碳酸盐岩溶蚀机制的实验探讨:表面溶蚀与内部溶蚀对比

通过表面溶蚀和内部溶蚀两种实验方式,分别对六种类型碳酸盐岩用0.2%乙酸溶液进行溶蚀实验,对比研究了从表生环境到深埋藏环境下有机酸与不同类型碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用机制。对比研究表明:(1)在近地表环境下(25℃,1.0 MPa),泥灰岩和含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩的溶解速率大于细晶白云岩,前两者约为后者的2³倍;随着温压的增加,泥灰岩、含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩和细晶白云岩的溶解速率均相应增加,但细晶白云岩的溶解速率增加幅度更大;在深埋藏环境下(180℃,45 MPa到210℃,52.5 MPa),细晶白云岩的溶解速率逐渐与泥灰岩和含生物碎屑泥晶灰岩的溶解速率趋于一致。(2)在60℃,10 MPa时,白云质颗粒灰岩在乙酸溶液中的溶解能力大于粉细晶白云岩和亮晶鲕粒白云岩;随着温压的增加,有机酸溶液对石灰岩与白云岩的溶解能力均相应降低,且石灰岩溶蚀作用下降幅度更大,当温压达到或超过90℃、20 MPa时,粉细晶白云岩和亮晶鲕粒白云岩在乙酸溶液中的溶解能力大于白云质颗粒灰岩。根据实验结果推测:表生和相对浅埋藏的温压条件下,石灰岩的溶解速率和溶解能力大于白云岩,石灰岩的溶蚀作用较白云岩发育;但在深埋藏阶段,由于白云岩的溶解能力大于石灰岩,因此白云岩溶蚀产生的次生孔隙较石灰岩更为发育,这或许是深部的碳酸盐岩储层中多见白云岩储层的重要原因。     

碳酸盐岩的反射光谱特征的研究及应用

在室内对新疆塔里木盆地西北缘柯坪地区碳酸盐岩的反射光谱进行了测量。分析结果表明：碳酸盐岩的特征吸收谱带位于２３００～２３５０ｎｍ,随着碳酸盐岩中Ｍｇ２＋含量的增加,其特征吸收谱带的中心波长位置具有向短波长方向移动的特点;同时,随着碳酸盐岩中碳酸盐矿物含量的增加,其特征吸收谱带的深度（Ｄ）也有增大的趋势,并且岩石的平均反射率（Ｒ）也随着增高。根据这些特征可以判定碳酸盐岩的岩石类型及碳酸盐矿物的相对含量     

不同温度条件下CO2水溶液对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用

普遍认为酸性流体的溶蚀作用是碳酸盐岩储层形成的重要制约因素。本文以一个全新的模拟实验方式对不同类型碳酸盐岩在CO2水溶液中的相对溶蚀能力进行了研究,结果发现随温度从常温至200℃,碳酸盐岩的溶蚀能力由弱变强再变弱,在60～90℃区间内溶蚀能力最强。白云岩不管在低温还在高温环境下,总比灰岩更难溶蚀,过渡类型的岩类介于二者之间,当温度大于150℃后,CO2对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀能力变得越来越弱。灰岩与白云岩的溶蚀差异也变得越来越小。这暗示碳酸盐岩在早成岩晚期—中成岩早期,CO2水溶液对灰岩的溶蚀作用有重要影响,而对白云岩的溶蚀作用影响较小,白云岩优质储层的形成可能与碳酸盐岩中钙质的流失或白云岩化作用有关。     

Heterogeneity of Parent Rocks and Its Constraints on Geochemical Criteria in Weathering Crusts of Carbonate Rocks

Owing to the low contents of their acid-insoluble components, carbonate rocks tend to decrease sharply in volume in association with the formation of weathering crust. The formation of a 1 m-thick weathering crust would usually consume more than ten meters to several tens of meters of thickness of parent rocks. The knowledge of how to identify the homogeneity of parent rocks is essential to understand the formation mechanism of weathering crust in karst regions, especially that of thick-layered red weathering crust. In this work the grain-size analyses have demonstrated that the three profiles studied are the residual weathering crust of carbonate rocks and further showed that there objectively exists the heterogeneity of parent rocks in the three studied weathering crusts. The heterogeneity of parent rocks can also be reflected m geochemical parameters of major elements, just as the characteristics of frequency plot of grain-size distribution. Conservative trace element ratios Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta are proven     

