鄂尔多斯地区西缘中奥陶世等深流沉积

本文论述了在鄂尔多斯地区西缘中奥陶统中首次发现的碳酸盐等深流沉积及其堆积体－等深岩丘。其等深岩可划分为砂屑等深岩、粉属等深岩、灰泥等深岩和生物屑等深岩四种类型。识别出了完整的、不完整的和由单一的砂屑等深岩叠置组成的等深岩层序。砂屑等深岩大量发育是本区等深岩丘与其它已发现的各种等深岩丘的重要区别。古流向研究和等深岩的粒度、结构特征表明，在中奥陶世，沿鄂尔多斯地区西缘斜坡带存在较强的自南而北的等深流流动体系。     

贺兰山地区中奥陶统樱桃沟组深水牵引流沉积的发现及其意义

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘贺兰山地区的中奧陶统樱桃沟组发育一套夹有碳酸盐滑塌重力流沉积的陆源碎屑浊积岩,研究程度颇高。笔者在野外调查过程中于樱桃沟组浊流沉积体发育的环境中发现了相当数量的交错层理,如大型交错层理,板状交错层理,波状、脉状、透镜状层理和波痕等,曾一度被前人解释为浅水沉积环境的识别标志。本文结合当时的古地理背景、沉积环境和区域构造演化特征,通过对樱桃沟组野外露头的详细描述和岩石特征的精细刻画以及对该组沉积序列的详细分析,认为上述疑似浅水沉积环境的交错层理实为底流(深水牵引流)对浊流改造的结果,并分别形成了内波、内潮汐沉积和等深流沉积,这在研究区为首次发现。据此将其归纳为7种岩石类型:(1)双向交错层理粉砂岩;(2)束状透镜体叠加的交错纹理粉砂岩;(3)具波状层理粉砂岩;(4)单向交错层理砂岩;(5)水流波痕细砂岩;(6)平行层理细-中砂岩;(7)大型交错层理细砂岩。其中,前5种岩石类型为内波、内潮汐沉积,后两种为等深流沉积。研究表明樱桃沟组为深水牵引流沉积(内波、内潮汐沉积、等深流沉积)、重力流沉积(碳酸盐滑塌角砾岩、浊积岩)和原地沉积的复合沉积,并建立了该区水道型内波、内潮汐沉积模式。     

湘北沅古坪地区下奥陶统等深流沉积特征研究

通过野外剖面实测和详细描述,沅古坪地区下奥陶统盘家咀组为一套以灰色泥晶灰岩、砂屑灰岩和生物屑灰岩为主的深水碳酸盐岩沉积,主要发育垂向降落沉积、重力流沉积和等深流沉积3种沉积类型.根据岩性特征可将该等深流沉积划分为灰泥等深岩、砂屑等深岩和生物屑等深岩3种类型,其中灰泥等深岩尤为发育,砂屑等深岩、生物屑等深岩次之,并对其发育特征以及垂向层序进行了归纳总结.研究表明,研究区主要存在由单一灰泥等深岩、砂屑等深岩与灰泥等深岩、生物屑等深岩与灰泥等深岩组成的3种不完整等深岩层序.在剖面上,根据等深岩发育类型及程度,将盘家咀组划分为三部分,从第Ⅰ部分至第Ⅲ部分,等深岩沉积厚度所占比例呈增大趋势;结合区域沉积背景,认为该地区早奥陶世盘家咀组沉积期等深流活动的强度总体上呈由弱到强的变化规律,为此等深岩丘的成熟期,这对该等深岩丘的形成机理研究及其展布范围的界定具有重大意义.     

等深流和等积岩——沉积学研究的新进展

文章从三个方面介绍了等深流和等积岩自1966年来的新进展:1.等深流和等积岩的定义及一般特征.2.等积岩的岩相类型和识别标志,详细阐述了砂质等积岩、泥质等积岩的识别标志和怎样从野外和室内的研究特征区分浊积岩和等积岩,最后指出等积岩的识别应着重从五个方面考察:分布和产状;成分和结构;沉积构造和垂向序列;组构和古流;生物扰动构造和遗迹化石.3.等积岩研究在理论和实际方面的意义.     

