太阳物理中磁螺度研究进展

简要回顾了螺度引入太阳磁场研究中的历史过程，从物理角度讨论了相对磁螺度这个新的可观测量，并指出其在理论和观测中存在的问题；着重介绍了磁螺度在太阳大气中的分配问题；探讨了磁螺度和电流螺度的差别与联系、螺度半球手征性；列举介绍了磁螺度和其他太阳活动的联系，尤其是太阳爆发事件中的磁螺度问题；指出磁螺度理论中几个还没有解决的问题及今后可能取得进展的方向。     

行星际磁通量绳尺度及能量研究

行星际磁通量绳是太阳风中一种重要的磁结构.从1995-2001年的Wind卫星的观测资料中认证了144个行星际磁通量绳.其时间尺度介于几十分钟到几十小时之间,其空间尺度呈现连续分布.通过估算磁通量绳单位长度的能量和总能量发现:磁通量绳的能量分布和耀斑的类似都呈现很好的幂率谱.通过讨论行星际磁通量绳和太阳活动爆发的关系,建议所有的小、中、大尺度通量绳都直接起源于太阳上的爆发,和磁云对应于通常的日冕物质抛射一样,中、小尺度的通量绳对应相对较小的日冕物质抛射.     

太阳磁场非势性研究中的光流技术法

综述了太阳磁场非势性研究中几种光流技术法,并进一步讨论了光流技术应用后可得到的新非势性参量.主要内容分为以下两部分,(1)光流技术法是近年来太阳磁场非势性研究中新兴起的一系列图像分析法的统称,主要包括LCT,ILCT、MEF、DAVE和NAVE.对它们的计算条件、适用范围和优缺点进行了详细说明和比较.(2)应用光流技术,人们可以由时间序列的磁图得到磁结构的光流,从而直接由观测资料计算求得磁力线足点的水平流速度,进而得出磁螺度流(磁螺度由光球向日冕的注入率)、太阳表面的感应电场,光球表面的非势磁应力(其面积分就是洛伦兹力)等一系列新的非势性参量.前期研究表明,这些参量与耀斑、日珥爆发、CME等大的太阳爆发事件密切相关.     

太阳活动极大和极小期太阳磁场周期变化研究

利用Wilcox天文台1975年到2010年间的太阳磁场数据,分析了太阳平均磁场在太阳活动极大和极小时期的短时周期性.结果显示太阳磁场主要具有9 d、13.5 d、27 d左右的周期.在太阳活动极大时期,27 d左右周期最为显著,而在太阳活动极小时期最显著的周期为13.5 d左右(1984～1986年间的太阳活动极小时期除外).这些结果说明太阳的活动区域在活动极大和极小时期具有明显不同的分布.     

叠加在微波Ⅳμ型大爆发上的尖峰辐射

本概述了１９８８年１２月１６日特大微波Ⅳμ型爆发的观测特征，以及由ＭＨＤ调制磁流管的磁场强度产生准周期振荡，一部分高能电子被磁场俘获，作同步加速回旋辐射，产生微微汉Ⅳμ型爆发，另一部分高能电子以一定入射角喷注在磁拱上，形成螺距角各向异性的空心束分布，从而激发出电子回旋脉泽辐射（ＥＣＭ），它们的垂直分量的能量便产生了尖峰辐射，叠加在Ⅳμ型爆发之上，结合怀柔的太阳磁场图，采用双极磁场模型，作出了定理     

叠加在微波IVμ型大爆发上的尖峰辐射

本文概述了１９８８年１２月１６日特大微波ＩＶμ型爆发的观测待征，以及由ＭＨＤ调制磁流管的磁场强度产生准周期振荡，一部分高能电子被磁场俘获，作同步加速回旋辐射，产生微波型爆发．另一部分高能电子以一定入射角喷注在磁拱上，形成螺距角各向异性的空心束分布，从而激发出电子回旋脉泽辐射（ＥＣＭ），它们的垂直分量的能量便产生了尖峰（ｓｐｉｋｅ）辐射，叠加在微波ＩＶμ型爆发之上．结合怀柔的太阳磁场图，采用双极磁场模型，作出了定量计算．     

