“东吴运动”不应做为上、下二叠统的界线

<正> 华南地区的长兴组(大隆组)与茅口组(孤峰组)之间的龙潭组,以往被视为晚二叠世早期的沉积,近年来,概念已有很大突破。童子岩组、饶南组属早二叠世已确信无疑,苏南、粤北等地龙潭组下部属早二叠世的意见已为大多数人所接受。对赣中龙潭组的时代尽管在新余、莲花等地于官山段下部采到早二叠世的筵类化石,但多数人不主张将官山段改为早二叠世。理由为:官山段仅在个别地区于下部找到早二叠世筵类,而官山段与茅口灰岩为假整合接触,界线清楚,主张以“东吴运动”做为早、晚二叠世的界线。     

关于龙门山地区东吴运动的存在及其性质的认识

东吴运动是二叠纪的一次重要地壳运动,但对其位置、性质、发生时间历来都有不同的意见,而对于龙门山地区,更是很少有人专题涉及。近来,笔者等人对龙门山地区二叠系进行了实地考察,结合前人的研究成果,通过对该区地层缺失、不整合接触关系、沉积响应及火山岩分布等特征的分析,论述了龙门山地区东吴运动的存在及其性质。研究认为龙门山地区东吴运动主要表现为茅口组上部地层缺失;在茅口组和龙潭组之间普遍存在不整合面,并于不整合面的底界发现底砾岩;中、晚二叠世岩相古地理发生突变以及火山爆发等。其发生时间于晚二叠世早期至中期,即龙潭组沉积期,属于地壳的升降运动,并伴随龙门山南段玄武岩浆的爆发而结束。东吴运动结束了龙门山地区早二叠世以来的稳定地台沉积,使该区发生了强烈的岩相分异。     

根据■的演化讨论石炭二叠系的界线

前言 当前,石炭二叠系界线在世界各国很不一致,长期以来,我国将Pseudoschwagerina带的顶界作为石炭二叠系界线,而美国、苏联、日本、奥地利等国则将Pseudoschwagerina带的底界作为石炭二叠系界线。我国将Pseudoschwagerina带划入晚石炭世,主要是因为含Pseudoschwagerina带的马平组或船山组,与上覆的梁山组或栖霞组之间是假整合接触。美国将Pseudoschwagerina带划入早二叠世,则主要是因为含Pseudoschwagerina带的狼营组(Wolfcampian)与下伏地层为不整合接触。日本将     

扬子西缘东吴伸展运动

扬子西缘二叠系中震积岩十分发育,笔者根据震积岩、震积－伸展不整合的存在,厘定了它的时代,确认了东吴运动的存在。指出它是该区晚古生代以来最重要的一次伸展构造事件,多旋回震积岩、化石有序混积与水下边界正断层的多次活动有关。在木里地区,从东吴运动开始,地震、伸展－裂陷。火山活动持续到三叠纪,形成裂陷槽（晚二叠世－早三叠世达到高峰）。在这里,东吴运动实际是裂陷造槽运动。     

上扬子二叠系─三叠系初海相碳酸盐岩的碳同位素组成与生物绝灭事件

本文报道了贵州罗甸沫阳、四川广元上寺和重庆中梁山二叠系及二叠－三叠系界线附近海相碳酸盐岩的碳同位素测定结果。注意到早二叠世及晚二叠世吴家坪期的δ１３Ｃ具有极大的正值，反映了这段地质历史时期生物过渡繁盛和有机碳的高速埋藏。晚二叠世长兴（大隆）期的δ１３Ｃ值急剧降低，并在三叠纪初步达到极小值，反映了二叠－三叠系界线附近生物的迅速衰亡和集体绝灭。界线附近生物的集体绝灭事件除与二叠纪末的火山作用、环境与气候变迁有关外，还与晚二叠世的碳循环平衡失调造成广泛缺氧事件有着密切关系，实际上是几种因素共同作用的结果。     

陆相二叠系-三叠系界线研究进展

着重介绍了几个目前陆相二叠系—三叠系界线（TPTB）研究的重点剖面及其生物地层学研究进展；分析了陆相二叠系—三叠系界线综合地层学研究现状，包括生物地层学、事件地层学、同位素年代学、磁性地层学和层序地层学等；剖析了陆相二叠系-三叠系界线地层学研究中存在的问题及进一步的研究方向。生物地层方面，陆相二叠系-三叠系界线附近存在晚二叠世与早三叠世生物混生的层位，其中不同类别生物的时间界线常不一致，又由于陆相界线地层中含脊椎动物化石的层位一般较少，以脊椎动物化石（Lystrosaurus）为标准的精确界线常不确定，因而需重新寻找并确定陆相三叠系底界的标准化石。事件地层标志可能会成为连结海、陆相二叠系-三叠系界线地层高精度对比的纽带。     