桌子山地区中奥陶统克里摩里组深水等深流沉积模式

等深流沉积是深水环境中牵引流沉积的重要类型之一。虽然研究程度相对较高,但主要以深海测量和大洋钻探为平 台对现代海洋中的等深流进行研究,特别是大洋钻探339航次的执行,将等深流沉积研究推向一个新的阶段（等深岩丘结 构剖析）,而对地层记录中的等深流沉积研究却非常薄弱,从而也制约了对等深流沉积的研究,特别是等深流沉积模式的建 立。鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北部桌子山地区中奥陶统达瑞威尔阶克里摩里组广泛发育等深流沉积,此次在详细的野外观察基础 上,对内蒙古乌海市海南区石峡谷剖面进行沉积学研究,该剖面克里摩里组从下到上可分为三段：下段以薄－中层叠置石 灰岩为特征、中段以石灰岩－泥岩岩组与泥岩互层为特征,上段以条纹状泥岩为特征。三段沉积分别代表了深水环境下等 深流水道沉积、天然堤沉积和深水盆地平原区极弱等深流沉积,在垂向上组成了一个完整的等深流水下水道－天然堤沉积 体系。     

从桌子山剖面看贺兰坳拉谷北段奥陶系等深流沉积

采用野外观察描述和室内分析相结合的方法,综合分析了贺兰坳拉谷北段桌子山剖面奥陶系各组地层沉积相特征,得到了沉积环境的垂向变化和横向迁移规律。以桌子山剖面奥陶系沉积相研究为基础,结合沉积相模式,识别出了典型的碳酸盐等深流沉积,建立了贺兰坳拉谷北段奥陶系层序地层学模式,从而为验证坳拉谷的存在提供了有力的证据。     

陕西富平地区上奥陶统赵老峪组等深流沉积特征及影响因素*

陕西富平地区上奥陶统赵老峪组发育等深流沉积。以实测剖面、岩石光面、薄片资料以及地球化学资料为基础,结合前人研究成果,对赵老峪组等深积岩类型、层序以及等深流沉积发育的影响因素进行了分析。研究认为: (1)赵老峪组发育灰泥等深积岩和粉屑等深积岩2种类型,识别出由单一的灰泥等深积岩以及灰泥等深积岩与粉屑等深积岩组成的2种等深积岩层序;(2)等深流水团温度越低,盐度越高,则等深流强度越大;(3)等深流水团水温由高变低、再变高,盐度由低变高、再变低,可能造成了等深积岩层序由细变粗、再变细;(4)古水深变大、古气候变干热、古盐度变低有利于等深流和等深流沉积的发育。     

陕西富平地区上奥陶统赵老峪组等深流沉积特征及影响因素

陕西富平地区上奥陶统赵老峪组发育等深流沉积。以实测剖面、岩石光面、薄片资料以及地球化学资料为基础,结合前人研究成果,对赵老峪组等深积岩类型、层序以及等深流沉积发育的影响因素进行了分析。研究认为:(1)赵老峪组发育灰泥等深积岩和粉屑等深积岩2种类型,识别出由单一的灰泥等深积岩以及灰泥等深积岩与粉屑等深积岩组成的2种等深积岩层序;(2)等深流水团温度越低,盐度越高,则等深流强度越大;(3)等深流水团水温由高变低、再变高,盐度由低变高、再变低,可能造成了等深积岩层序由细变粗、再变细;(4)古水深变大、古气候变干热、古盐度变低有利于等深流和等深流沉积的发育。     

贺兰拗拉谷北段奥陶系等深流沉积研究

笔者采用野外观察和室内分析相结合的研究方法,分析了贺兰拗拉谷北段桌子山剖面奥陶纪地层的沉积相特征及沉积环境的垂向变化和横向迁移规律。以桌子山剖面奥陶系沉积相研究为基础,采用Fischer图解法,求取了其可容空间的变化曲线。在此基础上,结合沉积相模式,识别出了典型的碳酸盐等深流沉积,建立了贺兰拗拉谷北段奥陶系层序地层学模式,为拗拉谷的存在提供了有力的证据。各层序的水进体系域,应列为该区油气勘探的重要目标层段。     

