the method or type of sampling device used to retrieve the sample.
The sampling equipment available today ranges from simple to highly sophisticated, and includes bailers, syringe devices, suction-lift pumps, gas-drive devices, bladder (Middelburg-type) pumps, gear-drive and helical rotor electric submersible pumps and gas-driven piston pumps. New devices are continually being developed for use in small-diameter wells in order to meet the needs of professionals engaged in implementing elaborate ground water monitoring programs.
In selecting a sampling device for a monitoring program, the professional must consider a number of details. Among the considerations are: the outside diameter of the device, the overall impact of the device on ground water sample integrity (including the materials from which the sampling device and associated equipment are made and the method by which the device delivers the sample), the capability of the device to purge the well of stagnant water, the rate and the ability to control the rate at which the sample is delivered, the depth limitations of the device, the ease of operating, cleaning and maintaining the device, the portability of the device and required accessory equipment, the reliability and durability of the device, and the initial and operational cost of the device and accessory equipment. Based on these considerations, each of the devices available for sampling ground water from small-diameter wells has its own unique set of advantages and disadvantages that make it suitable for sampling under specific sets of conditions. No one sampling device is applicable to all sampling situations.     

地下水溶解气数字化观测程控定量自动脱气装置

介绍了一种适于与气体自动观测仪器配套、应用于地震地下水前兆数字化观测的定量自动脱气装置。该装置根据气体溶解平衡原理设计而成,采用了交联双循环技术,由单板机实现程序控制,可利用连续流经该装置的被测水样,周期性制备定量体积的与被测水样具有确定浓度关系的气态样品,供气体自动观测仪器进一步测量,并按照给定的理论公式,对被测水样中相关溶解气的真实浓度给出精确的定量表达。专门设置的“稳压功能”和“除水功能”使该装置具有较稳定的工作性能。     

对气氡脱气装置改造的几点认识

拆除了格尔木井原气氡脱气装置,针对该井冷水、大流量的实际情况,自行设计、制造了一套新的脱气装置,在其后的气氡观测中取得了良好效果,通过对改造前后氡值的分析,充分认识到了合理的脱气装置的重要性,形成了几点新的看法.     

Comparison of Measured and Modelled Hydraulic Conductivities of Fractured Sandstone Cores

— A new method for characterising the detailed fracture geometry in sandstone cores is presented. This method is based on the impregnation of samples with coloured resin, without significant disturbance of the fractures. The fractures are made clearly visible by the resin, thus allowing the fracture geometry to be examined digitally. In order to model the bulk hydraulic conductivity, the samples are sectioned serially perpendicular to the flow direction. The hydraulic conductivity of individual sections is estimated by summing the contribution of the matrix and each fracture from the digital data. Finally, the hydraulic conductivity of the bulk sample is estimated by a harmonic average in series along the flow path. Results of this geometrical method are compared with actual physical conductivity values measured from fluid experiments carried out prior to sectioning. The predicted conductivity from the fracture geometry parameters (e.g., fracture aperture, fracture width, fracture length and fracture relative roughness all measured using an optical method) is in good agreement with the independent physical measurements, thereby validating the approach.     

两个控制装置的模拟地震振动台试验研究

本文作者设计制造了一种高效被动阻尼控制（HEDC）装置和一种半主动控制装置－主动变刚度,阻尼（AVS．D）控制装置,并对其控制机理和控制效果进行了模拟地震振动台试验研究,试验结果表明,HEDC控制效果是令人满意的,而AVS．D控制则可以获得更好的效果,尽管它仅需很少的能量输入,试验结果表明,在AVS．D控制中,装置的电磁阀处于开启状态工作的时间较长,即在大部分时间里AVS．D控制系统是通过阻尼而不足刚度来控制受控结构,这在一定程度上降低了控制时滞的影响。     

A novel semi-active TMD with folding variable stiffness spring

An innovative variable stiffness device is proposed and investigated based on numerical simulations. The device, called a folding variable stiffness spring (FVSS), can be widely used, especially in tuned mass dampers (TMDs) with adaptive stiffness. An important characteristic of FVSS is its capability to change the stiffness between lower and upper bounds through a small change of distance between its supports. This special feature results in lower time-lag errors and readjustment in shorter time intervals. The governing equations of the device are derived and simplified for a symmetrical FVSS with similar elements. This device is then used to control a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) structure as well as a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) structure via a semi-active TMD. Numerical simulations are conducted to compare several control cases for these structures. To make it more realistic, a real direct current motor with its own limitations is simulated in addition to an ideal control case with no limitations and both the results are compared. It is shown that the proposed device can be effectively used to suppress undesirable vibrations of a structure and considerably improves the performance of the controller compared to a passive device.     

Seismic control of smart base isolated buildings with new semiactive variable damper

A new semiactive independently variable damper, SAIVD, is developed and shown to be effective in achieving response reductions in smart base isolated buildings in near fault earthquakes. The semiactive device consists of four linear visco‐elastic elements, commonly known as Kelvin–Voigt elements, arranged in a rhombus configuration. The magnitude of force in the semiactive device can be adjusted smoothly in real‐time by varying the angle of the visco‐elastic elements of the device or the aspect ratio of the rhombus configuration. Such a device is essentially linear, simple to construct, and does not present the difficulties commonly associated with modelling and analysing nonlinear devices (e.g. friction devices). The smooth semiactive force variation eliminates the disadvantages associated with rapid switching devices. Experimental results are presented to verify the proposed analytical model of the device. A H_∞ control algorithm is implemented in order to reduce the response of base isolated buildings with variable damping semiactive control systems in near fault earthquakes. The central idea of the control algorithm is to design a H_∞ controller for the structural system that serves as an aid in the determination of the optimum control force in the semiactive device. The relative performance of the SAIVD device is compared to a variable friction device, recently developed by the authors in a separate study, and several key aspects of performance are discussed regarding the use of the two devices for reducing the responses of smart base isolated buildings in near fault earthquakes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

