地下水运动的热驱动机理

地下水在下渗过程中,受地温梯度的影响,水温度会逐渐升高,从而相同压力下的密度就会降低。这种由于温度不同所导致的密度差异会引起地下水的运动,将该种机制称之为地下水运动的热驱动机理。基于此种机理,给出地形变化较小的丘陵地区地热水近源补给的模型,解释同一或相近海拔高度上补给区与排泄区（地热水温泉）共存的现象,提出并论证在地势低洼地带得到补给、而在地势较高处出露温泉的可能性。     

地下水流系统特征——以白垩系地下水盆地为例

以不同的研究尺度,白垩系地下水盆地可以划分为若干地下水流系统.水流系统的发育受含水层补给和排泄条件及含水系统结构控制.每一个水流系统都具有整体性、相关性、等级结构性、时序性、动态平衡性、功能性等特征.     

Heat transport by groundwater flow during the Baikal rift evolution

A two-dimensional modelling study of sedimentation, fluid flow, and heat flow in the Baikal rift basin undergoing flank uplift and basin subsidence has been performed in order to understand the impact of these processes on the surface heat flow signal. Heat flow anomalies of different scales and magnitudes have been observed at the sediment surface of the lake Baikal basin, and the presence of a hydrothermal vent suggests that fluids play an important role in the regional distribution of heat flow. The BASIN-code applied for this study allows to simulate topographically and compaction-driven hydrodynamical fluid flow and coupled heat transfer.The flank uplift history provides the basis for a regional groundwater circulation towards the central basin area, with predicted Darcy velocities at present-day situation in the basement varying between 1 and 100 cm/year. Within the basin, the presence of aquifers and the pinch-out layering has a major control on the flow field, and compaction-driven flow velocities are strongly altered when combined with topography-driven flow. When velocities in the basement are larger than several centimeters per year, the regional fluid circulation is an effective mechanism of heat redistribution. Heat is brought from the flanks towards the basin area, with largest heat transported at a depth of 1–2 km at both sides. During the flank uplift, heat advection increases, with secondary variation related to the deposition of sedimentary layers. The heat flow is increased over the basin and reduced in the flanks, with a total heat output balance always positive. The extra heat output over the modelled transection is 2–10% of the initial heat output. The maximum computed heat fluxes are smaller than measured in the heat flow anomalies of the lake Baikal basin. Nevertheless, the model suggests that flow in the sedimentary basin combined with a topographically driven heat advection in the surrounding basement is a sufficient mechanism to account for the increased heat flow over the basin and the main features of the heat flow distribution.     

水源热泵系统中地下水流贯通及其对温度场的影响

利用含水层储能的一般特点,提出流贯通;分析流贯通和热贯通的相互作用、相互影响及对工程实际的意义;并基于地下水水热运移的基本原理,建立地下水流动和热量输运的耦合数值模型。在此基础上对沈阳某场地水源热泵工程的运行进行流场及温度场的数值模拟分析,给出产生流贯通的依据,即利用水力坡度定量的判断流贯通发生与否;当水力坡度变化非常小、可忽略不计时,认为含水层出现流贯通;进而研究抽、灌量对流贯通的影响,发现抽、灌量越大,则出现流贯通时间越短;而大量的抽、灌量更容易发生流贯通,进而会引起热贯通的发生。在实际工程中可降低抽、灌水量,在条件许可的情况下可提高抽、灌井的间距,并可在抽、灌井运行一个周期后调整抽灌井位置,以减少热贯通的发生。     

地下水节水自律机制研究

本研究课题为水利部开展的节水型社会建设重大研究课题之一,以水权管理为基础,以提高水资源利用效率和效益为核心,坚持制度激励与工程建设相结合、市场机制与行政管理相结合,深入研究影响地下水类型区自律节水的关键因素,提出实现自律节水的有效方法,最终建立一套完整的适应市场经济特点的地下水节水自律运行模式。     

靖安水源地地下水流模拟与预测

地下水数值模拟是地下水资源评价的重要方法之一。应用GMS软件建立靖安水源地的地下水流数值模型,利用该模型对设计的不同开采方案进行模拟,预测降水保证率95%条件下各方案开采20年后的地下水流场变化及水位变化情况。结果表明,当水源地总开采量为10万m3/d时,地下水流场能够达到稳定状态,中心水位降深较小,不会对生态环境造成明显影响。     

水化学特征分析银川平原地下水的补给与排泄

银川平原地处中国西北干旱气候区,平原的西部是贺兰山,由一系列正滑断层连接。平原的东部与黄河相连,紧邻鄂尔多斯平台。平原的南部与牛首山东北断裂带接壤。平原的底部是石炭纪,二叠纪或者奥陶系。根据地下水水化学特征分析,本文旨在确定银川平原地下水流系统,地下水化学类型从西到东变化,西部主要是HCO3-SO4型,中部为HCO3–Cl型,到东部逐渐过渡为Cl-SO4型,一直延伸到鄂尔多斯平台边缘。从南向北,南部主要是HCO3-SO4型,中部为HCO3-Cl和SO4-HCO3型,北部化学类型复杂,主要是SO4-HCO3和Cl-SO4型。     

Groundwater flow modeling in the Zhangye Basin,Northwestern China

The Zhangye basin is in the middle reaches of the Heihe River, northwestern China. Heavy abstraction of groundwater since the 1970s in the area is for agricultural, industrial and drinking water supplies and has led to a substantial decline in the potentiometric surface. A three-dimensional regional numerical groundwater flow model, calibrated under transient conditions, has been developed and used to predict the drawdown for the period from 2000 to 2030 under two different groundwater management scenarios.     