深水碳酸盐沉积研究进展

深水碳酸盐沉积包括深水重力流作用形成的异地沉积和非重力流沉积，在非重力流沉积中又有深水牵引流(等深流、内波、内潮汐等)沉积和静态原地碳酸盐沉积。深水碳酸盐沉积与重力流及等深流活动有关，也受控于表层水碳酸盐产率、陆源物质的稀释作用及深水对碳酸盐的溶解作用。大量研究表明，深水碳酸盐沉积对海平面升降与气候变化响应明显，无论是重力流或非重力流沉积均有体现，通过深水碳酸盐沉积研究可以提取地质历史时期环境变化的信息，同时，某些深水碳酸盐沉积岩中蕴藏着丰富的石油、天然气和其他沉积矿产。由此开展此项研究具有重要的理论和实际意义。     

陕西富平地区中奥陶统等深流沉积的特征及其地质意义

陕西富平赵老峪地区中奥陶统赵老峪组发育一套与深水碳酸盐岩重力流沉积、放射虫硅质岩、火山凝灰岩伴生的等深流沉积。根据岩性特征可以将该等深流沉积划分为砾屑等深积岩、砂屑等深积岩、粉屑等深积岩和灰泥等深积岩4种类型,识别出较完整的、由单一灰泥或粉屑或砂屑等深积岩叠置组成的4种等深积岩层序。等深流的流向从东北向西南方向,说明中奥陶世富平地区可能是秦岭北侧弧后盆地伸进浅水台地的一个北东向的深海前槽。富平赵老峪地区下奥陶统马家沟组和华北地块其他地区一样都发育浅水台地相碳酸盐岩,中奥陶统突变为深水斜坡-盆地边缘相的碳酸盐岩重力流及等深流沉积,而同期华北地块主体隆升为陆,反映了在扬子板块向华北板块俯冲的背景下,秦岭北侧早古生代弧后盆地北测的陷落下沉作用。     

Characteristics of modern carbonate contourite drifts

Carbonate environments inhabit the realm of the surface, intermediate and deep currents of the ocean circulation where they produce and continuously deliver material which is potentially deposited into contourite drifts. In the tropical realm, fine‐grained particles produced in shallow water and transported off‐bank by tidal, wind‐driven, and cascading density currents are a major source for transport and deposition by currents. Sediment production is especially high during interglacial times when sea level is high and is greatly reduced during glacial times of sea‐level lowstands. Reduced sedimentation on carbonate contourite drifts leads to early marine cementation and hardened surfaces, which are often reworked when current strength increases. As a result, reworked lithoclasts are a common component in carbonate drifts. In areas of temperate and cool water carbonates, currents are able to flow across carbonate producing areas and incorporate sediment directly to the current. The entrained skeletal carbonate particles have variable bulk density and shapes that lower the prediction of transport rates in energy‐based transport models, as well as prediction of current velocity based on grain size. All types of contourite drifts known in clastic environments are found in carbonate environments, but three additional drift types occur in carbonates because of local sources and current flow diversion in the complicated topography inherent to carbonate systems. The periplatform drift is a carbonate‐specific plastered drift that is nearly exclusively made of periplatform ooze. Its geometry is built by the interaction of along‐slope currents and downslope currents, which deliver sediment from the adjacent shallow‐water carbonate realm to the contour current via a line source. Because the periplatform drift is plastered on the slopes of the platforms it is also subject to mass gravity flow and large slope failures. At platform edges, a special type of patch drift develops. These hemiconal platform‐edge drifts also contain exclusively periplatform ooze but their geometry is controlled by the current around the corner of the platform. At the north‐western end of Little and Great Bahama Bank are platform‐edge drifts that are over 100 km long and up to 600 m thick. A special type of channel‐related drift forms when passages between carbonate buildups or channels within a platform open into deeper water. A current flowing in these channels will entrain material shed from the sediment producing areas. At the channel mouth, the sediment‐charged current deposits its sediment load into the deeper basin. With continuous flow, a submarine delta drift is built that progrades into the deep water. The strongly focused current forming the delta drift, is able to rework coarse skeletal grains and clasts, making this type of carbonate drift the coarsest drift type.     

