1:5万地球化学水系沉积物测量两种采样密度效果对比

本文是广东地区一幅1:5万化探水系沉积物测量的结果。常规的取样密度为4－5点/km²,放稀测网是在常规样品中,每km²抽取一个样品。用同样的方法分析十四种元素并编图,对比两种测网的效果。较稀测网可能遗漏个别的单元素异常,但不会漏掉多元素异常。两种密度测网的单元素异常数量特征、空间分布及所提供的找矿信息相似。     

1:50 000山东毕郭幅地球化学数据集

该数据集依托中国地质调查局“山东莱州-招远地区金矿整装勘查区矿产调查与找矿预测”项目,在充分收集地质、物探、化探、遥感及矿产等资料基础上,开展毕郭幅矿产地质调查。项目共采集1 875件水系沉积物样品,采样粒级为-10～+80目,平均采样密度4.5个/km²。采用电感耦合等离子质谱法（ICP-MS）、原子荧光光谱法（AFS）、粉末发射光谱法（ES）和石墨炉原子吸收光谱法（GF-AAS）分析了16种元素,最终形成1：50 000山东毕郭幅地球化学数据集,数据集包含有1 875件样品×16种元素的原始分析数据表格一个,图集一套（含有1张矿产地质图、一张采样点位图和16张元素地球化学图）。区内共新发现单元素地球化学异常149处,综合异常10处,结合地质、矿产、物探、化探、遥感等信息并圈出金矿找矿靶区5处。     

吉林省浑江市幅1∶50 000水系沉积物测量原始数据集

吉林省浑江市幅1∶50 000水系沉积物测量共采集1961件水系沉积物样品, 采样粒级为-10目~+80目, 平均采样密度为5.1个/km²。采用发射光谱法(AES)、泡沫塑料吸附石墨炉原子吸收分光光谱法(GFAAS)、原子荧光法(AFS)及等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)分析了Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Sb、Bi、Hg、W、Sn、Mo、Cd、Co、Cr、Ni 等16种元素, 形成吉林省1∶50 000浑江市幅水系沉积物测量原始数据集。数据集包含有1961件样品以及其16元素的原始数据表1个(Excel), MapGIS格式图集1套(含有1张矿产地质图、1张采样点位图、16张单元素地球化学图、16张单元素异常图)。通过本数据集新发现单元素地球化学异常403处, 综合异常24处, 结合地质、物探、化探、遥感及已有成矿线索圈定金矿找矿靶区3处、铜及多金属找矿靶区2处。本文数据集为该区域提供了一套基础性的数据资源, 为基础地质及其他领域应用提供基础地球化学依据。     

黑龙江森林沼泽区超低密度 地球化学调查采样介质对比

黑龙江省中部的嘉荫地区为典型的森林沼泽景观,在该区进行了超低密度地球化学调查采样介质对比研究。通过河漫滩沉积物、活性水系沉积物进行对比研究,发现利用河漫滩表层沉积物所圈定的异常不仅能较好地反映矿化信息,而且能较好地反映该地区的地质背景。水系沉积物测量所圈定的异常很弱,只能反映出露矿信息。研究成果表明,河漫滩表层沉积物是森林超低密度地球化学调查的最佳采样介质。     

阿根廷米纳毕戈塔斯地区1:250 000地球化学数据集

米纳毕戈塔斯地区（Mina Pirquitas）地处阿根廷西北部的安第斯山区,位于阿根廷西北部的新生代铜（金）及多金属成矿带内,是安第斯成矿带的组成部分。该区的岩性多样,火山岩、侵入岩发育,地质构造复杂,成矿地质条件优越,是阿根廷最主要的铜金等金属矿产资源的分布区。2010-2014年中国地质调查局与阿根廷地质调查局合作开展1：250 000地球化学示范研究,在米纳比戈塔斯地区采集了2470件水系沉积物和土壤样品,采样粒级为-10目~+60目,平均采样密度1.01个/4 km²。采用X射线荧光光谱法、等离子质谱法、原子荧光光谱法、发射光谱法、石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法和离子选择性电极法等分析了39种元素和氧化物,编制了单元素地球化学图和综合异常图,最终形成阿根廷北部米纳毕戈塔斯地区1：250 000地球化学集,包含有2 470件样品×39种元素（氧化物）的原始分析数据表格一个,地球化学图集一套（含有1张地质图、一张采样点位图和39张元素（氧化物）地球化学图）。新发现单元素地球化学异常487处,综合异常52处,并圈出了具进一步工作价值的找矿远景区。这些数据和图件对该区的找矿、基础地质研究和环境工程等具有重要参考利用价值。     

