基于激光云高仪反演全天边界层高度的两步曲线拟合法

大气边界层高度是天气、气候、大气环境研究中的一个重要参数,目前尚缺少基于激光雷达探测系统反演全天边界层高度的有效方法。文中利用北京朝阳站、大兴站的激光云高仪数据,首先评估了梯度法、标准偏差法、曲线拟合法和小波协方差法反演边界层高度的适用性和局限性,发现梯度法容易受环境噪声的影响,曲线拟合法稳定性较好,但在夜间弱湍流条件下会将残留层高度误判为夜间边界层高度。提出两步曲线拟合法,将一天中边界层结构划分为白天的对流边界层、夜间的残留层和稳定边界层,通过用不同的理想曲线对其进行两步拟合,获取全天边界层高度的变化。将两步曲线拟合法的反演结果与基于L波段探空雷达的位温梯度法的探测结果进行比较发现:两者相关系数为0.91,证明了两步曲线拟合法的可行性以及激光云高仪探测边界层高度的应用潜力。采用该方法反演2017年5—6月朝阳站与大兴站边界层高度,对比发现:城区特殊的下垫面性质使朝阳站日间对流边界层发展更早,边界层高度更高,全天朝阳站边界层高度的变化在308—1391 m,大兴站在197—1302 m。     

城市街渠大气湍流结构的小波分析

利用小波分析方法对城市街渠大气湍流场特征进行了初步研究，发现小波变换能够很好地揭示湍流的串级结构和多尺度结构。结合Fourier分析对湍流中不同尺度涡旋对能量的贡献进行了比较，发现噪声能量主要集中在高频处。     

Toward increasing the accuracy and realism of future optical turbulence calculations

Summary Due to the increased use of laser and ground-to-satellite communications the need for reliable optical turbulence information is growing. Optical turbulence information is important because it describes an atmospheric effect that can degrade the performance of electromagnetic systems and sensors, e.g., free-space optical communications and infrared imaging. However, analysis of selected past research indicates that there are some areas (i.e., data and models) in which optical turbulence information is lacking. For example, line-of-sight optical turbulence data coupled with atmospheric models in hilly terrain, coastal areas, and within cities are few in number or non-existent. In addition, the bulk of existing atmospheric computer models being used to provide estimates of optical turbulence are basically one-dimensional in nature and assume uniform turbulence conditions over large areas. As a result, current optical turbulence theory and models may be deficient and in error for inhomogeneous (nonuniform) turbulence conditions, such as those that occur in urban environments or environments with changing topography and energy budgets. While it is anticipated that theoretical advances in environmental physics (and like disciplines) will be a catalyst for much new work this area, in the interim, we suggest that some very practical computational research can be performed to extend existing low-atmospheric turbulence and micrometeorological calculations beyond current limitations.     

Temporal Scales of Convective Coherent Structures Derived from Sodar Data

Summary The temporal variability of thermal turbulence and vertical velocity derived from sodar measurements during periods of atmospheric free convection is studied using both spectral and wavelet analysis. A promising approach to analyse atmospheric processes, an advanced high-resolution spectrum estimation technique is described. Variance spectra of meteorological and turbulent parameters are shown to have their specific comb shape at a low-frequency range. Spectra and wavelet transforms of the data obtained at different sites both indicate the existence of some representative predominant temporal scales in time variations of the convective boundary layer structure. The most evident temporal scales revealed are centered around 7–9 and 18–22 minutes. Received October 16, 1998 Revised April 15, 1999     

The Theoretical Model of Atmospheric Turbulence Spectrum in Surface Layer

It is shown that the slope of energy spectrum obtained from the velocity solution of Kdv-Burgers equation lies between -5/3 and -2 in the dilogarithmic coordinates paper. The spectrum is very close to one of Kolmogorov’s isotropic turbulence and Frisch’s intermittent turbulence in inertial region. In this paper, the Kdv-Burgers equation to describe atmospheric boundary layer turbulence is obtained. In the equation, the 1 / Re, corresponds to dissipative coefficient v, to dispersive coefficient β, then (v/ 2β)2 corresponds to .We prove that the wave number corresponding to maximum energy spectrum decreases with the decrease of stability (i.e., the increase of in eddy-containing region. And the spectrim amplitude decreases with the increase of (i.e., the decrease of stability). These results are consistent with actual turbulence spectrum of atmospheric surface layer from turbulence data.     