盘一井气氡新型脱气装置应用实验研究

在盘一井数字化气氡观测过程中,脱气装置经过两次改进,但出现的各种干扰因素无法得到有效解决,应用效果一般。为了减少脱气装置对气氡观测的干扰,提高观测数据质量,盘锦台改进制作了新型喷射负压式脱气装置,经过近7个月的试验研究,有效地减少脱气装置在气氡观测中的干扰,解决了氡观测脱气装置稳定性难题,这也进一步提高了气氡观测数据的内在质量。可为国内地震台站观测(水质矿化度高的观测井口)提供脱气装置制作、观测经验,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

新型弹塑性软碰撞防护装置试验研究

为限制隔震层位移,研发了同时提供刚度和阻尼力的新型弹塑性软碰撞防护装置,该装置主要由铅芯橡胶支座、剪力键及中空连接钢板组成。首先对铅芯橡胶支座进行了设计压应力12MPa下基本性能试验及压应力0 MPa下剪切试验;然后进行了弹塑性软碰撞防护装置的水平力学性能测试试验,测定装置的屈服后刚度、屈服力及支座顶端转角,探讨了剪力键外圆面罩橡胶套对试验结果的影响,对比分析了装置的水平力学性能指标与支座在0MPa下剪切试验结果的差异;最后,对弹塑性软碰撞防护装置进行了数值模拟,对比了数值模拟与试验的水平力-位移滞回曲线。结果表明:弹塑性软碰撞防护装置可提供刚度及阻尼力,在剪力键外圆面罩上橡胶套后对试验结果基本无影响;与0MPa下支座测试结果相比较,装置的屈服后刚度及屈服力有所降低;支座顶端转角随支座剪应变的增大而增大;数值模拟与试验的滞回曲线吻合良好,该装置具有良好的滞回耗能能力。     

Performance of a base isolator with shape memory alloy bars

A new and innovative base isolation device is introduced in this paper based on extensive research carried out by the authors and their co-workers. A prototype of the device was built and experimentally tested on the shaking table. The new base isolation device consists of two disks, one vertical cylinder with an upper enlargement sustained by three horizontal cantilevers, and at least three inclined shape memory alloy (SMA) bars. The role of the SMA bars is to limit the relative motion between the base and the superstructure, to dissipate energy by their super-elastic constitutive law and to guarantee the re-centring of the device. To verify the expected performance, a prototype was built and tested under sinusoidal waves of displacement of increasing frequency with different amplitudes. It is shown that the main feature of the proposed base isolation device is that for cyclic loading, the super-elastic behavior of the alloy results in wide load-displacement loops, where a large amount of energy is dissipated.     

地震救助生命搜索与定位技术研究进展

生命搜索是地震紧急救援中最重要的问题，由于时间紧迫、环境条件恶劣也是最困难的问题。先进的技术与装备是提高救助成功率，最大限度减轻人员伤亡的技术保障。本文简要介绍了利用国内外目前较为成熟的相关技术，研制开发光学探生仪、声波／振动探生仪、红外热像仪3种先进、轻便、高效、实用的地震救助现场生命搜索与定位技术设备，以及利用系统工程学原理和现代管理理论，开展地震灾害现场生命搜索与救援支持系统的研究，从而初步建立地震救助生命搜索定位技术系统的基本情况。     

新型多级隔震装置试验及最优参数分析

基于橡胶支座和滑板支座的水平力学性能,开发了一种新型多级隔震装置并介绍了该装置的组成、运动状态及力学模型。为了验证多级隔震装置在多水准地震作用下具有多级刚度的特性,设计了一幢相似比为1/10的四层混凝土框架结构,并根据结构模型设计了四套多级隔震装置进行了新型多级隔震结构振动台试验。试验与模拟结果表明:新型多级隔震装置隔震性能良好且在不同水准地震作用下能表现出多级抗震性能,相较于普通隔震装置,在大震下能较好的控制隔震层位移。针对不同多级隔震结构给出了多级隔震装置的最优参数的筛选流程,并基于某实际工程通过筛选流程选取了装置的最优参数。     

可替换式桥梁横向防落梁限位装置抗震性能研究

针对目前桥梁结构横向防落梁限位装置损毁后修复困难的问题,提出一种新型的带可更换耗能段的桥梁横向防落梁限位装置。分别以可更换耗能段的腹板厚度、腹板高度及安装位置等为参数,采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了10个不同参数的装置模型并对其开展拟静力仿真试验,探讨其工作机理,验证其可更换的设计思想并剖析其破坏机理,研究各参数对装置滞回曲线、承载力、延性和耗能能力的影响规律。结果表明:该装置可通过先可更换耗能段破坏再竖板破坏达到多道设防和分级耗能的目的,且整个加载过程中装置的滞回曲线饱满、稳定、无明显捏拢,表现出良好的耗能能力;随着可更换耗能段腹板厚度的增加,装置屈服承载力、极限承载力、屈服位移、极限位移以及延性系数逐渐增大,耗能能力逐渐增强;可更换耗能段高度对装置屈服承载力影响不显著;随着可更换耗能段高度的增加,装置极限承载力逐渐增大,装置屈服位移先增大后减小,装置极限位移整体呈下降趋势,装置的延性系数和耗能能力逐渐减小;可更换耗能段的安装高度对装置屈服承载力和耗能能力的影响无统一规律,但与装置的屈服位移、极限位移及延性系数成负相关。基于本析结果,建议装置在满足承载力要求的前提下,应尽量选取可更换耗能段腹板厚度较厚、高度较小和安装位置较低的参数进行设计。