全球地球化学填图——历史发展与今后工作之建议

区域性与国家性的地球化学填图已取得进展,如何在可期待的未来以极低密度采样获得周期表内大多数元素在全球的分布,有赖于对填图理念的更新及采样介质、采样部署与采样方法研究的进展。英国Webb等发现在数平方千米至数十平方千米汇水盆地之河口采集水系沉积物样品,其分析结果可大致逼近其上游汇水盆地内土壤中元素之平均值。挪威及中国的研究工作表明在更大河流(其汇水盆地达数百、数千以至数万平方千米)的河口采样,这一规律依旧适用。看来,这种分形规律还可进一步延展至世界上一些汇水盆地达数十万至百万以上平方千米的主要入海河口,但这方面尚需作更多的研究。在这种新的填图理念指导下,提出了为实现全球地球化学填图的短期研究与试点计划和长期全面实现之规划。     

甘肃省厂坝矿集区十里铺幅和黄渚关幅1∶50 000地球化学数据集

甘肃省厂坝地区位于厂坝—页水河华力西、印支期铅锌金银成矿带,在中国地质调查局发展研究中心“甘肃省厂坝矿集区找矿预测”项目实施过程中,深化处理了已有地质、物探、化探、遥感及矿产分布和找矿标志数据,重点在十里铺幅和黄渚关幅开展1∶50 000构造地球化学测量工作。共采集8 694件样品,为2 911件构造地球化学测量样品做了含量分析,主要采样介质为构造充填物与蚀变岩石,平均采样密度13.02个/km²。应用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)、原子荧光光谱法(AFS)、垂直电极-发射光谱法(ES)分析了19种元素(Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Sb、Bi、Hg、W、Sn、Mo、Cd、Cr、Co、Ni、Mn、Ba、B),总体查明了主成矿元素铅锌金及伴生元素的分布规律,确定了元素与地层、构造的关系,提出了3个找矿远景区,最终形成1∶50 000甘肃十里铺幅、黄渚关幅地球化学数据集。数据集包含有2 911件样品、每件样品19种元素的原始分析数据表1个,图集1套(含有1张采样点位图、19张元素地球化学图、5张元素组合异常图、1张综合异常图和1张推断解释图)。区内共新发现单元素地球化学异常344处,综合异常24处。结合地质、矿产、物探、化探、遥感等信息圈出金矿找矿靶区1处、铅锌找矿靶区2处。该数据集为矿产地质调查提供了地球化学信息,对厂坝及周边地区深部找矿预测和基础地质研究都具有重要的参考价值。     

全球尺度地球化学填图计划对比研究

文中简述了全球尺度地球化学填图发展的历史,以近20年在中国、欧洲、美洲和澳大利亚开展的6项全球尺度地球化学填图计划为例,结合“国际地球化学填图计划”和“全球地球化学基准计划”的相关建议和要求,从样品采集和样品分析两个角度展开评价和对比,并初步总结了全球尺度地球化学填图在采样和分析两个方面存在的问题。6个填图计划中,仅欧洲的FOREGS计划采用多介质采样方案,中国的全国地球化学基准计划（CGB）按照不同的地貌特征采集不同的代表性的汇水域沉积物样品,其他4个计划采用单一介质的采样方案,采集土壤或泛滥平原/河漫滩沉积物。中国的分析水平总体处于国际领先水平,能分析的元素最多（78个）,元素分析检出限全部低于地壳克拉克值,标准物质能监控所有分析的元素。     