大兴安岭南部二叠系—三叠系界线及沉积环境演化

北方陆相二叠系—三叠系界线研究是界线地层研究的重要问题之一,对采自内蒙古巴林右旗幸福之路组二段建组剖面的安山质岩屑晶屑凝灰岩开展锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年,结果为(255.5±1.1)Ma,火山岩上部多个层位粉砂质泥岩中发现孢粉化石,计17属20种,时代为晚二叠世—早三叠世,推断幸福之路组的时代为晚二叠世—早三叠世,大兴安岭地区二叠系—三叠系界线在幸福之路组内部,二者为整合接触。幸福之路组以红层做为划分标志,岩性为正常沉积碎屑岩夹火山岩,见大量泥灰岩夹层、钙质结核及干裂现象,反映了炎热、干燥及强氧化条件的气候环境,大兴安岭地区晚二叠世晚期(幸福之路组二段下部)就已出现反映干旱气候的红层沉积,与相邻的华北及新疆准噶尔盆地相似。     

大巴山前缘上、下二叠统分界的新认识——兼论“东吴运动”

大巴山前缘二叠系分布广泛,出露完好,为一套碳酸盐岩、硅质岩夹少许炭质、硅质碎屑岩沉积。通过研究,首次提出该区上、下二叠统之间为连续沉积,整合接触。该区早二叠世茅口期后不是剥蚀区,而是早二叠世茅口期沉积最完整,晚二叠世吴家坪期最早接受沉积的地区。“东吴运动”在上扬子广大地区表现为抬升运动,但在该区则表现为茅口晚期同沉积断陷。由此可知,四川东部晚二叠世接受沉积的时间是不一致的,这一认识对于研究区域岩相古地理和古构造特征具有重要意义。     

上扬子二叠系—三叠系初海相碳酸盐岩的碳同位素组成与生物绝灭事件

本文报道了贵州罗甸沫阳、四川广元上寺和重庆中梁山二叠系及二叠一三叠系界线附近海相碳酸盐岩的碳同位素测定结果。注意到早二叠世及晚二叠世吴家坪期的δ＾１３Ｃ具有极大的正值，反映了这段地质历史时期生物过渡繁盛和有机碳的调整埋藏。晚二叠世长兴期的δ＾１３Ｃ值急剧降低，并在三叠纪初步达到极小值，反映了二叠一三叠系界线附近生物的迅速衰亡和集体绝灭。界线附近生物的集体绝灭事件除与二叠纪末的火山作用，环境与气候变     

大兴安岭南段陆相二叠系-三叠系界线地层序列及其意义:来自锆石U-Pb年代学和生物地层学的证据

陆相二叠纪-三叠纪地层划分与对比研究对认识该时期全球性重大生物和环境事件具有重要意义.以大兴安岭南段阿鲁科尔沁旗坤都地区新发现的下三叠统老龙头组为研究对象, 重点对二叠系-三叠系接触关系开展详细调查研究, 系统采集了界线上下的古生物化石, 对老龙头组火山岩进行了锆石U-Pb同位素测试分析, 并确定了老龙头组与下伏林西组呈平行不整合接触关系, 两者之间存在短暂沉积间断.生物地层显示林西组时代为晚二叠世晚期, 老龙头组古生物匮乏, 可能与二叠系-三叠系之交的生物灭绝事件有关.而老龙头组中3个同位素年龄值分别为251.5±2.2 Ma、249.7±2.5 Ma和249.5±1.8 Ma, 时代指示为早三叠世, 然而二叠系-三叠系界线的准确位置还需进一步研究.大兴安岭南段普遍存在可能与古亚洲洋闭合有关的早三叠世岩浆事件, 古亚洲洋沿着西拉木伦河缝合带发生碰撞闭合, 其闭合时限至少持续至早三叠世, 老龙头组是两大板块拼贴碰撞作用的产物.      

宜昌奥陶纪的古环境演变

<正> 宜昌黄花场的奥陶系剖面,1972年以来逐渐作为我国研究奥陶系的标准剖面。宜昌王家湾的奥陶系—志留系界线剖面在国际上也被认为是界线对比的标准。本文仅就古环境方面的研究进行初步探讨,研究的标本(编号ACC)采用穆恩之等1972年测制的剖面。     

Cretaceous and Tertiary of the Iullemmeden Basin in Nigeria (West Africa)