太阳宁静区小尺度磁场的二维功率谱(英文)

以1988年9月5日北京天文台怀柔太阳观测站高分辨率和高灵敏度磁强图为基础,首次给出了对一太阳宁静区小尺度磁场空间分布的二维功率谱。 尽管从总体上,功率谱的分布呈现从低频分量向高频分量迅速衰减的趋势,但是,反映小尺度磁场分布的不同尺度空间周期性的分离的尖峰,是功率谱的最主要特征。 本文的主要结果可概括为下列两点: (1)太阳宁静区的磁通量不仅凝聚在分离的、具有相对较强磁通量密度的磁结构内,而且磁结构的空间分布也呈现分离的尺度不同的周期。 (2)小尺度磁场空间分布的最显著的周期,具有超米粒的空间尺度。这与以往磁对流理论与有关观测结果相一致。在功率谱中,还可以证认相应于亚超米粒,及亚超米粒和超米粒之间尺度的空间周期的大量尖峰。这是本文首次得到的。 包含更多观测资料的进一步工作是必须的,特别是获得对同一宁静区的速度场和磁场同时性的二维功率谱,对研究磁场和对流速度场的相互作用是有重要意义的。观测的功率谱与理论预测谱的比较,将有助于理解太阳光球分离磁结构形成的物理过程。     

1989年4月9日射电爆发中的准周期振荡特征

本文对1989年4月9日在2840 MHz上观测到的微波爆发进行分析,发现该爆发存在几十到几百秒的准周期振荡现象。这种现象可能与磁环的准周期现象有关,应遵从磁流体力学规律。通过简单初步分析,获得一些有意义的结果。     

对2007年5月23日的一个CME的起源和初始阶段的观测研究

利用多波段联合观测数据,综合分析研究了一个发生于2007年5月23日的日冕物质抛射(Coronal Mass Ejection,CME)爆发事件的起源和初始阶段的物理演化过程.该CME起源于活动区10956内的一个并没有严格地位于活动区极性反转线上的U形活动区暗条,该暗条首先被扰动,然后从中间部分开始缓慢上升.在暗条上升运动过程中,从极紫外和软X射线像上可观测到位于暗条上方的日冕磁环也在不断地上升并且有持续向外的扩张运动.最终,这些冕环和暗条一起爆发并伴随着一个位于暗条断开位置附近的日冕暗化区域的形成.这一爆发过程还伴随着一个静止轨道业务卫星(GeostationaryOperational Environmental Satellites,GOES)软X射线流量级别为B5.3的亚耀斑发生,该光斑显示出与CME之间具有在时间和空间上的紧密联系.与CME的"标准"磁流绳模型一致,这些太阳表面活动可以看作是CME的初始演化阶段在日面上的表现信号,并且该CME的亮前锋可能是由预先存在于暗条上方的冕环体系直接演化而来.另外,文中还讨论了与该事件相关的暗条爆发、耀斑、冕环扩张和消失以及日冕暗化之间的关系.     

基于FPGA的空间太阳磁像仪自校正稳像系统研制

太阳磁像仪是开展太阳磁场观测研究的核心仪器,其中的稳像系统是空间太阳磁像仪的关键技术之一,针对深空探测卫星系统对载荷重量、尺寸限制严苛的要求,设计了基于图像自校正方法的稳像观测系统.介绍了一套基于现场可编程门阵列(Field-Programmable Gate Array, FPGA)和数字信号处理器(Digital Signal Processor, DSP),通过基于自相关算法的高精度稳像方法设计,并结合精确偏振调制、准确交替采样控制等系统软硬件设计,克服由于卫星平台抖动、指向误差等因素造成的图像模糊,实现实时相关、校正、深积分的稳像观测系统.针对像素尺寸为1 K×1 K、帧频为20 fps的CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)探测器,实现了1像元以内的实时稳像观测精度.在完成实验室测试后, 2021年6月18日在国家天文台怀柔太阳观测基地35 cm太阳磁场望远镜上开展了实测验证,结果表明该系统能够有效地完成太阳磁像仪自校正稳像观测,获得了更高分辨率的太阳磁场数据.稳像系统的成功研制不仅可以为深空太阳磁像仪的研制提供轻量化、高...     