地下水流面三维实体模型制作系统（V1．00）

简要介绍了地下水流面在维实体模型制作系统－GWT3D（V1．00）的实体建模技术及光线跟踪原理，对其绘图所需数据文件结构进行了必要说明，同时阐述了GWT3D的功能与特色，并给出了该软件在这地区绘制地下水流场三维实体模型的一个实用实例。GWT3D是由VisualC 6.O开发的Win32应用程序，采用Outloow98流行的动画工具条风格，能利用通和地下水流模拟软件（如Modfolw等）所提供的网格剖分及水位数据，给制近似逼真的三维地下水流形态，具有动画显示功能和TIF、BMP、GIF3种图像文件存储格式，是一个专业性和实用性较强的计算机图像制作软件。     

Groundwater travel times for unconfined island aquifers bounded by freshwater or seawater

Analytical solutions for calculating groundwater travel times within unconfined island aquifers are given for cases of both a freshwater-bounded island (island located in a fresh water lake) and an oceanic island (freshwater contained above intrusive saltwater). The solutions apply for homogenous aquifers recharged by surface infiltration and discharged by a down-gradient, fixed-head boundary, under steady-state conditions. The solutions are given for two simple island geometries: circular islands and strip islands. A technique is also provided for comparing travel times in inland islands and oceanic islands. Travel times in oceanic islands are found to be shorter than travel times in inland islands, and travel times in circular islands are found to be longer than travel times in strip islands.     

Groundwater recharge and discharge processes in the Jakarta groundwater basin, Indonesia

Proper management of groundwater resources requires knowledge of the processes of recharge and discharge associated with a groundwater basin. Such processes have been identified in the Jakarta groundwater basin, Indonesia using a theory that describes the simultaneous transfer of heat and fluid in a porous medium. Temperature-depth profiles in monitoring wells are used to determine the geothermal gradient. To examine the rules of groundwater flow in the distortion of the isotherms in this area, several methods are compared. Subsurface temperature distribution is strongly affected by heat advection due to groundwater flow. Under natural flow conditions, the recharge area is assumed to occur in the hills and uplands, which are located on the periphery of the Jakarta basin, and the discharge area is located in the central and northern part of the Jakarta groundwater basin. A transition area, which could act as local recharge and discharge areas, occupies the middle of the lowland. Subsurface temperatures show good correlation with the groundwater flow conditions, and the data yield important information on the location of recharge and discharge areas.     

Evidence for deep groundwater flow and convective heat transport in mountainous terrain, Delta County, Colorado, USA

The Tongue Creek watershed lies on the south flank of Grand Mesa in western Colorado, USA and is a site with 1.5 km of topographic relief, heat flow of 100 mW/m², thermal conductivity of 3.3 W m^–1 °C^–1, hydraulic conductivity of 10^-8 m/s, a water table that closely follows surface topography, and groundwater temperatures 3–15°C above mean surface temperatures. These data suggest that convective heat transport by groundwater flow has modified the thermal regime of the site. Steady state three-dimensional numerical simulations of heat flow, groundwater flow, and convective transport were used to model these thermal and hydrological data. The simulations provided estimates for the scale of hydraulic conductivity and bedrock base flow discharge within the watershed. The numerical models show that (1) complex three-dimensional flow systems develop with a range of scales from tens of meters to tens of kilometers; (2) mapped springs are frequently found at locations where contours of hydraulic head indicate strong vertical flow at the water table, and; (3) the distribution of groundwater temperatures in water wells as a function of surface elevation is predicted by the model.     

应用连续流动分析法测定高盐地下水中的挥发酚

应用连续流动分析法测定氯化物或硝酸盐含量高于0.4g/L的地下水样品中的挥发酚,存在较为严重的基质干扰,在线蒸馏过程中生成了大量的氯化氢和二氧化氮气体,导致冷凝后的馏出液酸性强,造成缓冲溶液失效。另外,当水中含盐量超过0.15%时,蒸馏器管路易堵塞,使该方法无法得到广泛的应用。本文采用3%磷酸二氢钾和3%柠檬酸作为蒸馏试剂,可消除20g/L氯化物和1g/L硝酸盐的干扰。同时采用50%甘油水溶液作为蒸馏试剂溶剂,能够缓解蒸馏器系统管路堵塞的问题,可以测定含盐量低于40g/L的地下水。该方法测定地下水中的挥发酚在0.002～0.100mg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数达到0.9999,实际样品的加标回收率为95.2%～104.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)5%,方法检出限为0.001mg/L,适用于批量测定地下水样中的挥发酚。     