The Iullemmeden Basin (Mali-Niger-Benin-Nigeria) of tectono-epeirogenic origin was invaded several times by epicontinental transgressions during the Cretaceous and Paleocene.Three major subdivisions are recognized in the Nigerian section of the basin (the “Sokoto Basin”): (1) the lower, continental beds (= Continental Intercalaire) of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age, (2) intermediate marine and brackish water deposits and (3) “Continental T Terminal” of upper Eocene-Miocene age.The geology of the Iullemmeden Basin is reviewed and updated. The relationships between the “Continental Intercalaire” of francophone authors and the Illo and Gundumi Formations are analysed and the type sections of the latter described. It is suggested that the Illo and Gundumi Formations are lateral equivalents.Detailed information on the formations of the Maastrichtian Rima Group is presented. It is concluded that there is no age difference of consequence between the Paleocene Dange, Kalambaina and Gamba Formations.The epicontinental transgressions are interpreted as coming from the north-east, east of the Hoggar massif during the Cenomanian and Turonian and west of the Hoggar during the Maastrichtian and Paleocene. The Sokoto Paleocene molluscan fauna is considered to be terminal Paleocene to Eocene and somewhat younger than the Ewekoro association of coastal Nigeria.A new interpretation of the Continental Terminal is presented. The structural history of the Sokoto Basin is reviewed and partly re-interpreted in the light of new field evidence.     

鄂西古生代硅质岩的地球化学特征及沉积环境

鄂西地区的上奥陶统五峰组、下志留统龙马溪组下部、下二叠统孤峰组和上二叠统大隆组中发育有薄层硅质岩。二叠系栖霞组、茅口组和吴家坪组灰岩中发育有结核状或似层状燧石。Fe Al Mn三角图 ,Cu、Ni、Co、Cr、Zr的关系 ,U Th判别图 ,Ba、As、Sb元素和REE配分模式等地球化学指标表明 :五峰组和龙马溪组层状硅质岩属于正常海水中生物化学和化学沉积 ;孤峰组和大隆组层状硅质岩、茅口组灰岩中燧石结核不属于典型的热水沉积相 ,但受热水作用的影响 ,而孤峰组硅质岩受热水作用明显。鄂西五峰组和龙马溪组硅质岩的沉积环境是四周被古陆或台地环绕的半封闭深水相滞流盆地。鄂西孤峰组和大隆组硅质岩的沉积环境是由裂陷作用形成的碳酸盐台地内部的盆地(或台沟 )滞流还原环境。CaO/(Fe +CaO)值和 (MgO/Al2 O3 )× 10 0值表明 :五峰组、龙马溪组和大隆组硅质岩沉积环境海水略有淡化。栖霞组、茅口组和吴家坪组含结核状或似层状燧石的生物灰岩 ,形成于陆棚上快速海侵和上升洋流形成的还原环境。     

造山带断片型地层层序恢复实例剖析

南皮河组和怕拍组分布于昌宁一孟连带西缘的耿马、沧源、澜沧地区,前人将其分别划归晚二叠世和早三叠世。新的研究表明,它们不是连续地层,而是由多个地层断片组成。通过逐个地层断片研究,恢复了该区被动陆缘的地层序列。在此基础上,重新进行地层划分,厘定了弄巴组、南皮河组和怕拍组。进而探讨了该被动陆缘的演化历史。     

湖南慈利江垭中-上二叠统岩石特征及沉积环境分析

湖南慈利江垭剖面中 上二叠统自下而上可以分为栖霞组、茅口组、吴家坪组和大隆组,总厚度为4617 m。该剖面岩以石灰岩为主,含少量的硅岩、泥岩、页岩和白云岩。石灰岩进一步分为砾屑灰岩、砂屑灰岩、粉屑灰岩、生物碎屑粒泥灰岩以及生物碎屑泥粒灰岩。砾屑灰岩主要分布于栖霞组及茅口组中,为斜坡沉积作用的产物。白云岩主要为同生和准同生白云岩,为局限台地环境的产物。根据岩性、微相分析,可划分出滨岸、局限台地、开阔台地、台地边缘、斜坡及盆地6种沉积环境。沉积演化表明,研究区二叠纪发生了两次大规模的海侵,主要发生于栖霞期早期—茅口期晚期以及吴家坪期早期—长兴期晚期。值得指出的是,栖霞组及茅口组中斜坡沉积的发现,对于重新认识研究区中二叠世古地理分布、演化及斜坡的迁移具有重要的意义。     