The characteristics of turbulent moisture on Huaihe river basin in China

Summary ?A lot of work on near surface turbulence characteristics has been done in the experimental study of atmospheric turbulence, but little work on fluctuating scalar field has been done, especially on some quantities such as moisture and pollution. In this paper, with the methods of statistical theory, Fourier transform, fractal geometry and wavelet transform, the turbulent moisture data obtained from Huaihe River Basin Experiment (HUBEX) are studied to explore the statistical, spectral, fractal and intermittent characteristics of turbulent moisture. The results show that: (1) In the high humid area such as Huaihe river basin, the moisture plays an important role in the surface energy balance, energy transportation and cycle. (2) The energy spectra and cospectra are in agreement with the “−2/3” and “−4/3” scaling power law correspondingly in inertial sub-range. (3) The fractal dimension of turbulent moisture in Huaihe river basin is clearly higher than that in other areas (such as Beijing). (4) The fluctuating moisture field has strong intermittency, and is not in accordance with the Kolmogorov theory. With the orthonormal wavelet transform, the dissipative events of the fluctuating moisture field contributing to inertial sub-range intermittency buildup have been identified. After the dissipative events have been suppressed by introducing a conditioning wavelet sampling scheme, the intermittency that affects the statistical structure of inertial sub-range is restrained. However the repressive effects of intermittency on turbulent moisture field are worse than those on turbulent velocity field. The reason may be either the intermittency of turbulent moisture is strong or some coherence structures exist in the turbulent moisture field. Received April 27, 2001; Revised January 23, 2002     

基于小波提升算法的脑电节律提取

小波变换在信号处理中有着广泛的应用,能同时分析时域和频域方面的信息,但是传统的小波变换依赖于傅立叶变换,有大量的卷积运算,运算速度较慢.该文讨论了第二代小波变换的原理,并采用它来处理脑电信号.提升算法作为构造第二代小波的关键技术,通过预测确定高频信息,更新后得到正确的低频信息,它不依赖于傅立叶变换,大大提高了运算速度.通过分析提升算法的基本原理,用第二代小波变换实现了对脑电信号的节律(δ、θ、α、β)提取,并得到了令人满意的效果.     

Numerical Modelling of the Turbulent Flow Developing Within and Over a 3-D Building Array, Part I: A High-Resolution Reynolds-Averaged Navier—Stokes Approach

A study of the neutrally-stratified flow within and over an array of three-dimensional buildings (cubes) was undertaken using simple Reynolds-averaged Navier—Stokes (RANS) flow models. These models consist of a general solution of the ensemble-averaged, steady-state, three-dimensional Navier—Stokes equations, where the k-ε turbulence model (k is turbulence kinetic energy and ε is viscous dissipation rate) has been used to close the system of equations. Two turbulence closure models were tested, namely, the standard and Kato—Launder k-ε models. The latter model is a modified k-ε model designed specifically to overcome the stagnation point anomaly in flows past a bluff body where the standard k-ε model overpredicts the production of turbulence kinetic energy near the stagnation point. Results of a detailed comparison between a wind-tunnel experiment and the RANS flow model predictions are presented. More specifically, vertical profiles of the predicted mean streamwise velocity, mean vertical velocity, and turbulence kinetic energy at a number of streamwise locations that extend from the impingement zone upstream of the array, through the array interior, to the exit region downstream of the array are presented and compared to those measured in the wind-tunnel experiment. Generally, the numerical predictions show good agreement for the mean flow velocities. The turbulence kinetic energy was underestimated by the two different closure models. After validation, the results of the high-resolution RANS flow model predictions were used to diagnose the dispersive stress, within and above the building array. The importance of dispersive stresses, which arise from point-to-point variations in the mean flow field, relative to the spatially-averaged Reynolds stresses are assessed for the building array.     

Turbulent Flow at 190 m Height Above London During 2006–2008: A Climatology and the Applicability of Similarity Theory

Flow and turbulence above urban terrain is more complex than above rural terrain, due to the different momentum and heat transfer characteristics that are affected by the presence of buildings (e.g. pressure variations around buildings). The applicability of similarity theory (as developed over rural terrain) is tested using observations of flow from a sonic anemometer located at 190.3 m height in London, U.K. using about 6500 h of data. Turbulence statistics—dimensionless wind speed and temperature, standard deviations and correlation coefficients for momentum and heat transfer—were analysed in three ways. First, turbulence statistics were plotted as a function only of a local stability parameter z/Λ (where Λ is the local Obukhov length and z is the height above ground); the σ _i /u _* values (i = u, v, w) for neutral conditions are 2.3, 1.85 and 1.35 respectively, similar to canonical values. Second, analysis of urban mixed-layer formulations during daytime convective conditions over London was undertaken, showing that atmospheric turbulence at high altitude over large cities might not behave dissimilarly from that over rural terrain. Third, correlation coefficients for heat and momentum were analyzed with respect to local stability. The results give confidence in using the framework of local similarity for turbulence measured over London, and perhaps other cities. However, the following caveats for our data are worth noting: (i) the terrain is reasonably flat, (ii) building heights vary little over a large area, and (iii) the sensor height is above the mean roughness sublayer depth.     

