Composition and Useful Properties of Tailings of Marine Manganese Nodules and Crusts

ABSTRACT

Marine manganese nodules and crusts, when processed, yield tailings which may be utilized for environmental and economic benefit. The key to the reasonable and effective utilization of these tailings lies in making a systematic appraisal of their composition and properties. This article gives an introduction to the investigation of manganese tailings properties. The tailings have a high iron and/or manganese content, high surface area, high porosity, and fine grain size. Some tailings have a high rare earth element content which is valuable. They may also have high SO₃, arsenic, and uranium contents which are harmful. Depending on the process used to produce the tailings, there will likely be some differences in chemical composition, mineral assemblages, surface area and adsorption capability, pore diameter and volume, density and pH. In assigning potentially beneficial applications for these tailings, these differences should be taken into account to optimize utilization.     

Composition and Useful Properties of Tailings of Marine Manganese Nodules and Crusts

Marine manganese nodules and crusts, when processed, yield tailings which may be utilized for environmental and economic benefit. The key to the reasonable and effective utilization of these tailings lies in making a systematic appraisal of their composition and properties. This article gives an introduction to the investigation of manganese tailings properties. The tailings have a high iron and/or manganese content, high surface area, high porosity, and fine grain size. Some tailings have a high rare earth element content which is valuable. They may also have high SO₃, arsenic, and uranium contents which are harmful. Depending on the process used to produce the tailings, there will likely be some differences in chemical composition, mineral assemblages, surface area and adsorption capability, pore diameter and volume, density and pH. In assigning potentially beneficial applications for these tailings, these differences should be taken into account to optimize utilization.     

海洋地质数据库数据的存储结构

区域海洋地质数据库是利用ORACLE9I和ARCSDE8．2实现对海量数据和空间数据有效存储、管理的企业级数据库，用于管理我国所属海区海洋地质调查获取的基础地质资料和研究成果资料。根据ORACLE系统的体系结构，结合我国区域海洋地质数据的特点，提出了区域海洋地质数据库的存储结构和数据库的用户管理模式，以实现ORACLE中海洋地质数据的优化存储与有效管理。     

大洋多金属结核化学分析方法标准的研究

依据大洋多金属结核分析测试方法标准研究的总体设计 ,完成了 36个分析项目的 2 1份验证报告 ,进行了实验室间精密度协作性检验工作。在 H2 O-,TFe,Al2 O3 ,P2 O5等分析方法研究中取得新进展 ,并建立了 ICP- AES法测定大洋多金属结核中常量、微量、稀土元素分析方法标准。     

Ferromanganese Nodules and Crusts from the Christmas Island Region,Indian Ocean

A sampling expedition has shown that largely hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese deposits occur in the Christmas Island region south of Java (~10°S), as small nodules on seamount slopes and abyssal plains (red clay), and as thick crusts on volcanic ridges and seamounts. Vernadite is dominant, with birnessite, jacobsite and todorokite common. Nodules were recovered in 25% of free-fall grab stations in water 4600-5900 m deep, and are not abundant where present. The nodules average 9.6% Fe, 19.7% Mn, 0.51% Ni, 0.49% Cu, and 0.12% Co. Crusts are common in water 1450-3700 m deep, with average deposition rates of 1-1.5 mm / m.y. The crusts average 13.9% Fe, 16.2% Mn, 0.35% Ni, 0.11% Cu, and 0.44% Co. Cobalt grades are higher (~0.8%) in shallower water ( < 2500 m), so future exploration should concentrate on depths of 500-1500 m near the oxygen minimum zone.     

三大海洋经济区的海洋产业结构变动对海洋经济增长的贡献研究

20世纪90年代后期以来,我国海洋产业发展迅速,海洋产业结构变动巨大,各地区海洋经济差异显著。文章基于多部门经济模型,对1996—2015年我国三大海洋经济区的海洋产业结构变迁对海洋经济增长的贡献能力进行研究,运用回归分析对海洋三次产业结构变动的贡献度进行测算。结果表明:1996—2005年海洋产业结构变动剧烈,2006—2015年趋于平稳。三大海洋经济区中环渤海地区海洋产业结构总体变动较大,长三角次之,珠三角最小。海洋三次产业结构变动对海洋经济增长具有显著正向推动作用,1996—2005年海洋第一产业贡献能力明显,2006—2015年海洋第三产业贡献能力最大,第二产业次之。     

山东省海洋渔业结构调整研究

在对山东省海洋渔业现状进行了全面调查、研究与分析的基础上,用灰色模型理论,模拟预测山东省渔业发展的特性与趋势;运用平衡产量和经济模型分别评估了山东省海洋捕捞的最高持续渔产量与最大持续经济产量及其相应努力量;运用线性规划的理论与方法,测算了各档次渔船的功率和船只匹配的优化估算值。依据该数值模型所作的评估结果,提出了对山东海洋渔业结构的调整意见。     

