福州市农田土壤养分空间变异特征

研究农田土壤养分空间分布特征及变异规律,分析地形因子对土壤养分空间分布的影响,对土壤养分的有效利用与管理具有重要意义。本文采用GIS和地统计学相结合的方法,揭示东南丘陵区福州市农田土壤养分（有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾）的空间分布特征和变异规律,并进一步探讨土壤养分含量与地形因子（地形起伏度、高程、地形湿度指数、沉积运输指数和坡度）之间的相关性。结果表明：福州市农田有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量范围分别为1.10~89.5 g/kg、 1.00~461 mg/kg、0.300~298 mg/kg、和4.00~399 mg/kg,其变异系数范围为35.3%~99.0%,均属于中等变异水平;区域内耕地土壤养分存在明显的空间丰缺差异,大部分地区有机质和有效磷含量较为丰富,碱解氮含量处于中等偏上水平,速效钾含量相对较低;有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的块金系数分别为32.0%、37.3%、50.0%和50.0%,均呈中等强度空间自相关,表明同时受到结构和随机因素控制;有机质和碱解氮空间自相关尺度较大,且在步长小于0.3 km时,各方向（0°、45°、90°和135°）变化平稳,为各向同性,而有效磷和速效钾变程较小,且各方向变化较复杂,为各向异性。这些结果表明,政府需加强施肥指导,保持氮肥施用量的同时,合理增加钾肥,适当降低有机肥和磷肥施用。此外,在后续调查采样时,样点布设要考虑密度和方向性,适当加密有效磷和速效钾的采样,而有机质和碱解氮采样可以在此基础上适当减少样点。     

湛江地区辣椒地土壤的养分状况及其调节

对湛江地区辣椒地土壤取样,测定了容重pH、及有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量。结果表明,辣椒地土壤肥力比甘蔗地土壤有明显改善,且随年限延长呈提高的趋势;与甘蔗地土壤比较,辣椒地土壤速效钾含量呈降低趋势。     

湛江地区辣椒地土壤的养分状况及其调节

对湛江地区辣椒地土壤取样,测定了容重ｐＨ,及有机质,全氮,碱解氮,速效磷,速效钾含量。结果表明,辣椒地土壤肥力比甘蔗地土壤有明显改善,且随年限延长呈提高的趋势,与甘蔗地土壤比较,辣椒地土壤速效钾含量呈降低趋势。     

山东省临沭县北部土壤养分特征及综合肥力评价

在山东省临沭县北部农耕区进行耕层土壤样品采集,并测定土壤pH、有机质、全量及速效氮磷钾等养分指标来表征土壤肥力,运用因子分析法、聚类分析法计算出所有样本土壤养分综合评价值并进行等级划分来评价土壤肥力。结果表明临沭县北部土壤酸化严重,有机质和全氮、速效钾含量较低,全钾、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷比较丰富。因子分析显示TN、OM、AK、AP、TP、pH是影响临沭县北部土壤养分综合状况的主要因素。临沭县北部土壤肥力水平偏低;土壤养分综合评价值(IFI)具体表现为：郑山街道>青云镇>玉山镇>临沭街道>蛟龙镇。     

氮钾配施对生姜产量和砂姜黑土肥力的效应

研究了淮北平原砂姜黑土地区生姜氮钾配施的增产效应和对土壤养分的影响。结果表明：氮钾配施可以大幅度提高生姜的产量，施钾的增产幅度，柴姜为15．3％～58．4％，平均增产率为35．8％；狮子头姜产量提高18．2％～46．9％，平均增产28．7％。增施氮钾肥可有效提高土壤有机质、全N、有效P、速效K、缓效K、有效Ca和有效Mg含量，降低NO3-盐含量，促使土壤pH趋于中性，对全P和碱解N含量影响较小。土壤N素和P素大量盈余，不施钾时土壤K亏损严重，施钾处理土壤钾基本上处于盈余状态．有利于维持和提高土壤肥力。     