南海台风边界层湍流小波分析

利用小波变换（WT）对香港天文台飞机观测台风“妮妲”（1604）资料进行分析,研究在不稳定、不均匀的台风边界层中湍流涡旋的垂直传输作用。在0.1～5 Hz惯性子区内横风和顺风分量功率谱密度能较好符合-5/3幂律。小波分析显示：横风的小波功率谱峰值集中在1 km之下,顺风分量的小波功率谱峰值集中在1～6km之间;眼区动量通量的主要贡献尺度为2.3 km,眼区外主要贡献尺度在1～2 km,中低层为较小尺度（<1.0km）;湍流功能(TKE)的生成尺度主要集中在4 km之下。这项研究定量描述了南海北部台风边界层各个区域湍流结构的差异特征,讨论了对台风边界层通量参数化的可能影响。     

Large-Scale Turbulence Structures and Their Contributions to the Momentum Flux and Turbulence in the Near-Neutral Atmospheric Boundary Layer Observed from a 213-m Tall Meteorological Tower

Large-scale turbulence structures in the near-neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are investigated on the basis of observations made from the 213-m tall meteorological tower at Tsukuba, Japan. Vertical profiles of wind speed and turbulent fluxes in the ABL were obtained with sonic anemometer-thermometers at six levels of the tower. From the archived data, 31 near-neutral cases are selected for the analysis of turbulence structures. For the typical case, event detection by the integral wavelet transform with a large time scale (180 s) from the streamwise velocity component (u) at the highest level (200 m) reveals a descending high-speed structure with a time scale of approximately 100 s (a spatial scale of 1 km at the 200-m height). By applying the wavelet transform to the u velocity component at each level, the intermittent appearance of large-scale high-speed structures extending also in the vertical is detected. These structures usually make a large contribution to the downward momentum transfer and induce the enhancement of turbulent kinetic energy. This behaviour is like that of “active” turbulent motions. From the analysis of the two-point space–time correlation of wavelet coefficients for the u velocity component, the vertical extent and the downward influence of large-scale structures are examined. Large fluctuations in the large-scale range (wavelet variance at the selected time scale) at the 200-m level tend to induce the large correlation between the higher and lower levels.     

The Effect of Scale on the Applicability of Taylor’s Frozen Turbulence Hypothesis in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Taylor’s frozen turbulence hypothesis is the central assumption invoked in most experiments designed to investigate turbulence physics with time resolving sensors. It is also frequently used in theoretical discussions when linking Lagrangian to Eulerian flow formalisms. In this work we seek to quantify the effectiveness of Taylor’s hypothesis on the field scale using water vapour as a passive tracer. A horizontally orientated Raman lidar is used to capture the humidity field in space and time above an agricultural region in Switzerland. High resolution wind speed and direction measurements are conducted simultaneously allowing for a direct test of Taylor’s hypothesis at the field scale. Through a wavelet decomposition of the lidar humidity measurements we show that the scale of turbulent motions has a strong influence on the applicability of Taylor’s hypothesis. This dependency on scale is explained through the use of dimensional analysis. We identify a ‘persistency scale’ that can be used to quantify the effectiveness of Taylor’s hypothesis, and present the accuracy of the hypothesis as a function of this non-dimensional length scale. These results are further investigated and verified through the use of large-eddy simulations.     

子波变换在大气科学中的应用研究

子波变换是在80年代初才开始发展起来的崭新的数学分析方法。它适宜于分析研究信号的局部性质。子波变换在地震资料分析、图像处理、声音信号分析、分形、抽样、湍流以及大气和海洋科学的诸多研究领域中得到了广泛的应用，与传统数学方法相比显示出巨大的优越性。本文在简要介绍子波变换的定义和一些基本概念的基础上，结合实例给出子波变换在大气科学中的应用研究。最后，讨论了使用子波变换时应注意的问题并展望了它的应用潜力。     