太平洋铁锰结核与富Co结壳的矿物地球化学比较研究

本文对采自东太平洋CC区的2块不同类型的铁锰结核及中太平洋麦哲伦海山的1块富Co结壳,采用XRD和ICP-MS(AES)等分析研究方法,进行了矿物地球化学的比较研究。结果表明:铁锰结核主要由水羟锰矿及钡镁锰矿组成,富Co结壳主要以水羟锰矿为主。与2块铁锰结核相比,富Co结壳总体上Cu、Al、Na含量较低而Co含量较高;两块不同类型的结核相比较,水成型铁锰结核的P、Ti含量较高,而成岩型铁锰结核的Cu、Ni含量较高。3块样品的稀土元素含量均较高,为(521.8~1 424.15)×10-6。REE分布型式总体呈平缓型,(La/Yb)N为0.72~1.01,并具程度不同的Ce、Eu正异常。经估算,富Co结壳的生长速率为1.92~4.24mm/Ma,水成型铁锰结核的生长速率为1.31~14.29 mm/Ma,成岩型铁锰结核的生长速率为11.24~76.32mm/Ma。并根据铁锰结核的化学成分变化推测了其生长环境的变化。     

Study on the Adsorption of Metal Ions by Immobilized Marine Algae with the Existence of Clay

The process of adsorption of metal ions by immobilized marine algae with the existence of clay was investigated. It can be noted from the results that, after mixing with clay, the adsorption rate increases rapidly with the increasing amount of the marine algae. When pH=5, the best ratio between the clay and the marine algae is 1：4 for Pb^2＋. The result of in situ handling of the waste water containing heavy metals shows that the average adsorption rates of heavy metal irons Cu^2＋, Cd^2＋, Pb^2＋ and Ni^2＋ are all over 70 %.     

A Note on Soil Structure Resistance of Natural Marine Deposits

It has been well documented that natural normally-consolidated marine soils are generally subjected to the effects of soil structure. The interpretation of the resistance of soil structure is an important issue in the theory study and engineering practice of ocean engineering and geotechnical engineering. It is traditionally considered that the resistance of soil structure gradually disappears with increasing stress level when the applied stress is beyond the consolidation yield stress. In this study, however, it is found that this traditional interpretation of the resistance of soil structure can not explain the strength behavior of natural marine deposits with a normally-consolidated stress history A new interpretation of the resistance of soil structure is proposed based on the strength behavior. In the preyield state, the undrained strength of natural marine deposits is composed of two components: one developed by the applied stress and the other developed by the resistance of soil structure. When the applied stress is beyond the consolidation yield stress, the strength behavior is independent of the resistance of soil structure.     

厚藤共生真菌(Fusarium oxysporum Y24-2)胞外多糖的化学组成和结构研究

从厚藤共生真菌(Fusarium oxysporum Y24-2)发酵液中提取得到胞外多糖,以Q-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换柱和Superdex S-75凝胶色谱柱对其进行分离纯化,得到纯度高的多糖组分F1S。采用HPGPC和HPLC对F1S的分子量及单糖组成进行分析,结果表明F1S主要由Man、Glc和Gal组成,其摩尔比为1.0∶1.9∶2.1,分子量为37.3kD。F1S的GC-MS和1D,2D-NMR分析表明,该多糖是以→6)-β-Galf(1→为主链,以→2)-α-Glcp(1→,α-Glcp(1→和β-Manp(1→为支链的杂多糖,支链取代于→6)-β-Galf(1→的O-2位。该厚藤共生真菌的胞外多糖为富含呋喃型半乳糖的结构新颖的具有多分支结构的中性杂聚多糖。     

在海洋环境中的酵母菌分布与多样性

最近几年作者对不同海洋环境中的酵母资源、分布和多样性进行的大量研究,从中发现了22属63种1051株。并且发现这些广泛分布在海水、海泥、高盐海水、深海、各种大型海藻表面、各种海鱼体表和体内和红树林生态系统中。不同种的酵母可以产生蛋白酶、脂酶、植酸酶、菊糖酶、纤维素酶、β-1,3-葡聚酶、嗜杀因子、核黄素、铁载体等活性产物,所以这些酵母菌具有广泛的实际用途。     

海洋微藻多糖提取纯化条件的研究

研究了提取介质、超声条件和洗脱条件对海洋微藻多糖提取纯化效果的影响。实验结果表明不同pH的提取介质可以提取得到不同种类的多糖，超声条件以300W、20min最佳，用葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex-G200柱(长50cm，直径2cm)纯化粗多糖，当加样量为4ml，用0．2mol／L NaCl溶液洗脱效果最好。     