氮钾配施对生姜产量和砂姜黑土肥力的效应

研究了淮北平原砂姜黑土地区生姜氮钾配施的增产效应和对土壤养分的影响。结果表 明:氮钾配施可以大幅度提高生姜的产量,施钾的增产幅度,柴姜为15.3%～58.4%,平均增产率 为35.8%;狮子头姜产量提高18.2%～46.9%,平均增产28.7%。增施氮钾肥可有效提高土壤有 机质、全N、有效P、速效K、缓效K、有效Ca和有效Mg含量,降低NO3-盐含量,促使土壤pH趋于 中性,对全P和碱解N含量影响较小。土壤N素和P素大量盈余,不施钾时土壤K亏损严重,施钾 处理土壤钾基本上处于盈余状态,有利于维持和提高土壤肥力。     

攀西钒钛磁铁矿山排土场生态修复调查研究:以四川攀枝花市红格矿山为例

矿区排土场生态修复是近年来矿山生态修复的难点与重点,为了有效提升攀西地区钒钛磁铁矿区的排土场生态修复效果,以四川攀枝花市红格钒钛磁铁矿山的四大排土场为例,设置样方对植被和土壤进行调查分析.结果表明:①各排土场呈现出被子植物恢复较好,略缺少蕨类植物和裸子植物,排土场平台植被盖度和物种丰富度均高于边坡;②当地的先锋植物为木豆CajaＧnuscajan、饿蚂蝗Desmodium multiflorum、白背枫Buddlejaasiatica、戟叶酸模Rumexhastatus４种灌木和狗牙根CynodondacＧtylon、紫马唐Digitariaviolascens、毛臂形草Brachiariavillosa、羽芒菊 Tridaxprocumbens、荩草 Arthraxonhispidus、白酒草Conyzajaponica、狗尾草Setariaviridis、黄茅 Heteropogoncontortus、鬼针草Bidenspilosa９种草本;③各排土场土壤偏关性分析表明提高土壤pH 值能提高土壤中碱解氮的质量分数;④速效磷、TP、有机质在不同土样之间存在相对较大的离散程度,TN 含量分布较集中,土样的 TN、速效钾、速效磷、有机质、碱解氮均处于较低水平或极低水平.基于此,攀西钒钛磁铁矿区排土场应根据上述先锋植物采取相应的配置模式,提升覆土厚度,可以添加碳酸钙、熟石灰等农用石灰性物质来中和土壤的酸性条件,并通过添加化学肥料改良土壤肥力,从而提升修复效果.      

桂林市周边采石场闭坑后土壤生化响应研究

文章采用时空替代法对桂林市周边5个不同闭坑时间采石场的土壤进行了研究,分析了不同闭坑年限土壤呼吸、土壤微生物量碳和土壤理化性质的变化及三者之间的关系。研究结果表明:随着闭坑年限的增加,土壤呼吸呈上升趋势,土壤微生物量碳呈先上升再下降后平稳上升趋势,土壤p H值趋于稳定,土壤容重呈下降趋势,土壤有机质、土壤全氮呈上升趋势,土壤速效钾呈先下降后上升趋势;在土壤呼吸、土壤微生物量碳和土壤理化性质的关系中,土壤呼吸与土壤理化性质均无显著相关性,土壤微生物量碳与土壤容重、有机质和全氮含量具有显著正相关。     

日照茶树种植区典型茶园的土壤肥力状况评价

通过野外采样和室内测定,以日照茶树种植区3个典型茶园为研究对象,每个茶园分别取鸠坑、黄山群体、福鼎大白各3个品种,最终取得9种茶样生长地的土样,研究分析土样的pH,有机质,全N,P,K,有效N,P,K等指标的土壤养分含量状况,并以此为评价指标,运用模糊综合评判法,对3个茶园的土壤肥力质量进行了综合评价。结果表明,茶园肥力综合水平为北垛春>碧波山庄>北叶青;茶园土壤总体上,pH值较适中,有机质含量很缺乏,全N含量偏低,全P含量中等,全K含量较高,有效N含量很缺乏,有效P含量非常丰富,有效K含量中等,并据此提出了关于该地区3个典型茶园今后合理施肥的一些建议。     