苏北平原2.58Ma以来的海陆环境演变历史* ——宝应钻孔沉积物的常量元素记录

苏北盆地是一个以箕状断陷为特点的复合型沉积盆地。文章根据2004年夏采集的苏北盆地宝应钻孔(BY1)97m沉积物的124个样品11种常量元素SiO₂,Al₂O₃,TiO₂,Fe₂O₃,MgO,MnO,CaO,K₂O,Na₂O,P₂O₅和SO₂的地球化学特征分析,探讨了海相沉积环境与陆相沉积环境的元素分布特点、成因、相互之间的联系和物质来源。根据沉积物常量元素含量的垂向变化,结合沉积相、岩性特征、有孔虫分析、古地磁及¹⁴ C定年,分析了苏北盆地2.58Ma以来不同阶段海陆交互作用下的常量元素变化特点,反映了苏北平原在第四纪曾经历了4次海水淹覆, 海-陆交互堆积作用明显, 经滨浅海→泻湖→湖泊→洼地,最后由河流冲积物覆盖成陆。     

区域化探扫面资料可以满足1:5万区调对化探的需求——试述水系沉积物测量采样密度试验成果

本文以福建区域化探的实际资料为基础,讨论了1:5万化探区调的采样密度.对比了不同采样密度的化深异常和经济效益.认为在福建省1:5万区域化探以1—2点/km²最好,既能取得较好结果,又经济高效.     

Representativity of wide-spaced lower-layer overbank sediment geochemical sampling

To develop a technique of implementing global ultra-low density geochemical sampling and as a contribution to the International Geochemical Mapping Program (IGCP Project No. 259), an orientation study in the use of deep (lower-layer) overbank sediments was conducted in Jiangxi Province of Southeast China in 1989–1990. Ninety-four samples were collected at depths of 50 to 120 cm from overbank terraces at an average density of 1 site per 1800 km². The total area of sampled catchment basins is approximately equivalent to 18% of Jiangxi Province. Most of the samples were collected at outflow sites of catchment basins with areas of 100 to 800 km². The samples were analyzed for 39 elements.The representativity of wide-spaced lower-layer overbank sediment sampling is discussed from various perspectives; the following features have been observed: (1) Widespaced lower-layer overbank sediment data and the data from China's national geochemical mapping (RGNR) project show similar geochemical patterns for W, Sn, Pb, Cu and Zn. (2) The results of wide-spaced lower-layer overbank sediment sampling demonstrate that catchment basins with areas of 100 to 800 km² are suitable sample site locations for the global geochemical reference network. (3) Wide-spaced lower-layer overbank sediment sampling is a fast and cost-effective way to identify geochemical provinces and has strategic significance in mineral exploration. (4) There is a significant correlation between the W content of wide-spaced lower-layer overbank sediment samples and the presence of W mineralizations within the catchment basins. (5) The distributions of Ni, Cr and V in wide-spaced lower-layer overbank sediment samples distinctly reveals the boundary between the Yangtze sedimentary platform and the South China Caledonian fold system in Jiangxi Province. (6) Distributions of Rb and Be coincide with the Yanshan granites, which are closely related to the major ore-forming episodes in Jiangxi Province.     

Global geochemical mapping and its implementation in the Asia–Pacific region

“IGCP” Projects 259 (International Geochemical Mapping) and 360 (Global Geochemical Baseline) under the aegis of UNESCO's International Geochemical Correlation Program made recommendations for standardizing geochemical mapping protocols and for conducting a wide-spaced sampling of the Earth's land surface based on a Global Reference Network of approximately 5000 160×160 km cells. A pilot study has been conducted throughout China during which these recommendations were implemented. During the pilot study, 500 floodplain samples representing drainage basins ranging in area from 1000 to 6000 km² were collected throughout China and analyzed. The widely spaced sampling used for the pilot study was compared to the very dense sampling (× million samplings of sediment for all of China) used for China's Regional Geochemical National Reconnaissance Program. The geochemical maps generated from the wide-spaced sampling are strikingly similar to those generated from data based on the detailed sampling. Such low density floodplain sampling presents a relatively low-cost way to get a quick overview of the geochemistry of a large area of the Earth's surface. The implementation of this project in the Asia–Pacific region and the problems encountered are discussed in the present paper.     

