岩体节理表面几何特性描述

岩体节理表面几何特征对岩体变形、刚度、剪切强度和水渗导性有重要影响,一般用节理粗糙度系数（ＪＲＣ）、节理吻合系数（ＪＭＣ）来描述。本文用节理表面分维（ＪＳＦ）来描述节理表面形态的复杂性,为节理表面几何特征描述提供了一个新的方法。     

A model for coupled mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of a rock joint

Constitutive laws for rock joints should be able to reproduce the fundamental mechanical behaviour of real joints, such as dilation under shear and strain softening due to surface asperity degradation. In this work, we extend the model of Plesha to include hydraulic behaviour. During shearing, the joint can experience dilation, leading to an initial increase in its permeability. Experiments have shown that the rate of increase of the permeability slows down as shearing proceeds, and, at later stages, the permeability could decrease again. The above behaviour is attributed to gouge production. The stress–strain relationship of the joint is formulated by appeal to classical theories of interface plasticity. It is shown that the parameters of the model can be estimated from the Barton–Bandis empirical coefficients; the Joint Roughness Coefficient (JRC) and the Joint Compresive strength (JSC). We further assume that gouge production is also related to the plastic work of the shear stresses, which enables the derivation of a relationship between the permeability of the joint and its mechanical aperture. The model is implemented in a finite element code (FRACON) developed by the authors for the simulation of the coupled thermal–hydraulic–mechanical behaviour of jointed rock masses. Typical laboratory experiments are simulated with the FRACON code in order to illustrate the trends predicted in the proposed model. © 1998 by John Wiley & Sons. Ltd.     

岩体表面节理迹长与节理真实长度尺寸的概率关系

空间节理长度不能直接进行测量,只能通过岩石暴露面上节理迹线长度来量测,但是节理迹线是节理面与岩面交切的结果,迹长在多大程度上能代表节理真实长度是值得研究的,本文利用计算机模拟的方法分析了迹长与节理真实长度的统计关系。     

软硬互层状岩体渗透特性研究

叙述软硬互层状岩体中的裂隙发育规律,并由此建立了互层状岩体渗流的离散裂隙网络模型.根据裂隙网络水均衡原理,介绍了裂隙岩体网络渗流数学模型以及模型的求解方法;通过一个数值算例验证了模型的合理性,并且讨论了软岩中的切层裂隙以及软岩层面裂隙开度对渗流场分布和通过软岩流量的影响.     

节理泊松圆盘模型直径分布推断的解析方法

节理圆盘直径分布是节理网络模拟中的重要参数之一。在节理为Poisson圆盘的假设下,根据三维齐次Poisson点过程的数学特征,给出迹长分布概率密度函数的多项式形式和相应的约束条件;对Warburton提出的迹长分布概率密度函数和节理直径分布概率密度函数关系公式进行Santalo变换,推导了多项式形式的迹长分布所对应的直径分布概率密度函数的解析解,并采用Priest给出的解析解验证其正确性;根据概率密度函数的性质,给出了直径分布概率密度函数定义域的推断方法。编制节理网络模拟程序,采用Monte Carlo方法验证节理Poisson圆盘直径分布概率密度函数解析解的正确性和直径分布概率密度函数定义域推断方法的适用性。     

黄土坡体节理发育特征和空间分区与边坡稳定性

通过现场调查分析了黄土坡体节理发育特征,节理走向与边坡倾向呈大角度斜交,节理走向受边坡倾向的控制。根据对斜坡不同区域受力分析,台塬区土体主要受到湿陷拉张作用,在斜坡地带土体主要受水平卸荷所产生的推力作用,把斜坡区节理发育分为湿陷节理发育区、拉张节理发育区、挤压节理发育区和开挖卸荷节理发育区。最后,对有无节理边坡进行了稳定性计算,计算结果和理论分析一致。      

深部科学钻探钻杆接头优化措施

地球深部探测对提高我国勘探开发深部资源能力和深部地质研究水平及地位是不可或缺的,深部科学钻探是唯一准确地获取深地实物资料的工程方法。钻杆柱作为深部科学钻探技术的核心与关键,其管柱规格组合与钻杆接头选配决定着钻杆在平衡其自重后的剩余强度和应付孔内复杂情况的能力,尤其是作为连接各钻杆柱短节的钻杆接头的性能直接决定着钻杆柱的使用极限深度。本文从产品类型、结构特点等方面对国内外高性能石油钻杆接头进行了梳理,分析了现有钻杆接头存在的不足与失效的原因,提出了钻杆接头结构改进方案,对提高钻杆柱的可靠性与安全性,延长钻杆使用寿命,使其更好地应用于深部科学钻探,具有一定的科学意义与工程价值。     