西太平洋富钴结壳矿物学和地球化学特征——以麦哲伦海山和马尔库斯-威克海山富钴结壳为例

本文对分别取自西太平洋麦哲伦海山和马尔库斯-威克海山的两块富钴结壳进行了系统的矿物学和地球化学特征的研究,运用XRD、ICP-AES(MS)等测试技术分析了结壳的矿物物相组成、主微量元素和稀土元素的组成和赋存相态,并在此基础上探讨了结壳的成因类型及成矿物质来源。研究表明,结壳主要由锰、铁相矿物组成,其中锰相矿物主要为水羟锰矿,含少量钡镁锰矿及钠水锰矿,铁相矿物为针铁矿及隐晶质-非晶质相;两结壳样品的Mn、Fe、Co、Cu、Ni平均值与中太平洋及西北太平洋富钴结壳相比基本相当,分别是20.08%和19.01%、16.28%和16.52、0.68%和0.64%、0.15%和0.09%、0.34%和0.39%,但Mn/Fe比值均偏低;∑REE平均值分别为2 182.89×10-6和1 367.29×10-6,其中,麦哲伦海山结壳的稀土元素平均值明显比中太平洋及西北太平洋结壳高,而马尔库斯-威克海山结壳则略低;LREE/HREE平均值分别为10.14和7.67,均富集轻稀土,同时具有不同程度的Ce,Gd,Ho正异常和Y的负异常。相态分析结果显示,样品中Mn、Ni、Ba、Co、Cu、Zn、Sr、Ti、REE等元素主要赋存在锰相中,Fe、Al、Pb等元素则主要赋存在非晶质和结晶质铁相中;两结壳样品均属于水成成因,未受明显成岩作用和磷酸盐化作用的影响。     

近年来海洋生物活性多肽的研究概况与展望

海洋是地球上资源最丰富的领域，海洋生物是新型肽类生物活性物质的重要来源。科学研究证明，许多海洋多肽具有抗肿瘤、抗艾滋病、抗真菌、抗病毒、防治心脑血管疾病及免疫调节等药理活性。本文简要介绍了近5a来国内外对海洋生物活性肽的研究概况，并进行了概括性展望。     

应用全球定位系统、地理信息系统和遥感技术实现海洋资源与环境的可持续发展

分析了当前我国海洋资源及环境的现状,并提出相应的对策。举例说明了全球定位系统(GPS)、地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感(RS)(合称为3S)在海洋资源调查、环境保护等可持续发展核心问题中的应用,提出一些海洋领域近期亟待应用3S技术的重大课题。指出,“数字海底”和“海岸带”研究是当前海洋研究的切入点,是海洋经济、海洋政治、海洋科学问题的重中之重,与人类生存和发展密切相关。     

海洋细菌Pseudomonas sp.色素的提取及稳定性的研究

对分离自广东大亚湾表层海水的一株海洋细菌（Pseudomonassp.）所产的灵菌红素,作了提取和稳定性分析,探讨了酸度、温度、紫外线、金属离子对色素稳定性的影响.结果证明,灵菌红素在pH 2～pH 5之间稳定性很好,在碱性环境中稳定性差;在pH=3时该色素的热稳定性好,pH＞5时其热稳定性较差;紫外线随溶液的pH增大对色素的稳定性影响越大,pH=9时的影响最大;Zn^2＋对该色素有增色作用,Mg^2＋和Mn^2＋则有一定的破坏作用,Pb^2＋可以使色素产生沉淀,其它金属离子影响不大.总之,该灵菌红素各种性质比较稳定,具有作为一种天然色素资源的开发和应用价值.     

关于海道测量与海洋测量的定义问题

针对目前国内在海道测量(学)和海洋测量(学)认识上存在的分歧,对我国海道测量发展的过程及其内涵的演变进行了分析,对国际上hydrographic survey、sea survey及marine survey的定义和演变进行了剖析,从概念上和应用上对海道测量(学)和海洋测量(学)的关系进行了研究,给出了两者的定义。     

加强海洋观测预报工作的几点建议

随着海洋事业的不断深入发展,根据海洋环境的易变性、复杂性、海洋观测预报工作的地位和作用,越来越显著,本文结合我国实际情况和技术装备水平,论述了海洋观测预报系统向着现代化、自动化方向发展的重要性和必要性,同时为适应我国国情需要和与国际ＧＯＯＳ工作接轨的需要,提出了四点合理化建议供借鉴参考     

长岛县海洋产业结构优化研究

21世纪是海洋的世纪,科学利用海洋资源、发展海洋经济是实现人类社会可持续发展的重要途径。海岛地区,要在新一轮竞争中抢占发展先机、实现新的跨越,必须加快产业结构调整,推动产业转型提质增效。对此,以长岛为例,对海洋产业结构优化进行了专题研究。