Experimental investigation of atmospheric boundary layer turbulence

This paper describes how to measure turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in order to address certain problems in modern atmospheric physics. These problems mainly relate to the Earth's energy budget (including the hydrological cycle) and biogeochemical cycles. Starting from the main characteristic numbers and the basic equations of atmospheric turbulent flow, we show what turbulence parameters are important to measure. Special attention is given to the various methods used to compute the turbulent fluxes. We analyse the range of scales which has to be measured to properly capture the eddies contributing to the turbulent transfers. This range of scales determines what sensors can be used in the atmospheric surface layer and in the ABL. We describe the most widely used instruments and their performances. The principal platforms used to deploy these instruments are examined. Aircraft are described in more details, because they allow a thorough exploration of the ABL. In the last section, some examples of ABL turbulence signals measured in various conditions are presented. These examples illustrate horizontally homogeneous turbulence as well as inhomogeneous signals for which standard analysis techniques cannot be used. We show how some recent techniques, like wavelet transforms, can help to investigate this kind of signal. At the end, we present what would be interesting to do in the near future for the study of ABL turbulence.     

Wavelet methods: application to the study of the stable atmospheric boundary layer under non-stationary conditions

In this work, some wavelet methods are introduced to study the atmospheric boundary layer under stable conditions, where intermittent events and non-stationary turbulence take place. Such behavior makes classical methods, based on Fourier transform, difficult to use or even of no application.The wavelet transform is used to detect and characterize some structures in the stable atmospheric boundary layer. First, a wave-like event with a 16 min period is detected and analyzed in a wind record. The sum of some Morlet wavelets is proposed as a model for the oscillations. Afterwards, the wavelet transform is introduced to the study of non-stationary small scale turbulence. It provides the time evolution of the energy and a good location in time of the spots of turbulence. Finally, some wavelet tools are used to characterize a traveling structure, provided that it is simultaneously detected at different locations. The phase differences in the wavelet transform give the wavelength and the phase speed of the oscillations, whereas a double transform method is introduced to estimate the group velocity of the structure.     

一个压力坐标下的海洋环流模式

A new oceanic general circulation model in pressure coordinates is formulated. Since the bottom pressure changes with time, the vertical coordinate is actually a pressure-σ coordinate. The numerical solution of the model is based on an energy-conservation scheme of finite difference. The most important new feature of the model is that it is a truly compressible ocean model and it is free of the Boussinesq approxima tions. Thus, the new model is quite different from many existing models in the following ways: 1) the exact form of mass conservation, 2) the in-situ instantaneous pressure and the UNESCO equation of state to calculate density, 3) the in-situ density in the momentum equations, 4) finite difference schemes that conserve the total energy. Initial tests showed that the model code runs smoothly, and it is quite stable. The quasi-steady circulation patterns generated by the new model compare well with existing models, but the time evolution of the new model seems different from some existing models. Thus, the non-Boussinesq models may provide more accurate information for climate study and satellite observations.     

Application of a Large-Eddy Simulation Database to Optimisation of First-Order Closures for Neutral and Stably Stratified Boundary Layers

Large-eddy simulation (LES) is a well-established numerical technique, resolving the most energetic turbulent fluctuations in the planetary boundary layer. By averaging these fluctuations, high-quality profiles of mean quantities and turbulence statistics can be obtained in experiments with well-defined initial and boundary conditions. Hence, LES data can be beneficial for assessment and optimisation of turbulence closure schemes. A database of 80 LES runs (DATABASE64) for neutral and stably stratified planetary boundary layers (PBLs) is applied in this study to optimize first-order turbulence closure (FOC). Approximations for the mixing length scale and stability correction functions have been made to minimise a relative root-mean-square error over the entire database. New stability functions have correct asymptotes describing regimes of strong and weak mixing found in theoretical approaches, atmospheric observations and LES. The correct asymptotes exclude the need for a critical Richardson number in the FOC formulation. Further, we analysed the FOC quality as functions of the integral PBL stability and the vertical model resolution. We show that the FOC is never perfect because the turbulence in the upper half of the PBL is not generated by the local vertical gradients. Accordingly, the parameterised and LES-based fluxes decorrelate in the upper PBL. With this imperfection in mind, we show that there is no systematic quality deterioration of the FOC in the strongly stable PBL provided that the vertical model resolution is better than 10 levels within the PBL. In agreement with previous studies, we found that the quality improves slowly with the vertical resolution refinement, though it is generally wise not to overstretch the mesh in the lowest 500 m of the atmosphere where the observed, simulated and theoretically predicted stably stratified PBL is mostly located. The submission to a special issue of the “Boundary-Layer Meteorology” devoted to the NATO advanced research workshop “Atmospheric Boundary Layers: Modelling and Applications for Environmental Security”.