济源市南山林场林区人工林与农田土壤质量的评价与比较

我国退耕还林的政策已经实施超过20年,该政策对我国生态环境的改善发挥了巨大作用,人工林的生态效益也得到了广泛认可与研究。然而多数研究聚焦在人工林对大气环境的优化,忽略了土壤质量这一陆地生态系统循环中至关重要的生态要素。本文利用多种实地测量的土壤理化属性数据计算了综合土壤指数并分析了济源市南山林场区内人工林与农田的土壤质量差异,研究发现土壤质量受多种因素影响,其中全氮含量和土壤pH作用最为突出,其次是全钾含量和有机质含量;另外人工林和农田的土壤指标中2012年(2.47g/kg)和2022年(40.34g/kg)差异度最大的均为全碳含量,2012年最小为全钾含量(0.24%),2022年最小变为全氮含量(3.30%);人工林的多数土壤指标含量高于农田,说明人工林对提高该地区的土壤质量具有积极作用,在林农分用的10年中,人工林地区的土壤质量相对农田提高了约10%,说明退耕还林可有效改善区域土壤质量。本文对人工林和农田土壤质量的评价对于我国退耕还林政策具有补充意义。     

高密市耕地表层土壤营养元素有效态地球化学特征

通过对高密市耕地表层土壤进行调查,获得了N,P,K,Cu,Zn,Mo,B等7种营养元素全量和有效量,以及pH值和有机质数据,采用数据统计、相关性分析、对比分析等方法,研究有效态地球化学特征及其受控因素。结果表明,元素全量对有效态具有直观制约影响,元素全量与其有效量均呈正相关,与P,K,Cu,Zn有效度呈正相关,表现为协同作用的有N全量对P有效量,P全量对K,Cu,Zn有效量,Cu全量对P,Zn有效量,Zn全量对P,Cu有效量,P全量对K有效量;酸性土壤能够提高N,P,Cu,Zn,Mo元素的生物有效性,碱性土壤能够提高B元素的生物有效性;有机质能够影响土壤营养元素活化,对有效量有一定的促进作用,有机质增加可以不同程度提高K,Zn,B元素的有效度,但会降低N元素的有效度;不同土壤类型的土壤理化性质有所不同,如土壤pH值和有机质的差异,是影响土壤营养元素有效态的重要因素。     

The relationship between forestland soil fertility and gathering firewood in the Zhuxi watershed in the red soil hilly region of China

Declining soil fertility has become an increasingly urgent problem and gathering firewood is one of the important contributing factors.Due to the excessive exploitation of natural resources especially for firewood,the red soil hilly region has become one of the most vulnerable eco-environment regions in China.The pressure of gathering firewood on forestland soil fertility in forestland has been generally estimated by geographical information system and questionnaire method in this paper in the Zhuxi watershed of Changting County,Fujian Province,China,a typical representative in the red soil hilly region of China.The results of this study show that:i) Forestland soil fertility is negatively affected by gathering firewood,which is more intensive in the integrated buffer zone than out of zone.The forestland soil fertility grade,OM,total N,available N,total P,available P,total K,available K,pH and <2μm clay content are lower and bulk density is higher in the integrated buffer zone than those out.ii) The forestland soil fertility grade,OM,total N,available N,total P,available P,total K,available K,pH and <2μm clay content tend to be lower and bulk density tends to be higher in the village buffer zones than those out in Datian,Chenguang and Youfang respectively.iii) The population density,economic development and terrain might be the key driving forces contributing to the relationship between gathering firewood and forestland soil fertility.Higher population density leads to more massive firewood collection and imposes more pressure on forestland soil fertility.Decreasing the use of firewood stove may reduce firewood consumption and thus release the pressure of gathering firewood on forestland soil fertility.Terrain affects the accessibility to gathering firewood thus affects forestland soil fertility.Other driving forces influencing the relationship between gathering firewood and forestland soil fertility should also be taken into account in the further study.     