地下水稳定流理论与水资源评价问题讨论

本文作者认为作为相对性的稳定流理论仍然具有强大的生命力,特别是在评价、开发地下水资源的领域中还有广阔的应用前景。本文引进了一个“临界流量”新词语,在抽水中可作为划分稳定流与非稳定流的大致界限,这对保证成井的稳定供水以及进行块段疏干都具有实用意义。     

区域地下水流理论最新进展——区域地下水流理论、应用与发展国际研讨会综述

当前世界面临着越来越严重的水资源缺乏等环境压力,大尺度区域地下水资源与环境问题日益得到重视。在区域地下水流理论创立、应用与发展50年之际,由中国地质调查局和国际水文地质学家协会区域地下水流专业委员会主办,西安地质调查中心和中国地质大学(北京、武汉)等单位承办了区域地下水流理论、应用与发展国际学术研讨会。区域地下水流理论创始人Tóth教授以及来自13个国家的160多位水文地质专家从地下水流理论方法、实践应用等方面进行研讨和交流,将对区域地下水流理论的研究起到积极的促进作用,有力推动该理论的进一步发展和实际应用。笔者系统分析梳理了与会者的报告,归纳总结了国际区域地下水流理论研究进展和发展动态,以期为区域地下水流理论更加广泛地应用于水文地质环境地质相关研究领域提供参考。     

Modeling Groundwater in Multimodal Porous Media with Localized Decompositions

In the present paper, a new stochastic framework is introduced to decompose random variables. This decomposition method is shown to better capture and reflect the medium heterogeneity for multimodal porous media than the classical Reynolds decomposition does. In particular, with this decomposition method, the variance of log conductivity is decomposed into two parts. The first one measures the mean differences of log conductivity across different units having high contrasting conductivity. The second part measures the variation of log conductivity arisen within individual units. Based on this localized decomposition, a new stochastic model is proposed for flow in a highly heterogeneous porous media. This stochastic model shall produce much sharper approximations under the assumption that only the second part of the variance of log conductivity is small. Therefore, the proposed model can partially overcome the assumption of small composite variance for log conductivity in current theory for both flow and transport.     

宁夏清水河平原中游地下水数值模拟

清水河平原工业和农田供水水源多位于冲洪积扇中下部,部分位于扇前缘细土平原带,距咸水蕴藏区较近.随着地下水开采量的不断增加,出现大面积地下水位降落漏斗,造成咸水倒灌使有限的淡水资源遭受和面临咸水"入侵"的危险,已影响地下水资源的永续利用.本文在对清水河中游水文地质条件进行分析与概化的基础上,运用GMS软件建立了研究区多层地下水水流数值模拟模型,以现有开采条件对地下水流场的变化趋势进行了预测.根据模拟得出区域地下水位不断下降,地下水降落漏斗面积不断扩大.据此提出了合理利用地下水资源的措施,以保证该地区地下水资源可持续发展.     

大地热流测量数据子库

大地热流数据子库是建立在Microsoft Access 97基础上,以Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0开发、基于Windows平台上的集数据储存、编辑、报表打印输出及基本数据解释处理于一体的数据库管理软件.具有运行速度快、操作简单、易学及可靠性强等优点.特别编制了强大的数据查询系统,提供了各种查询方式,大大方便了用户.     

Groundwater and surface-water interactions in a confined alluvial aquifer between two rivers: effects of groundwater flow dynamics on high iron anomaly

In a confined alluvial aquifer located between two rivers, discrete zones of anomalously high concentrations of redox species such as iron, are thought to be a result of groundwater flow dynamics rather than a chemical evolution along continuous flow paths. This new hypothesis was confirmed at a study site located between Nan and Yom rivers in Phitsanulok, Thailand, by analyzing concentrations of redox species in comparison with dynamic groundwater flow patterns. River incision into the confined alluvial aquifer and seasonally varying river stages result in truncated flow paths. The groundwater flow dynamics between two rivers has four phases that are cyclic, including: aquifer discharge into both rivers, direct flow from one river toward another, aquifer recharge from both rivers, and reverse of river-to-river flow. The resulting groundwater flow direction has a zigzag pattern and its general trend is almost parallel to the river flow. High iron anomaly appears as discrete zones in the transition areas of the confined alluvial aquifer because the lateral recharge from rivers penetrates into the aquifer only by tens of meters. The high iron anomaly, which is nearly constant in space and time, is a result of groundwater/surface-water interactions and related groundwater flow dynamics.     

用改进的时间差分有限分析法模拟地下水非稳定井流方程

提出了一种改进的时间差分有限分析算法,它能够避免在求解水头剧烈变化时用一般有限分析法计算精度较差的缺陷.算法的稳定性好.