To the problem of solar coronal heating

We consider the adequacy of various solar coronal heating models. We show that the correlation between the intensity of the coronal Fe XIV 530.5 nm green line and the calculated magnetic field strength in the solar corona can be a useful tool for this purpose. We have established this correlation for coronal structures and magnetic fields of large spatial and temporal scales. The correlation found exhibits a strong dependence on both solar cycle phase and heliolatitude. The efficiency of a particular coronal heating mechanism is probably determined by the relative area occupied by low and high loops (including open structures). The direct current models based on slow field dissipation (DC) and the wave models based on Alfvén and magnetosonic wave dissipation (AC) are more efficient in the equatorial and polar zones, respectively.     

Solar Corona: from Shklovsky to our Days

Fundamental advances in the physics of the solar corona from the 1960's to the present time are briefly reviewed. Progress in coronal investigations has mainly been associated with major space missions, which have discovered such new phenomena as coronal holes and coronal mass ejections, and have enabled detailed study of coronal arch systems. The role of magnetic fields on various scales in quasi-steady-state phenomena is discussed for various phases of the solar activity cycle.     

On the periodicity of energy release in solar active regions

We investigate the periodic regimes of energy release on the Sun, namely, the recurrence of solar flares in active regions using the Solar Geophysical Data Journal on Hα flares from 1979 until 1981, which corresponds to the maximum of solar cycle 21. We obtained the following series of periods in the manifestation of flare activity bymeans of a correlation periodogram analysis, a self-similarity function, and a wavelet analysis: ～1, 2, 3 h as well as ～0.4, 1, 2, 5 days. We suggest a diffusive model for the quasi-periodic transfer of toroidal magnetic fields from under the photosphere to interpret the retrieved sequence of periods in the enhancement of flare activity. We estimated the typical spatial scales of the magnetic field variations in the solar convection zone: ～17 000 km.     

Different Types of Coronal Mass Ejections At Minimum and Maximum of Solar Activity and Their Relation to Magnetic Field Evolution

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are considered to be associated with large-scale, closed magnetic field structures in the corona. These structures change throughout the solar activity cycle following the evolution of the general solar magnetic field. To study the variation of CME characteristics with the evolution of coronal magnetic structures, we compute the 3-D coronal magnetic field at minimum and maximum of activity with a source-surface potential field model. In particular, we study the central latitude distribution of CMEs and the frequency of occurrence of the different CME types in these two periods. We find that most CMEs are indeed associated with large-scale, magnetically closed structures, and their latitudinal distribution follows the solar cycle latitudinal changes of the location of these structures. We also find that different CME types, which constitute different fractions of the total during the maximum and the minimum, are associated with different shapes and orientations of the closed structures at different times of the solar cycle.     

Anomalies in the evolution of global and large-scale solar magnetic fields as the precursors of several upcoming low solar cycles

Anomalies in the solar magnetic fields of various scales are studied. The polar magnetic field strength is shown to have decreased steadily during the last three solar cycles. This is because the increase in the dipole magnetic moment observed from 1915 to 1976 has changed into a decrease in the last three cycles. At the same time, the medium scale magnetic fields (like those of isolated coronal holes) have been unusually strong in the last cycle. As a result, the tilt of the heliospheric current sheet is still about 30°. The large effective contribution from the medium scale fields to the total energy of the large-scale fields is also confirmed by our calculations of the effective multipolarity index. The aa-index at the cycle minima is correlated with the height of the succeeding maxima. The set of data considered may be indicative of the possible approach of a sequence of low solar cycles.     