地下连续墙接头技术探讨

结合工程实践,对地下连续墙接头技术,特别是对柔性接头和刚性接头工艺技术进行分析探讨,并根据地下连续墙的结构、用途及成本和施工便利来确定选择接头方式。     

Projection of joints from surface to tunnel level — a Case Study

Summary A joint-study of a granitic batholith recorded orientations and spacings of joint-sets at outcrop and at three separate sections of a water diversion tunnel. A second joint-survey in the tunnel determined the average joint spacing along the spring lines. Joint-set spacing studies show a 40–50% reduction of joint-set spacing underground, compared to those at the surface. Individual equal-area plots of surface joints for the two major facies of the granitic rock showed different maxima. But when the joints in the two facies were combined into one equal-area plot, the predominent facies, which represented 73% of the joints plotted, masked the prominent sets of the second facies. Hence, joint surveys for individual rock facies are warranted. Comparison of equal-area plots of surface and tunnel joints in the same rock facies reveals a striking similarity in joint-set maxima.     

火山岩层原始构造节理研究的一种数学分析方法及其应用

根据原始构造节理系统中节理间特殊的几何关系,本文提出一种数学分析方法及其电算程序,对其进行了研究。宁芜地区一些古火山构造用该法解析成功的实例,证明此种方法是可行的。     

松辽盆地东缘营城组节理构造特征、分布规律及其储层预测

首次较系统地统计了研究区节理产状、规模、开度、密度以及分布规律,阐述了其储层意义。根据节理产出层位、切割关系和区域构造背景分析,将研究区节理的形成期次划分为营城期、营城末期和晚白垩世晚期3个期次。利用共轭节理产状和节理面性质,计算出营城期具有近东西向伸展和挤压相互交替的构造应力场;营城组末期具有NE—SW向挤压构造应力场;晚白垩世晚期具有NW—SE向挤压构造应力场。营城组中的节理形成与分布主要与前两期挤压应力场有关。在此基础上,对徐家围子地区营城组节理分布规律进行了预测,为天然气储层分布规律研究提供可视化对比依据。     

盾构衬砌管片接头力学分析及双直线刚度模型研究

盾构管片接头弯曲刚度K? 是盾构衬砌结构计算中的一个重要参数。根据管片接头构造特征,在传力衬垫和弹性密封橡胶试验资料的基础上,对管片接头进行受力分析,得到管片接头弯曲刚度与接头内力的非线性关系。为了应用方便,建立了实用的管片接头弯曲刚度的双直线模型。该接头刚度模型为梁-弹簧模型法和修正惯用法中的关键参数确定提供了基础,管片的内力计算也更加合理。     

Testing and evaluation of strength and deformation behaviour of jointed rocks

The objective of the paper is to derive the strength and modulus properties of rockmass as a function of intact rock strength and joint factor. The joint factor reflects the combined effect of joint frequency, joint inclination and joint strength. A study for the strength and deformation characteristics of jointed rock is done by conducting standard laboratory tests on cylindrical specimens of plaster of Paris after introducing artificial joints. The specimens having one to four joints at different inclinations which vary from 0° to 90° were tested at different confining conditions. The test results were examined to understand the effect of joint frequency and joint inclination on the strength and deformation behaviour of rock mass. Empirical correlations were developed for prediction of the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of jointed rocks. Results are compared with the earlier work on jointed specimens covering a wide variety of rocks. So, knowing the intact rock properties and the joint factor, the jointed rock properties can be estimated. These relations can be used for developing an equivalent continuum model for rock mass for handling boundary value problems. A failure criterion as proposed by Ramamurthy (1993 Ramamurthy, T. 1993. “Strength and modulus response of anisotropic rocks”. In Comprehensive rock engineering, Edited by: Hudson, J.A. Vol. 1, 313–329. Oxford: Pergamon Press.  [Google Scholar]) has been validated from these experimental results.     