碳酸盐岩裂缝与岩溶作用研究

从构造与非构造作用角度出发,突出研究断层对裂缝的控制作用、断裂与岩溶的关系和裂缝与岩溶之间的关系,揭示碳酸盐岩裂缝与岩溶的发育规律。研究表明：构造裂缝为岩溶发育提供岩溶作用进行的有利通道,非构造裂缝则可以加速溶蚀作用的进行,促进岩溶的发育;裂缝与岩溶之间的关系始终是相辅相成、相互促进的关系。     

Weathering-pedogenesis of Carbonate Rocks and Its Environmental Effects in Subtropical Region

We investigated the weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks and its environmental effects in subtropical regions of China. The investigation demonstrated that the weathering- pedogenesis of carbonate rocks is the process of a joint action of corrosion and illuviation and metasomatism in subtropical region. It is characterized by multi-stage, multi-path and multi-style. With the persisting development of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks, metasomatic pedogenesis progressively became the main process of the weathering-pedogenesis and the dominant style of formation of minerals. And it proceeds through the whole process of evolution of the weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks. The stage evolution of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks and the fractionation evolution of newly produced minerals are characterized by obvious vertically zoning structures and the rules of gradation of elements geochemical characteristics in the carbonate rocks weathering profiles. The geochemical process of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks can be divided into three geochemical evolution stages, i.e., the Ca, Mg-depletion and Si, Al-enrichment stage; the Fe, Mn enrichment stage and the Si-depletion and Al-enrichment stage in the subtropical regions. Consistent with the three geochemical evolution stages, the sequence of formation and evolution of minerals can be divided into the clay mineral stage; the Fe, Mn oxide and the gibbsite stage. The influence of weathering-pedogenesis of carbonate rocks on the chemical forms of heavy elements is mainly affected via newly produced components and minerals in the process of weathering-pedogenesis, e.g., iron oxide minerals and organic matters. The important mechanism for the mobilization, transport and pollution of F and As is affected the selective adsorption and desorption of F and As on the surface of iron oxide minerals in the subtropical karst zones, i.e., the selective adsorption and desorption on mineral surfaces of newly produced minerals in the process of weath     

山东莱芜盆地碳酸盐岩热液溶蚀特征及水文地质意义

鲁中山区莱芜盆地在燕山期发生大规模岩浆侵入活动,岩浆岩体外围碳酸盐岩区分布有水源地、富水块段等岩溶发育富水区,且靠近岩体含水层多发生大理岩化。富含CO₂、H₂S等酸性成分的岩浆热液流体,能对碳酸盐岩产生明显的溶蚀作用。基于岩石样品化学组分分析、水文地质调查及数据统计分析、热液溶蚀地质点详细观测,构建热液溶蚀模式,对莱芜盆地及外围热液溶蚀特征及机理进行研究。结果表明:高温高压岩浆侵入使得接触带碳酸盐岩发生热液变质大理岩化;沿渗透性断裂、裂缝以及不整合面等运移的热液流体,对碳酸盐岩地层产生酸性热液溶蚀和混合溶蚀作用,形成不同规模溶蚀孔洞,构成地下水富集空间,为寻找城镇地下水后备水源地提供新方向。     

地下水的生态环境效应及控制指标研究进展

地下水具有重要的生态功能和环境属性。随着不合理的人类活动,改变地下水性状而引发的诸多生态环境问题的出现,国内外有关学者积极进行地下水生态环境效应及控制指标的研究,目前已取得了一些进展,但迄今为止鲜见对其研究成果的综述,及时总结该领域的研究成果可以为进一步深入全面开展研究提供基础。综述了国内外有关地下水引起的七个方面的生态环境效应及三个方面的控制指标的研究现状,最后指出了目前研究中存在的问题并对未来的研究进行了展望,以期为进一步深入全面开展该领域的研究提供基础,更好地促进地下水资源开发利用与生态环境保护协调发展。     