济南市历城区典型土壤类型N、P、K养分元素的有效态分布特征

本文选择济南市历城区典型土壤中N、P、K3种养分元素进行化学测试分析,对该地区的浅层土壤元素有效态地球化学背景值及在不同类型土壤中的分布特征进行研究.研究结果表明:该地区土壤质量较好,元素有效量与全量总体排序一致,不同元素的有效度相差十分悬殊.5种土壤类型的元素有效度具有一定差异性,潮褐土、潮土中N、P、K元素的有效量...     

巨野县土壤地球化学背景值及土地质量地球化学评价

通过对山东省巨野县土壤元素背景值状况的计算和研究,发现土壤中Ca,Cd,Hg,Mg,F等元素显著高于全省和全国背景值;Mo,Pb,Cu,Co等元素则低于全省和全国背景值;其中土壤Mo含量远低于全省和全国平均水平。土壤质地是决定区内土壤N,K,Mg等元素含量的关键;由黄河冲积物发育的土壤P含量普遍较高,TOC空间分布与N密切相关。城镇及工业区土壤中Hg和Pb的积累趋势明显。元素分级结果显示,区内土壤K和有机质比较丰富;N,P和有机质缺乏区占比分别为23.82%,15.39%和6.47%。微量元素中Ca,Mg,S,Cl等元素较为丰富;而Mo,Si,Se,Co,Zn,Cu,Fe,Mn等元素的缺乏状况最突出。土地质量地球化学评价分等结果显示,全区大部分土地质量优良,区内东北部和中西部地区土壤肥力较好,但有害元素含量偏高,西北部地区肥力较差导致土地质量等级偏低。全区土壤有机质含量不足以满足农业生产需要,加之局部土壤盐分偏高,对粮食作物生长不利。区内土壤环境质量水平总体较好,多数重金属元素分布受地质背景控制,但Hg和Pb污染位置与城镇及工业区分布明显存在一定关系,高值区多呈点状分布于人类活动强烈的地带,说明工业或生活排放对区内土壤中Hg,Pb的积累贡献较大。     

Spatiotemporal variation of soil organic carbon in the cultivated soil layer of dry land in the South-Western Yunnan Plateau,China

The dynamics of soil organic carbon(SOC)in cropland is one of the central issues related to both soil fertility and environmental safety. However, little information is available at county level regarding the spatiotemporal variability of SOC in the southwestern mountainous region of China. Thus, this study aimed to explore spatiotemporal changes of SOC in the cultivated soil layer of dry land in Mojiang County,Yunnan Province, China. Data were obtained from the second national soil survey(SNSS) of 1985 and soil tests for fertilizer application carried out by the Mojiang Agricultural Bureau in 2006. The ANOVA test was applied to determine any significant differences between the datasets, while semivariogram analysis was performed on geostatistics via an ordinary Kriging method in order to map spatial patterns of soil organic carbon density(SOCD). The results revealed that SOCD in the cultivated soil layer significantly decreased from 3.93 kg m~(-2) in 1985 to 2.89 kg m~(-2) in 2006, with a total soil organic carbon stock(SOCS) decrease of 41.54×10~4 t over the same period. SOCS levels fell most markedly in yellow-brown soil at a rate of51.52%, while an increase of 8.70% was found in the analysed latosol. Geostatistical analysis also showed that the recorded changes in SOCD between 1985 and2006 were spatially structured. The decreasing trend might be attributed to the combined action of intense cultivation, major crop residue removal without any protective tillage measures, unreasonable fertilization and natural climatic diversity inducing a large decrease in SOC in the studied cultivated dry land region of Mojiang County. Therefore, management measures such as protective tillage should be undertaken in order to enhance soil C sequestration.     