The suitability of floodplain sediment as a global sampling medium: evidence from China

Research undertaken by IGCP 259 (International Geochemical Mapping) indicates that wide-spaced sampling is a fundamental concept of international geochemical mapping as it appears to provide the only practical way to obtain a relative rapid (10–20 years) overview of global geochemistry. The main aim of this study is to test the suitability of floodplain sediment as a global sampling medium.Thirteen floodplain sediment samples and 13 stream sediment samples were taken at the exit of 13 super large drainage basins (SCB). The areal extents of these basins are in the order of 1000–10,000 km². Within each SCB, 3–11 stream sediment samples each representing a component catchment basin (CCB) of 100–1000 km² were also taken. Fourty nine elements were analyzed. The results were compared with the average values derived from calculating thousands of stream sediment data available from China's National Geochemical Mapping (RGNG) program. Strong similiarities were demonstrated in distribution and trends among the three levels of data. The set of floodplain sediment data shows great coincidence with RGNR stream sediment data.     

Geochemical dispersion from the Gamsberg Orebody, northwestern Cape, South Africa

The geochemical dispersion, in an arid environment, of Pb and Zn in stream sediments is examined with respect to size fractions and depth of sampling in a stream draining the Gamsberg Zn orebody.Sampling results indicate that there is a well-developed drainage train for approximately 8 km from the orebody for both Pb and Zn. The length of the drainage train is similar for both the minus 80 and minus 200-mesh size fractions but it is less for the minus 10, plus 40-mesh fraction.Higher metal values were obtained from samples taken from the surface of the stream bed. Metal values are generally lower in samples collected below the surface of the stream bed. The sampling position within the stream channel is not important.Sampling of the magnetite fraction from the stream sediments produced a well-defined Zn train for a distance of 14 km from the orebody. This train is more significant than the train found by normal sediment sampling.     

荒漠戈壁区超低密度地球化学调查与评价——以东天山为例

中国的干旱荒漠戈壁区,约占国土面积的1/4.自然特点是极其干旱,沙漠和戈壁广布,土壤呈碱性.大部分面积尚未进行区域化探扫面工作,即使进行工作的地区,由于风成沙和土壤碱性的影响,结果并不理想,难以了解整个地区资源潜力.超低密度地球化学方法经过近10年发展,已经显示它不受地表覆盖物影响,能够快速有效地圈定战略靶区.因此,超低密度地球化学方法被用于东天山1.5×105km2的调查试点研究,发现弱胶结层是干旱荒漠区超低密度调查的有效采样介质,并且深部含矿信息主要赋存在细粒级部分和氧化地球化学障中,使用细粒级部分与提取氧化物膜中的金属元素相互补充可以有效地识别含矿信息.使用超低密度地球化学方法可以达到迅速、有效圈定有利于大型矿床或矿集区战略靶区的目的.通过1.5×105km2地球化学调查,制作了30余种元素地球化学图,填补了东天山部分地区地球化学空白.新发现远景Cu、Au、U和W异常10余处,并发现东天山存在3条Cu异常带东天山北带、中带和南带,其中土屋铜矿和黄山铜镍矿都位于中带,新发现的维权铜矿位于南带,北带还有待于进一步证实.相信这些异常的发现,对今后整个东天山矿产勘查的战略部署具有重要意义.     

化探数据处理的新技术

本文论述了一种新的空间点数据处理系统（ＮＡＳＳＤ）在化探数据处理扣的应用效果，以ＮＡＳＳＤ处理平均采样密度为每１５０００ｋｍ＾２一个，样品总数为５２９个泛滥平原沉积物数据，制作 的中国铜和银地球化学图，可以较清晰地指示出中国已知大型，超大型铜和银矿床的分布，以传统的数据处理方法无论是处理上述的极低密度采样数据处理还是每１ｋｍ＾２～５０ｋｍ＾２一个的区域水系沉积物测量数据，在制作（以相同含量间隔表示     