Plio-Pleistocene sedimentation in coastal grabens,north-east Rhodes,Greece

The stratigraphy of marine Plio-Pleistocene sediments from northeast Rhodes (Dodecanese islands, Greece) is revised in the light of facies mapping and the recognition of three major transgression–regression cycles. Before late Pliocene submergence, metamorphosed Mesozoic limestones formed a high-relief karstic landscape. During subsequent transgressions, subsiding basins with spectacular cliffed and bioeroded margins were infilled by a mosaic of carbonate-dominated sediments, sourced by high rates of carbonate productivity on narrow shelves rimming the basins and their drowning islands. Periods of relative sea-level fall superimposed a complex series of ‘fossil’ coastal geomorphological features such as cliffs, abrasion platforms, surf caves, notches, boulder beaches and palaeokarsts. These created the rugged present day topography of the island's northeast coast. Three main lithostratigraphic units, the Kritika, Rhodes and Lindos Acropolis Formations, are defined. The Rhodes and Lindos Acropolis Formations are subdivided into mappable facies groups rather than members, as the lithofacies are strongly diachronous. The Kritika and Rhodes Formations were each subaerially exposed and partly eroded before re-transgression. Although there is a general pattern of lithological succession, details vary across the study area and some facies groups are restricted in development, indicating differences in tectonic behaviour and palaeo-geomorphology between neighbouring basins. A preliminary process-response model is presented for the sedimentation history of the Rhodes and Lindos Acropolis Formations, using sedimentological, palaeontological, palaeoecological and ichnological data.     

湖北建始黄岩二叠系孤峰组底部陆源碎屑岩的发现

建始黄岩二叠系茅口组顶部呈现一系列岩溶特征 ,而且孤峰组底部产孤立、透镜状河流相碎屑砂岩或砂砾岩。说明在茅口组沉积之后 ,测区曾有一定规模的抬升或海平面的相对下降 ,使得茅口灰岩遭受风化、侵蚀。孤峰组底部有不发育的底水位沉积 ,孤峰组与茅口组之间呈假整合接触。这一发现同时支持孤峰组形成于局限浅水环境的观点。     

The Relationship between the Distribution of Thick Coal Belts and the Late Carboniferous-Early Early Permian Marine Transgression-Regression in the North China Platform

Four great second-order transgressions occurred during the Late Carboniferous to early Early Permian and they came from both the eastern and western sea areas in the North China Platform. As time went on, depocentres, depositional extent, transgression directions, coastline position and distribution of minable coal seams were changing continuously. The third great second-order transgression occurring at the beginning of the early Early Permian marks the maximum transgression period and before its arrival, i.e. at the close of the late Late Carboniferous, there was the super-regional coal-forming environment. During the second, third and fourth transgressions, the northern North China Platform was all along situated on the transgressive margin of the epicontinental sea and became the major distribution area of thick coal belts because it maintained a coal-forming environment for a long period of time from the close of the late Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian.     

In quest of Paleocene global-scale transgressions and regressions: constraints from a synthesis of regional trends

Chronostratigraphically-justified records of regional transgressions and regressions are important for understanding the nature of the Paleocene shoreline shifts on a global scale. Review of previously synthesized data from 7 tectonically “stable” regions, namely the eastern Russian Platform, Northwestern Europe, Northwestern Africa, Northeastern Africa, the Arabian Platform, the northern Gulf of Mexico, and Southern Australia, allows a comparison of transgressions and regressions interpreted in these regions. No common patterns are found in the early Danian and late Selandian, which reflects small or zero eustatic fluctuations that are overwhelmed locally on coastlines by regional tectonic motions and local changes in dynamic support of surface topography by mantle flow. Sea level was stabilized during these stages by a warm climate and a lack of planetary-scale tectonic changes. We have detected a middle–late Danian regression that occurred in 5 of 7 study regions, and can be explained by glacial advance at ～62–63 Ma or by concurrent subduction of the Izanagi–Pacific ridge beneath eastern Asia. An early–middle Selandian transgression also occurred in 5 regions, probably, as a result of a hyperthermal at ～61 Ma that coincided with emplacement of large igneous provinces in the oceanic domain. Both events are characterized by significant diachroneity, which can also be explained by the influence of regional tectonic subsidence or uplift. Results of the present study permit us to propose a tentative framework for a new Paleocene eustatic curve that is constrained globally using available records of transgressions and regressions.     

Quaternary marine transgressions and paleoclimate in the Yangtze River delta region

Eight marine transgressions have been recognized from more than 30 deep drill holes (ca. 300 m deep) through Quaternary sequences in the Yangtze River delta region. These are, in ascending order, the Rugao and Zhoupe transgressions (early Pleistocene); the Shanghai, Jiading, and Wangdian transgressions in the middle Pleistocene; the Jiangyin and Gehu transgressions in the late Pleistocene; and the Zhenjiang transgression in the Holocene. The transgressions correspond to warm periods and regressions to cold periods. The younger transgressions were not only of shorter duartion, but also of larger magnitude. The findings verify that there were five moderately warm periods during the early to middle Pleistocene and two very warm periods during the late Pleistocene in the Yangtze River delta region.