Simulation of the interactions between gravity processes and contour currents on the Algarve Margin (South Portugal) using the stratigraphic forward model Sedsim

The margin of the Gulf of Cadiz is swept by an intermediate current the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) flowing from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. On the northern margin of the Gulf (Algarve Margin, South Portugal) the MOW intensity is low, and fine-grained contourite drifts are built up with an alongslope alignment. Recent sedimentological studies emphasize the presence of complex process interactions resulting in the formation of a unique depositional architecture. Alongslope processes related to contour currents generate contourite drift, while downslope processes form canyons and channels aligned on deep faults. This paper uses a combined oceanographic and geological dataset to simulate the different types of interactions between gravity processes and contour currents, which were evidenced on this margin. An extrapolation of the contour current intensity has been used based on the present day velocity field and sea-level fluctuations over the simulated geological time-scale. According to our model results, the construction of the contourite drift is closely linked to contour current velocities and directions, the types of sediments transported and the existing topography. Using modern sedimentological understanding of the area, we have correlated gravity flow's strongest activity to sea level lowstand periods mainly due to a closer connection between canyon's mouth and river or deltaic systems. The simulated gravity flows are initialized at different locations and times on the margin depending on the preserved lobes retrieved from seismic analysis. Their resulting morphological features are identified as perched-lobes with volumes and forms close to the ones observed on Portimão and Lagos Drifts. This study provides a process-based understanding of the construction of contourite system and a physical evaluation of the interactions between gravity flows perpendicular to the slope, and alongslope processes. In addition, it shows the influence of autocyclic factors in the construction of contourite sedimentation, which is important to consider in future sedimentary paleo-reconstruction interpretations.     

黔西南中三叠世陆棚-斜坡沉积特征

黔西南及黔南中三叠世边缘带经历了从陆棚、斜坡至槽盆环境的演化。该带除发育正常事件沉积外,还发育风暴流和重力流的钙屑沉积以及陆源碎屑浊流沉积。其中,陆屑浊积岩的宏观特征和旋回曲线特征表明其属纵向搬运槽盆型浊积岩。根据垂向和横向上沉积特征的研究,建立了在盆地整体坳陷的背景下,盆地边缘的演化模式。     

Contour current imprints and contourite drifts in the Bahamian archipelago

New data collected along the slopes of Little and Great Bahama Bank and the abyssal plain of the Bahama Escarpment provides new insights about contour current‐related erosive structures and associated deposits. The Bahamian slope shows abundant evidence of bottom current activity such as furrows, comet‐like structures, sediment waves and drifts. At a seismic scale, large erosion surfaces and main periods of drift growth resulted from current acceleration related to plate tectonic processes and progressive opening and closure of gateways and long‐term palaeoclimate evolution. At present‐day, erosion features and contourite drifts are either related to relatively shallow currents (<1000 m water depth) or to deep currents (>2500 m water depth). It appears that the carbonate nature of the drifts does not impact the drift morphology at the resolution addressed in the present study. Classical drift morphologies defined in siliciclastic environments are found, such as mounded, plastered and separated drifts. In core, contourite sequences show a bi‐gradational trend that resembles classical contourite sequences in siliciclastic deposits showing a direct relationship with a change in current velocity at the sea floor. However, in a carbonate system the peak in grain size is associated with increased winnowing rather than increased sediment supply as in siliciclastic environments. In addition, the carbonate contourite sequence is usually thinner than in siliciclastics because of lower sediment supply rates. Little Bahama Bank and Great Bahama Bank contourites contain open‐ocean input and slope‐derived debris from glacial episodes. Inner platform, platform edge and open ocean pelagic input characterize the classical periplatform ooze during interglacials. In all studied examples, the drift composition depends on the sea floor topography surrounding the drift location and the type of sediment supply. Carbonate particles are derived from either the slope or the platform in slope and toe of slope drifts, very deep contourites have distant siliciclastic sources of sediment supply. The recent discovery of the importance of a large downslope gravitary system along Bahamian slopes suggests frequent interactions between downslope and along‐slope (contour currents) processes. The interlayering of mass flow deposits and contourites at a seismic scale or the presence of surface structures associated with both contour currents and mass flow processes shows that both processes act at the same location. Finally, contour currents have an important impact on the repartition of deep‐water coral mounds. Currents can actively interact with mounds as a nutrient and oxygen supplier or have a passive interaction, with mounds solely being obstacles orienting erosion and deposition.