The He I 10830 Å Line as an Indicator of Solar Activity

The behavior of the He I 10830 Å infrared triplet parameters in active and quiet solar regions was traced from 1976 until 2000. We analyze the correlation between the central depth of the main He I line component and other solar activity indices: the Wolf number, the radiation flux at a frequency of 2800 MHz, the mean number of flares in sunspot groups, and the mean solar magnetic field. We show that the strong correlation between the He I 10830 Å line depth and the phase of the 11-year solar cycle allows this depth to be effectively used as a new solar activity index both on long time scales (years) and on times scales of the order of a month or even days. The suggested new activity index is shown to have advantages over the universally accepted indices. The depth of the He I 10830 Å line in quiet regions was found to increase from the phase of minimum solar activity to the phase of maximum by a factor of about 2. In active regions, this increase is less than 30%. The differences between the cyclic variations of the chromospheric He I 10830 Å line radiation in active and quiet structures on the solar disk are indicative of the probable differences in the nature of cyclicity and its manifestations in magnetic fields of different spatial scales. The background magnetic fields appear to vary during the solar cycle more strongly than do the local fields associated with sunspots, faculae, and activity complexes. We suggest using regular observations in the He I 10830 Å line to predict solar activity.     

Helioseismology of Time-Varying Flows Through The Solar Cycle

Flows in the upper convection zone are measured by helioseismology on a wide variety of scales. These include differential rotation and meridional circulation, local flows around complexes of magnetic activity and sunspots, and convective flows. The temporal evolution of flows through cycle 23 reveals connections between mass motions in the solar interior and the large-scale characteristics of the magnetic cycle. Here I summarize the latest observations and their implications. Observations from local helioseismology suggest that subsurface flows around active regions introduce a solar-cycle variation in the meridional circulation.     

Coronal Mass Ejections and the Index of Effective Solar Multipole

The paper considers the relationship between the cyclic variations in the velocity of coronal mass ejections (CME) and the large-scale magnetic field structure (LSMF) in cycles 21??C?23. To characterize a typical size of the LSMF structure, we have used the index of the effective solar multipole (ESMI). The cyclic behavior of the CME occurrence rate and velocity proved to be similar to that of ESMI. The hysteresis observed in variations of the CME maximum velocity is interpreted as a manifestation of different contributions from the two field structures (local and global magnetic fields) in different phases of the 11-year activity cycle. It is suggested that cyclic variations in the maximum velocity of coronal mass ejections are due to different conditions for the formation of the complexes of active regions connected by coronal arch systems, which are the main source of high-velocity CMEs.     

Dependence of the solar wind speed on the coronal magnetic field in cycle 23

The dependence of the position of the solar wind sonic point on the magnetic field in the solar corona during cycle 23 is studied. This dependence is shown to be rather strong in the rising phase and at the cycle maximum. As the coronal magnetic field grows, the distance to the sonic point decreases. Since the distance to the sonic point has been shown previously to anticorrelate with the solar wind speed, the result obtained suggests a strong positive correlation between the later and the coronal magnetic field. The situation changed dramatically two years after the calendar date of the cycle maximum. Beginning in 2004 the solar wind speed ceased to depend on the magnetic field up until the cycle minimum in December 2008. In 2009 a strong dependence of the wind speed on the coronal magnetic field was restored. It is hypothesized that this effect is associated with two different coronal heating mechanisms whose relative efficiency, in turn, depends on the contribution from magnetic fields of different scales.     

Open magnetic fields and the solar cycle

Models of open magnetic structures on the Sun are presented for periods near solar minimum (CR 1626–1634) and near solar maximum (CR 1668–1678). Together with previous models of open magnetic structures during the declining phase (CR 1601–1611) these calculations provide clues to the relations between open structures, coronal holes, and active regions at different times of the solar cycle. Near solar minimum the close relation between active regions and open structures does not exist. It is suggested that near solar minimum the systematic emergence of new flux with the proper polarity imbalance to maintain open magnetic structures may occur primarily at very small spatial scales. Near solar maximum the role of active regions in maintaining open structures and coronal holes is strong, with large active regions emerging in the proper location and orientation to maintain open structures longer than typical active region lifetimes. Although the use of He I 10830 Å spectroheliograms as a coronal hole indicator is shown to be subject to significant ambiguity, the agreement between calculated open structures and coronal holes determined from He I 10830 Å spectroheliograms is very good. The rotation properties of calculated open structures near solar maximum strongly suggest two classes of features: one that rotates differentially similar to sunspots and active regions and a separate class that rotates more rigidly, as was the case for single large coronal holes during Skylab.