古代碳酸盐岩同位素保持性及其地质应用

北京大学郑淑惠指出:“古代碳酸盐岩的地质应用,只有解决了矿物同位素数据的保存性问题,才能更好地阐明地质过程^①”。很多地球化学家研究现代、亚近代和古代沉积时,不但研究全岩,而且研究沉积物组份、胶结物和各种生物化石的碳、氧稳定同位素组成,并且进行彼此间的对比,进而探讨矿物岩石同位素变化规律和地质应用。     

酸不溶物对碳酸盐岩风化壳发育程度的影响

通过对贵州岩溶区（包括湘西）不同地层系统碳酸盐岩发育的红色风化壳、以及结合本区和处于同一气候带的邻区不同岩类红色风化壳的对比研究,结果表明：（1）碳酸盐岩红色风化壳的发育程度明显受基岩酸不溶物成分的控制,酸不溶物的风化成熟度越高,红色风化壳的发育程度一般也越强。由于不同地层系统碳酸盐岩的酸不溶物组成不同,在此基础上发育的红色风化壳的风化强度自然存在着差异;（2）风化壳相对于母岩的进一步风化潜力或空间,随着基岩酸不溶物风化成熟度的增大而降低,从而更容易达到风化平衡;（3）在碳酸盐岩风化壳突变的岩-土界面,伴随碳酸盐的充分淋失、酸不溶物的地球化学指标发生了突变。因此,碳酸盐的溶解不但未阻滞和延缓了硅酸盐组分的分解,而且促进其快速风化。（4）在达到高岭石化甚至弱红土化阶段的酸不溶物基础上,发育的风化壳比结晶岩类风化壳具有更高的风化起点,也就表现出更高的风化强度。因此,笼统地把碳酸盐岩风化壳看作是弱于玄武岩及花岗岩等结晶岩类风化壳发育程度的弱风化类型是不妥的。     

Autochthonous Dolomitization and Dissolution in the Microbial Carbonate Rocks of the Fengjiawan Formation in the Ordos Basin

Many euhedral dolomite crystals and related pores are found in the microbial siliceous stromatolite dolomite and siliceous oolitic dolomite in the Fengjiawan Formation of the Mesoproterozoic Jixian System in the southern Ordos Basin. With the application of the microscope, scanning electron microscope, cathodoluminescence and in-situ trace element imaging, it can be seen that different from the phase I dolomite that was damaged by silicification, the intact euhedral phase II dolomite occurred through dolomitization after silicification, concentrated mainly in the organic-rich dark laminae of the stromatolite and the dark spheres and cores of the ooids. A considerable number of phase II dolomite crystals were dissolved, giving rise to mold pores and vugs which constituted the matrix pores and also the major pore space of the Fengjiawan Formation. The formation and dissolution of the dolomite were controlled by the microenvironment favorable, respectively, for carbonate precipitation and dissolution under the influence of microbial biological activities and related biochemical reactions. The driving force and material supply of dolomitization and dissolution were confined to the fabrics enriched with microorganisms, which are highly autochthonous. This mechanism may be a key factor for the development of Precambrian dolomite and related reservoirs, in the context of the domination of microbial rocks.     

不纯碳酸盐岩的变质作用

不纯碳酸盐岩中的矿物共生组合与变质时的总压和二氧化碳分压密切相关。总压增高促使透闪石、透辉石和橄榄石等矿物生成温度增高。变质过程中岩石中流体成分的变化有两种极端情况,即渗滤作用和缓冲作用。渗滤作用下变质反应,变质矿物界线和变质矿物特征等均与缓冲作用下有所差异,以此可以区别它们。湖北宿松群和河北红旗营子群不纯大理岩是在渗滤作用下变质的。山西五台群板峪口组不纯大理岩是在缓冲加渗滤作用下变质的。     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系不同组构碳酸盐岩埋藏溶蚀实验