连续闭合钢箱接头地下连续墙施工技术

目前许多深基坑工程对于超深地下连续墙的刚度及防渗性能要求较高。在分析传统常用的接头形式在施工过程中存在问题的基础上,提出了一套行之有效的施工方法——连续闭合钢箱接头。详细介绍了连续闭合钢箱接头地下连接墙施工技术及其施工效果。     

位移不连续模型在黏弹性节理刚度计算的应用

考虑节理质量对应力波传播的影响,运用波的位移位函数推导了谐波在厚黏弹性节理的透、反射系数计算公式,采用波形相关系数描述子波穿过黏弹性节理的波形变化,讨论具有一定厚度的黏弹性节理简化位移不连续模型的适用条件。设厚黏弹性节理模型和位移不连续模型的透射波波形相关系数为0.9时对应的节理厚度为临界厚度,岩体与节理的阻抗比对临界厚度的影响很小;临界厚度随子波中心频率增大呈负指数减小,入射角越大,临界厚度随中心频率减小得越慢。试验数据分析表明：当节理厚度为0.03 m时,采用位移不连续模型和厚黏弹性模型计算得到的节理力学参数非常接近,随节理厚度和子波中心频率增加,运用位移不连续模型的计算结果偏差越大,试验结果与理论分析是一致的。     

节理粗糙度对岩块体积的影响规律研究

岩体结构直接控制着岩体力学、水力学特性,岩块体积分布规律可直接反映岩体结构特征。目前研究多将节理面简化为平面,忽略了粗糙度对岩块体积的影响。利用Hurst指数H和高度均方根R_q表征节理粗糙度,研究了节理粗糙度对岩块数量和体积分布规律的影响。结果表明：(1)H、R_q控制节理的粗糙起伏形态,粗糙度随着R_q的增大而增大、随着H的增大而减小;(2)块体的数量总体上与节理粗糙度正相关,即随着粗糙度的增大而增加;(3)R_q和H对岩块体积分布的影响,主要通过改变小体积块体所占比例实现,块体的平均体积和中位体积随着粗糙度的增大而减小;(4)当节理正交且间距相近时,块体数量随粗糙度的变化可以分为3个阶段,即稳定阶段、初始增长阶段和快速增长阶段,R_q和H共同控制着各区间的相对分布范围。最后,基于摄影测量采集的数据建立了岩体节理模型,对大连某公路边坡的岩块体积分布进行了研究,验证了上述结论的准确性。     

Analysis of strength and moduli of jointed rocks

This paper deals with two aspects of jointed rock mass behavior, first the finite element modeling of a jointed rock mass as an equivalent continuum, second the comparison of empirical strength criteria of a jointed rock mass. In finite element modeling the jointed rock properties are represented by a set of empirical relationships, which express the properties of the jointed medium as a function of joint factor and the properties of the intact rock. These relationships have been derived from a large set of experimental data of tangent elastic modulus. It is concluded that equivalent continuum analysis gives the best results for both single and multiple jointed rock. The reliability of the analysis depends on the estimation of joint factor, which is a function of the joint orientation, joint frequency and joint strength.Empirical strength criteria for jointed rocks, namely Hoek and Brown, Yudhbir et al., Ramamurthy and Arora, Mohr–Coulomb have been incorporated in a nonlinear finite element analysis of jointed rock using the equivalent continuum approach, to determine the failure stress. The major principal stress at failure, obtained using Ramamurthy's criteria, compares very well with experimental results.     

