共查询到18条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
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盐渍土壤中的物理化学作用对溶质运移具有重要影响.吸附和离子交换作用是土壤中常见的反应.利用室内土柱出流实验对这两种作用下的单组分和多组分溶质运移进行了探讨,用CXTFIT软件模拟了只考虑对流-弥散的常规溶质运移;用水文地球化学模拟软件PHREEQC进行了耦合吸附和离子交换反应的模拟.结果表明,土壤质地对单组分溶质的运移具有重要影响,而在多组分溶质运移中,组分之间的相互作用对溶质运移具有更为重要的影响,并且耦合物理化学作用的模拟精度更高. 相似文献
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PHREEQC在地下水溶质反应-运移模拟中的应用 总被引:7,自引:2,他引:7
由于地下水污染的加剧,对地下水中污染物运移规律的研究日益受到重视。地下水中的溶质在运移过程中伴随着溶质组分间的化学反应,因此需要建立地下水溶质运移与化学反应的耦合模型。PHREEQC是近年来发展起来的描述局部平衡反应、动态生物化学反应的水文地球化学模拟软件。本文利用该模拟软件对一维地下水流动过程中溶质离子交换反应和动态氧化还原反应进行了模拟。结果表明,PHREEQC能够成功地进行溶质运移情况下复杂水化学反应模拟,但对于复杂地下水流和溶质运动的情况,有必要耦合其它的地下水流动和溶质运移软件来共同完成。 相似文献
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地下多组分反应溶质运移数值模拟:地质资源和环境研究的新方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
地下多组分反应溶质运移数值模拟(RTM)是解释地球系统中的耦合过程和不同时空尺度对其影响的重要工具。RTM是研究地球科学基础理论、地质资源和环境等复杂地球化学过程的一个新方法,可用于如废物处置安全性评估、地下水污染研究、二氧化碳地质储存、金属矿床的地浸开采等的研究中。笔者首先回顾了反应溶质溶质运移模拟的发展历史,然后总结了反应溶质运移模拟的发展现状,再从耦合过程、空间尺度、裂隙和非均质介质处理角度说明了反应溶质运移模拟所面临的挑战。结合地下水质的演化、生物降解、CO2地质储存等具体实例讨论了反应溶质运移模拟的广泛应用前景,探讨了反应溶质运移模拟的未来发展方向。 相似文献
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地下水中铀的反应运移模拟对地下水保护和铀矿区的恢复都很重要, 因为铀是一种化学毒害性很高的放射性元素.在地下水及水与固体之间都应考虑对流、弥散、稀释、吸附等化学相互作用.介绍了德国德累斯顿市附近的Koenigstein矿区淋滤条件的可行性研究结果.由于反应运移模拟需占用大量的CPU时间, 所有的运行在一天内完成, 但用简单的混合法进行了稀释.对于这种研究, PHREEQC 2.2证明是一个功能很强的工具.与PHREEQC相对应的数据库WATEQ4F涉及到48种元素、400多种物质、300多种矿物.根据铀和镭的特性, 对其作了一定的修改, 以使它更具相容性和可靠性. 相似文献
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近些年来地下水中多组分反应-运移模型在地球科学及环境领域开始得到应用,但其求解较为复杂,为了提高计算效率,可以采用去耦合化方法处理,从而使模型求解得到简化。针对自然界中广泛存在的非均质地质体,提出该类条件下的去耦合化方法,即根据水-岩间、水溶组分间反应的不同,将整个研究区划分为若干子区域,获得对应的去耦合化矩阵。对化学场中各子区域间相邻边界进行设定,达到简化模型求解的目的。最后,以一维非均质介质中基于热力学平衡的反应-运移问题作为算例,基于以上方法进行求解,并与该算例经PHAST软件所示的结果较为一致。结果表明,基于去耦合化方法获得的各离子浓度随时间演变和沿空间分布特征与PHAST所示的结果较为一致,显示该方法在非均质区域模拟溶质运移等方面具有较好的适用性。 相似文献
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与多孔介质相比,裂隙介质中的渗流、溶质运移要复杂得多,许多学者在这方面进行了深入的研究,他们在模型的建立、求解、验证等方面都取得很大突破,但仍有许多难点没有解决。着眼于粗糙单裂隙开度变化的实质特性,将原有裂隙介质渗流、溶质运移方程进行修改,建立粗糙单裂隙渗流、溶质运移数学模型,并进行数值模拟。 相似文献
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Numerical evaluation of multicomponent cation exchange reactive transport in physically and geochemically heterogeneous porous media 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Experimental evidence and stochastic studies strongly show that the transport of reactive solutes in porous media is significantly
influenced by heterogeneities in hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and sorption parameters. In this paper, we present Monte
Carlo numerical simulations of multicomponent reactive transport involving competitive cation exchange reactions in a two-dimensional
vertical physically and geochemically heterogeneous medium. Log hydraulic conductivity, log K, and log cation exchange capacity (log CEC) are assumed to be random Gaussian functions with spherical semivariograms. Random
realizations of log K and log CEC are used as input data for the numerical simulation of multicomponent reactive transport with CORE2D, a general purpose reactive transport code. Longitudinal features of the fronts of reactive and conservative species are