Application of matter-element model in soil nutrient evaluation of ecological fragile region

On the basis of the soil environment investigation in Da'an City, Jilin Province, China, 40 soil samples from main land use types were obtained and tested by standard method. Soil organic matter (SOM), total N (TN), total P (TP), total K (TK), available N (AN), available P (AP) and available K (AK) were chosen as the evaluation factors. A regional soil nutrient evaluation model was developed based on the matter-element model. The results show that the soil samples with nutrient grade Ⅱ-Ⅴ respectively account for 10%, 30%, 32.5% and 27.5%, and those with grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ account for 60% in all samples. The relationship between soil nutrients and land types indicates that the nutrients of farmland are relatively good, with 41.7% of soil samples with the nutrient grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ. The nutrients of saline-alkali land and sandy land are the worst, with 100% of soil samples with the nutrient grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ. And the ratios of soil samples grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ in grassland and wasteland are respectively 62.5 % and 54.55%. Generally speaking, the soil nutrients status in Da'an City is poor, 60% of soil samples are in poor and extremely poor conditions, indicating that the soil has been severely eroded. Being a relatively superior evaluation method with more accurate resuits and spatial distribution consistency, matter-element analysis is more suitable for regional soil nutrient evaluation than previous models.     

浅析土壤理化性质对元素迁移转化的影响

相同含量的元素在不同理化性质(土壤的酸碱度、有机质等)的土壤中,可表现出完全不同的地球化学行为,从而影响元素的转化和作物对元素的吸收。本文通过分析土壤与农作物介质中元素的生态地球化学效应,对根系土-玉米籽实、根系土-小麦籽实之间元素的迁移转化影响因素进行了研究,发现有机质、酸碱度与土壤中各元素之间有一定的相关性,其成果对于区域土壤地球化学资料在农业营养施肥、环境质量评价等方面具有重要的指导意义。     

Spatial variability of soil carbon to nitrogen ratio and its driving factors in Ili River valley,Xinjiang, Northwest China

Soil carbon to nitrogen(C/N) ratio is one of the most important variables reflecting soil quality and ecological function,and an indicator for assessing carbon and nitrogen nutrition balance of soils.Its variation reflects the carbon and nitrogen cycling of soils.In order to explore the spatial variability of soil C/N ratio and its controlling factors of the Ili River valley in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Northwest China,the traditional statistical methods,including correlation analysis,geostatistic alanalys and multiple regression analysis were used.The statistical results showed that the soil C/N ratio varied from 7.00 to 23.11,with a mean value of 10.92,and the coefficient of variation was 31.3%.Correlation analysis showed that longitude,altitude,precipitation,soil water,organic carbon,and total nitrogen were positively correlated with the soil C/N ratio(P 0.01),whereas negative correlations were found between the soil C/N ratio and latitude,temperature,soil bulk density and soil p H.Ordinary Cokriging interpolation showed that r and ME were 0.73 and 0.57,respectively,indicating that the prediction accuracy was high.The spatial autocorrelation of the soil C/N ratio was 6.4 km,and the nugget effect of the soil C/N ratio was 10% with a patchy distribution,in which the area with high value(12.00–20.41) accounted for 22.6% of the total area.Land uses changed the soil C/N ratio with the order of cultivated land grass land forest land garden.Multiple regression analysis showed that geographical and climatic factors,and soil physical and chemical properties could independently explain 26.8%and 55.4% of the spatial features of soil C/N ratio,while human activities could independently explain 5.4% of the spatial features only.The spatial distribution of soil C/N ratio in the study has important reference value for managing soil carbon and nitrogen,and for improving ecological function to similar regions.