Friction and degradation of rock joint surfaces under shear loads

The morpho‐mechanical behaviour of one artificial granite joint with hammered surfaces, one artificial regularly undulated joint and one natural schist joint was studied. The hammered granite joints underwent 5 cycles of direct shear under 3 normal stress levels ranging between 0.3 and 4 MPa. The regularly undulated joint underwent 10 cycles of shear under 6 normal stress levels ranging between 0.5 and 5 MPa and the natural schist replicas underwent a monotonics shear under 5 normal stress levels ranging between 0.4 and 2.4 MPa. These direct shear tests were performed using a new computer‐controlled 3D‐shear apparatus. To characterize the morphology evolution of the sheared joints, a laser sensor profilometer was used to perform surface data measurements prior to and after each shear test. Based on a new characterization of joint surface roughness viewed as a combination of primary and secondary roughness and termed by the joint surface roughness, SR_s, one parameter termed ‘joint surface degradation’, D_w, has been defined to quantify the degradation of the sheared joints. Examinations of SR_s and D_w prior to and after shearing indicate that the hammered surfaces are more damaged than the two other surfaces. The peak strength of hammered joint with zero‐dilatancy, therefore, significantly differs from the classical formulation of dilatant joint strength. An attempt has been made to model the peak strength of hammered joint surfaces and dilatant joints with regard to their surface degradation in the course of shearing and two peak strength criteria are proposed. Input parameters are initial morphology and initial surface roughness. For the hammered surfaces, the degradation mechanism is dominant over the phenomenon of dilatancy, whereas for a dilatant joint both mechanisms are present. A comparison between the proposed models and the experimental results indicates a relatively good agreement. In particular, compared to the well‐known shear strength criteria of Ladanyi and Archambault or Saeb, these classical criteria significantly underestimate and overestimate the observed peak strength, respectively, under low and high normal stress levels. In addition and based on our experimental investigations, we put forward a model to predict the evolution of joint morphology and the degree of degradation during the course of shearing. Degradations of the artificial undulated joint and the natural schist joint enable us to verify the proposed model with a relatively good agreement. Finally, the model of Ladanyi and Archambault dealing with the proportion of total joint area sheared through asperities, a_s, once again, tends to underestimate the observed degradation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rock Joint Surfaces Measurement and Analysis of Aperture Distribution under Different Normal and Shear Loading using GIS

Summary The geometry of the rock joint is a governing factor for joint mechanical and hydraulic behaviour. A new method for evaluating the aperture distribution, based on measurement of joint surfaces and three dimensional characteristics of each surface, is developed. This method allows one to determine and visualize the aperture distribution under different normal stresses and shear displacements, which is difficult to observe experimentally. A new laser scanner system is designed and developed for joint surface measurements. Special attention is paid to both surfaces’ data gained by measurements and processing, such as x-y coordinate table modification, data referencing, and matching between upper and lower surfaces. The surfaces of an artificial joint in granite are measured, processed, analyzed and three dimensional approaches are carried out for surface characterization. Parameters such as “asperity’s heights”, “slope angles”, and “aspects” distribution at micro scale, local concentration of elements and their spatial localization at local scale are determined by Geographic Information System (GIS). These parameters are used for joint surfaces matching and its real behavior quantitative analysis. The upper surface is brought down to make contact with the lower surface and the distance between the two surfaces is evaluated from the joint mean experimental aperture, which is obtained from normal and shear tests. Changes of aperture distribution at different normal stresses and various shear displacements are visualized and interpreted. Increasing normal load causes negative changes in aperture frequency distribution which indicates high joint matching. However, increasing shear displacement causes a rapid increase in the aperture and positive changes in the aperture frequency distribution, which could be due to un-matching, surface anisotropy and spatial localization of contact points with proceeding shear. Author’s address: Mostafa Sharifzadeh, Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez 424, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran     

大姚—姚安地区强震孕震机理——NW向褶皱节理的构造强化与活动

以21世纪初滇中大姚—姚安一带接连发生的4次Ms6.0~6.5级强震为例,通过分析该地区构造类型及其演化历史,结合川滇块体的现今运动特征和构造应力场,提出滇中构造区运动模型和特殊的孕震模式,探讨褶皱节理与地震活动的关系。研究表明,这些地震序列均有规律地沿北西方向展布,具有高度一致的沿北西向节理面右旋走滑的力学破裂机制。该地区断裂不发育,而是以北西向中生代褶皱构造为主。野外调查发现,该地区广泛发育与褶皱伴生的北西向纵向节理及北东向横向节理,前者较后者更为发育。这些节理密集成带,呈不等间距排列,带宽30~50 m,带内节理密度20~30条/m。节理面上发育有方解石脉和辉长岩脉,同时发育挤压片理化带、新鲜的水平擦痕和松软的断层泥,说明这些节理不仅与深部地壳有关联,而且近期有着新活动迹象。分析认为,在滇中块体南南东运动的背景下,这些地震是在现今北北西向挤压应力场作用下,北西向纵向节理发生构造强化、贯通、破裂的过程中产生的。"活节理"与活动断裂、活动褶皱等构造一样,是地球上广泛存在的活动构造之一。在特殊的构造环境和特定的构造应力场作用下,节理构造会演变为一种构造强化带或活化带,进而成为一种特殊的孕震构造。