computed from the temporal and spatial moments of depth-averaged concentrations. Monte Carlo simulations show that: (1) the
displacement of reactive fronts increases with increasing variance of log K, while it decreases with the variance of log CEC; (2) second-order spatial moments increase with increasing variances of
log K and log CEC; (3) uncertainties in the mean arrival time are largest (smallest) for negatively (positively) correlated log
K and Log CEC; (4) cations undergoing competitive cation exchange exhibit different apparent velocities and retardation factors
due to both physical and geochemical heterogeneities; and (5) the correlation between log K and log CEC affects significantly apparent cation retardation factors in heterogeneous aquifers. 相似文献
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氯化物对方解石和白云石矿物溶解度的影响 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11
借助PHREEQC软件,文章对方解石、白云石分别在无CO2和大气PCO2条件下NaCl、KCl、CaCl2和MgCl2溶液中的溶解度进行了模拟计算,结果显示:方解石在NaCl、KCl、和MgCl2溶液中以及白云石在NaCl、KCl溶液中的溶解度比纯水中大得多,其原因主要是盐效应。由于同离子效应,在CaCl2溶液中可降低方解石溶解度,而白云石在较高浓度CaCl2或MgCl2溶液中,虽发生同离子效应,其溶解度仍较纯水中有不同程度提高。模拟还显示,方解石在MgCl2溶液中以及白云石在CaCl2溶液中溶解时将分别发生白云石化和去白云石化反应,从而促使不全等溶解继续发生。在常规离子中,按方解石、白云石溶解度提高发挥作用的重要性排序为:阴离子中都是SO24->Cl-;对于方解石溶解,阳离子中Mg2+>Na+>K+>Ca2+;对于白云石溶解,当PCO2=0或PCO2=10-3.5bar且CaCl2浓度大约在1.5mol/L以下时,Na+>K+>Ca2+>Mg2+;当PCO2=10-3.5bar且CaCl2浓度大约在1.5mol/L以上时,Ca2+>Na+>K+>Mg2+。 相似文献
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Final disposal of high-level radioactive waste in deep repositories in clay formations is being considered by several countries. Repository safety assessment requires the use of numerical models of groundwater flow, solute transport and chemical processes. These models are being developed from data and knowledge gained from in situ experiments such as the CERBERUS experiment carried out at the HADES facility excavated in the Boom clay formation at Mol (Belgium). This long-term experiment is aimed at evaluating the effect of heating and radiation in Boom clay. The test was performed in a cased well drilled at 223 m depth and lasted from 1989 to 1994. A 60Co source of 400 TBq and two heaters were emplaced inside the well. Dose rate, temperature, porewater pressure and pH/Eh were measured in situ during the experiment and gas and porewater samples were taken for chemical analyses. Here a coupled thermo-hydro-geochemical (THC) model of the CERBERUS experiment is presented which accounts simultaneously for heating, radiation, solute diffusion and a suite of geochemical reactions including: aqueous complexation, acid–base, redox, mineral dissolution/precipitation, cation exchange and gas dissolution/ex-solution. Computed results indicate that heating and radiation causes a slight oxidation, a decrease in pH, slight changes in porewater chemistry and pyrite dissolution near the well. THC model results follow the general evolution of chemical data, but cannot fit SO4 data. Model discrepancies are partly overcome when microbially-mediated Fe and SO4 reduction are taken into account in a coupled