Evaluation of ability of Rock Check Dam to prevent the transportation of Pb-contaminated sediment in Khli Ti Creek, Thailand

Discharge of wastewater from the retaining pond of a Pb ore-flotation plant since 1967 and breaching of the retaining pond in April 1998 contaminated 17540 cbm of river bank sediment with 833 ton Pb, nearly 19 km along the Khli Ti Creek. High blood Pb concentration was detected in many inhabitants. Prohibition of water and aquatic biota consumption has caused difficulties for rural people to make their ends meet. The governmental agency closed the ore-floatation plant and built 2 rock check dams downstream. The dam was designed to slow down water velocity and precipitate particulate matter. Contaminated sediments that have been trapped in front of the dam were planned to be dredged and disposed in landfill. Until now, no dredging is performed because some experts claim that dredging will resuspend the contaminated sediment into the water column, and fresh sediment deposited during periods of high flow will cover the contaminated sediment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the rock check dam to prevent the transportation of Pb-contaminated sediment in the Khli Ti Creek. Sediment located before and after the rock check dam and 2 km downstream were collected in September 2003 and May 2005. During September 2003, Pb concentrations in sediment deposited before and after the rock check dam and 2 km downstream were 48840, 53741 and 36020 mg/kg, respectively. These results showed that Pb-contaminated sediment was transported over the first rock check dam but still remained after the rock check dam. Result of May 2005 sampling also showed the same trend, although with different ranges due to seasonal variation, types of collected sediment, sample preparation and analytical techniques. Pb concentrations in sediment were 209684, 306775 and 33760 mg/kg, respectively.     

Alluvial fan flooding in the Department of Pocito, Province of San Juan, Argentina

The study consists of the identification of landforms subject to alluvial fan flooding in active sectors of the Zonda range piedmont. In the Department of Pocito, located about 5 km southwest of San Juan City, a series of alluvial fans have been identified. These alluvial fans are located downstream of the natural drainage basins covering an area of approximately 130 km^2 towards the eastern slopes of the Zonda range at a median elevation of 2,000 m a.s.l.     

Effects of pH fluctuations on potentially toxic metals in the water and sediment of the Dillon Reservoir,Summit County,Colorado

Potentially toxic metals exist in many reservoirs of surface water and therefore require an understanding of their occurrence, distribution, and mobility. The sediment accumulating at the bottom of the Dillon Reservoir, Colorado is contaminated with metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mo, etc.) that are primarily sorbed to Fe and Al hydroxides present in the sediment. The metals are derived from weathering of mineralized bedrock and mine tailings in the surrounding drainage basins. Sediment samples from the Dillon Reservoir were analyzed for major and trace elements and acidification experiments were performed to quantify the fraction of metals released from the sediment as a function of changes in pH. The highest percentages of metals are released from the sediment at low pH with the exception of Mo which has the highest percent released at near neutral pH. In addition, seasonal fluctuations in the concentrations of metals in the water of the Dillon Reservoir can be explained by changes in pH of as low as 0.2 pH units.     

Delineation of geochemical blocks for undiscovered large ore deposits using deep-penetrating methods in alluvial terrains of eastern China

Many large ore deposits have been discovered in eastern China along the Circum-Pacific Rim. However, alluvium, which covers most of the terrain, prevents a complete assessment of the mineralization potential by geological and conventional geochemical approaches. Two deep-penetrating geochemical methods—collection of nanoscale metals in earthgas (NAMEG) and selective leaching of mobile forms of metals in overburden (MOMEO) have been used to investigate the possibility to delineate geochemical blocks generated from large ore deposits buried by alluvial terrains. A wide-spaced sampling was carried out in an area of approximately 250 000 km² at density of one sample per 400–800 km². The soil samples were subjected to MOMEO leaching and were analyzed for Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The earthgas samples were analyzed for 17 elements by INNA. The results show that water-extractable metals by MOMEO processing can give prominent expression to concealed deposits and can delineate large-scale geochemical anomalies in the alluvial terrains. The distribution of gold in earthgas is situated along the largest deep fault systems and the concentration centers distribute in the secondary faults on the both sides of the deep fault systems.