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层受埋藏溶蚀作用控制明显,而地层深部复杂的水-岩反应造成埋藏溶蚀研究难度较大,并进而影响了储层的评价与预测。分别利用CO₂溶液和乙酸溶液为流体介质进行溶蚀模拟实验,探讨埋藏条件下温度、压力、流体等因素对不同矿物及组构碳酸盐岩溶蚀作用的影响。结果表明:1）随着温度与压力升高,碳酸盐岩样品在乙酸溶液中的溶解速率均相应提高,在CO₂溶液中的溶解速率则先增加后减小,且在110℃~130℃区间内溶蚀速率最大;深埋藏环境下,各岩类溶蚀速率差异减小,并趋于一致;2）岩石矿物成分和组构,原岩初始孔隙度的大小及其连通关系,以及晶体的产状对成岩后期的埋藏溶蚀作用也具有重要的影响。不溶组分含量低、颗粒/灰泥比高、矿物成分复杂的碳酸盐岩由于组构选择性溶蚀作用而更易被溶蚀;碳酸盐岩的溶蚀速率随方解石含量的增加而增加,但深埋藏环境下,矿物成分含量差异对溶蚀速率的影响作用减弱;硬石膏与白云岩相伴生时,可优先溶蚀形成膏模孔,并促进白云石的溶解,改善储层效果。不同岩性,总体上灰岩较白云岩及过渡岩类更易发生埋藏溶蚀作用。结合研究区实际地质条件分析,砂屑灰岩、膏质白云岩等埋藏溶蚀强度较大,通过对原岩早期组构选择性溶蚀形成孔隙的继承和调整,叠加埋藏期岩溶作用后,可形成规模优质储层。     

地应力对碳酸盐岩溶解和岩溶发育的影响

地应力对碳酸盐岩溶解和岩溶发育的影响研究是一个值得注意但又长期被忽视的问题, 结合地球化学、地质热力学、矿物岩石学、岩石弹塑性力学方面的知识, 在理论上全面地分析地应力的影响.研究表明, 在应力作用下, 碳酸盐岩岩体内应变能提高、溶解反应自由能增加、裂隙发育特征与水流运动条件发生变化, 使得碳酸盐岩固体表面处溶解物饱和浓度增大, 改变了岩体内水流的厚度、水流流态以及水中碳酸盐岩溶解物浓度, 从而影响了碳酸盐岩的溶解速率; 且应力的存在改变了有效的水岩相互作用面积; 应力作用下碳酸盐岩溶解存在的"应力-溶解"耦合竞争循环机制使得岩溶发育出现混沌现象和自组织行为, 初始应力介入所导致的一个很微小的影响因可被迅速放大至成百上千倍而不可忽略, 自然界中碳酸盐岩岩体内溶解和结晶并存、串珠状溶洞以及孤立溶洞的形成发育机制一定程度上可归结为应力溶解自组织行为的结果.      

Lithology and Oil-and-Gas Potential of Carbonate Rocks

Lithology and Mineral Resources -     

酸化增产工艺在碳酸盐岩层地热开发中的应用

酸化增产技术是提高油田产量的有效措施,是开发油气层的重要手段。HD-39B地热井完井后,试水效果不理想,通过分析其测井综合成果,并结合地层情况,采用了酸化增产工艺,最终成功扩大裂隙,有效沟通了热储通道,出水量由5.4 m3 /h增加到80.83 m3 /h,井口水温由50 ℃增加到72 ℃,成为一口优质合格井。HD-39B地热井的应用实践证明,油田上使用的酸化增产技术同样适用于碳酸盐基岩裂隙地热井,可根据地热井实况及岩性特征,在类似地热施工中予以推广。     

滕县煤田七五井田岩浆岩分布特征及对煤层煤质的影响

以七五井田为研究对象,通过对区内地质构造展布特征、岩浆岩分布特征进行分析研究,总结得出七五井田岩浆侵入规律,进一步弄清了岩浆侵入对煤层的破坏程度,并对岩浆岩对煤层煤质的影响程度进行了评价,为矿井生产过程中的开拓布置工作提供了依据。     

Biostratigraphy,Depositional and Diagenetic Processes in Carbonate Rocks from Southern Lebanon: Impact on Porosity and Permeability