thermo-hydro-bio-geochemical (THBC) model. This THBC model captures the trends of geochemical data, improves the fit to dissolved SO4 and predicts pyrite precipitation, a process observed near the CERBERUS well. The ability of the THBC numerical model to reproduce the overall trends of geochemical data of the CERBERUS experiment provides confidence in such a model as a suitable tool for the long-term prediction of geochemistry in the near field of a HLW repository in clay. However, the small number of available chemical data throughout the experiment and the lack of DOC and microbial data allow only a partial validation of the THBC model. 相似文献
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《岩土力学》2017,(3):663-671
CO_2地质封存是目前最经济、最可靠的CO_2减排技术之一,对CO_2反应迁移规律的研究具有重要的理论价值。采用Dardis多孔介质模型与已有的CO_2反应迁移模型耦合,对含喉部裂隙的复杂介质中反应迁移规律进行模拟研究。速度场的模拟结果表明,裂隙内的速度明显高于基质速度,在喉部中心线位置处速度达到最大值。溶解反应主要集中于入口段及裂隙的上、下边缘附近;受喉部的影响,喉部下游的裂隙边缘几乎不发生溶解反应。反应物H~+在裂隙及喉部中的浓度明显高于在基质中的浓度;而生成物Ca~(2+)的高浓度区则出现在下游基质区中。针对不同喉部位置的情况进行对比,分析其对反应率及组分浓度的影响规律。最后对含突扩孔的裂隙介质进行了模拟,发现其提高了裂隙内的速度及组分迁移,这与喉部裂隙介质内的规律正好相反。上述结果较好地说明了本模型具有模拟研究复杂裂隙介质内的CO_2反应迁移规律的能力。 相似文献
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土壤阳离子交换量是指土壤胶体能够吸附的各种阳离子的总量,是反映土壤缓冲能力和保肥能力的重要指标,也是土壤环境评价等工作中必须分析的指标。传统的乙酸铵交换法(林业标准(LY/T 1243—1999))因其稳定性好、缓冲性强、重复性好而在我国土壤和农化实验室应用较为广泛,但在大批量土壤分析时仍然存在步骤繁琐、耗时长、效率低等不足。为了克服这些不足,本文结合前人的研究,分别从离心、蒸馏、滴定3大步骤对标准方法进行优化,利用CEC前处理系统对样品进行EDTA-乙酸铵溶液置换、乙醇清洗,通过全自动凯氏定氮仪对置换的铵根离子进行测定,从而计算CEC值;详细探讨了测定过程中乙酸铵搅拌时间、乙醇用量、凯氏定氮仪蒸馏时间对测定结果的影响,综合建立并优化了CEC前处理系统—凯氏定氮仪测定土壤中的阳离子交换量的分析方法。实验结果表明,在最佳的置换时间、乙醇用量及蒸馏时间等条件下,一批样品(100件)的测定时间仅需8 h,极大地提高了工作效率,与传统方法相比时间缩短了近85%。方法经国家一级土壤成分分析标准物质验证,测定值与认定值相符,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于2%。该方法分析效率高、操作简单,极大地减少了人工操作可能带来的误差,提高了测定结果的准确度,适用于大批量土壤的阳离子交换量的测定。 相似文献
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Benjamin Rotenberg Jean-Pierre Morel Pierre Turq Nicole Morel-Desrosiers 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2009,73(14):4034-20527
We study the origin of the ionic exchange enthalpy in montmorillonite clays using microcalorimetry measurements and molecular simulation. We first determine the standard reaction enthalpy for well-defined interlayer water contents. We then show by a detailed analysis based on thermodynamic cycles that replacing Na+ ions by Cs+ in the interlayer of montmorillonite clays is an endothermic process, and that the overall exchange is exothermic only because it is dominated by the exothermic replacement of Cs+ by Na+ in the aqueous phase. This conclusion from ionic exchange enthalpies supports the one of a recent study of the ionic exchange free energy by Teppen and Miller [Teppen B. J. and Miller D. M. (2006) Hydration energy determines isovalent cation exchange selectivity by clay minerals. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.70(1), 31-40] and contradicts long-held views on the role of ion-clay interactions in determining the ionic exchange thermodynamics. This calls for a paradigm shift for the origin of this exchange: The driving force is the “hydrophobicity” of Cs+ compared to Na+ and not its affinity for clay surfaces. 相似文献