Carbonate rocks contain prolific hydrocarbon reserves all over the world, particularly in the Middle East. For exploration and production strategies, it is essential to understand carbonate reservoirs in terms of their internal characteristics, depositional environment, relative age, diagenetic processes and impact on petrophysical properties. This study has been performed on exposed Cretaceous, Paleocene and Miocene marine carbonate sedimentary sequences in two localities (Maghdoucheh and Qennarit) near the city of Sidon (Southern Lebanon). It represents the first comprehensive study that takes into consideration the carbonate reservoir facies, diagenetic history and reservoir quality in the area. Rocks at Maghdoucheh are mainly dominated by limestone beds showing sedimentary structures and erosive bases alternating with microfossil-rich silty marls, related to a shallowing upward sequence in a restricted marine platform environment. Shells of benthic foraminifera and mollusks dominate the fossil assemblage extracted from the studied rocks. The microfossil and nannofossil assemblage detected in the Maghdoucheh sections indicates a middle Miocene age. Rocks at Qennarit are composed of mudstone/wackestone limestone beds rich in planktonic foraminifera and nannofossils related to open marine conditions. Based on the nannofossil content, rocks from Qennarit 1 and 2 are Paleocene and Cretaceous in age, respectively. Four main types of microfacies have been identified, i.e. (1) microbioclastic peloidal calcisiltite, (2) pelagic lime mudstone and wackestone with planktonic microfossils, (3) grainstone/packstone with abundant foraminifera and (4) fenestral bindstones, mudstones and packstones with porostromate microstructures. The porosity-permeability (poro-perm) analysis of representative samples reveals moderate to good porosity but very low permeability. This is mainly due to the presence of large moldic pores that are isolated in nature. The diagenetic features are dominated by micritization and dissolution (both fabric selective and non-fabric selective). Among all diagenetic features, dissolution in both localities contributes to porosity enhancement, while micritization, cementation, compaction and the filled fractures have negative impacts on permeability; hence the overall reservoir quality.     

碳酸盐岩二次生烃研究综述

二次生烃是指停止生烃的烃源岩再次被深埋,并且受热温度超过一次生烃的最大温度,达到二次生烃门限时又重新开始生烃。主要生烃物质有干酪根及其衍生的丝沥青、可溶有机质,包裹体有机质、晶包有机质、固体沥青、一次生烃形成的吸附有机质以及缝合线有机质等。不管二次生烃起始成熟度是否达到一次生烃高峰所对应的成熟度,其二次生烃曲线均有一个相对的生烃高峰,而且二次生烃起始成熟度越高,生烃高峰就越迟,高峰值也相对较小。对于二次生烃的数量、演化路径以及生烃始点等关键问题仍存在分歧,今后应在热模拟实验的基础上,结合化学动力学和数值模拟方法,进一步加强碳酸盐岩二次生烃理论的研究。     

海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷火山碎屑岩自生碳酸盐矿物分布及对储层物性的影响

为了查明火山碎屑岩中自生碳酸盐矿物的分布特征及对储层物性的影响,以海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷火山碎屑岩为研究对象,调查火山碎屑岩中自生碳酸盐矿物的类型,并通过统计50余口探井的碳酸盐含量及储层物性数据,探讨其分布特征及对储层物性的影响。结果表明：海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷火山碎屑岩中自生碳酸盐矿物主要为方解石和白云石,其次为菱铁矿、片钠铝石和铁白云石;纵向上随着埋藏深度增加出现两个碳酸盐含量高值带,分别出现在1 500～1 900m和2 200～2 700m深度,前者主要为以胶结作用为主的连生方解石和显晶方解石及菱铁矿,后者主要为以交代作用为主的晚期方解石、白云石、铁白云石和片钠铝石;湖底扇等分选较差的沉积相为碳酸盐矿物发育的有利相带,扇-辫状河三角洲相为次有利相带;靠近德尔布干深大断裂的井碳酸盐含量要高于远离该断裂的井,且在该断裂附近的德2、德6和德8等井中见片钠铝石自生矿物,这主要因为断层是CO2逸散的通道,断层处的富CO2流体能够与围岩反应生成碳酸盐矿物;熔结凝灰岩和凝灰岩中的碳酸盐矿物含量要高于沉凝灰岩、凝灰质砂岩及普通砂岩,这主要因为火山岩及火山碎屑物质中金属离子含量高,易于释放,从而结合CO23-形成碳酸盐矿物;贝尔凹陷内储层孔隙度和渗透率等参数与碳酸盐含量呈负相关关系,说明碳酸盐含量对储层物性主要起破坏作用。