Some thoughts on the integration of spatial analysis and Geographic Information Systems

It is past time for us to examine the relationship that exists between what we commonly call spatial analysis on the one hand, and geographic information systems or GIS on the other. GIS technology is widely used but seems to incorporate only a portion of the tools found in spatial analysis. Spatial analysis can be accused of overly simplistic approaches that severely limit its practical utility. This paper suggests that discarding myopic views and meeting upon a common ground of increased knowledge of modern computing concepts and techniques, including object-orientation, can prove extremely fruitful to both sides.     

多尺度空间数据索引方法研究

以多尺度空间数据为研究对象,讨论其混合索引结构的建立方法。对于多尺度矢量空间数据提出基于多层次网格与R 树混合索引结构,栅格数据进行分块并建立四叉树索引结构。利用双向链表结构连接同尺度下的矢栅空间数据,实现矢栅之间的无缝转化;并用地理数据编码及双向链表结构连接不同尺度下的同一空间对象,实现多尺度空间对象的纵向无缝连接。进而实现多尺度空间数据的快速可视化及空间对象的纵向无缝查询。     

基于规则的空间数据组织模式研究

本文提出一种基于"规则"的空间数据组织模式。要素规则从几何和属性两个方面控制空间数据的质量和逻辑;拓扑规则将地理要素与要素之间的拓扑关系独立出来,增加了空间数据使用的灵活性;应用规则主要针对用户访问空间数据时的透明度和安全性等问题。     

空间数据操纵语言实现体系结构研究

在分析对象—关系数据模型的基础上,基于OpenGIS规范,借鉴、参考SQL2语言,以中间层为媒介,针对数据操纵体系及其用户接口,提出了一种可供实现的空间数据操纵语言体系结构,并以实例论述了数据操纵语言对空间数据操纵的全过程。这种将空间数据操作封装并以中间件的方式,插入到GIS应用和RDBMS中,使得对空间数据的操纵能够用数据库界最为常用的SQL语言形式来表达。     

A CADASTRAL SPATIAL DATA STORAGE STRUCTURE BASED ON RELATIONAL DATABASE

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Computing environments for spatial data analysis

This paper describes the functionality and architecture of SpaceStat, the SpaceStat Extension for ArcView and the DynESDA Extension for ArcView. It compares the features of these packages to five other software implementations for spatial data analysis. Some ideas are formulated on generic requirements and future directions pertaining to computing environments for spatial data analysis.     

Urban growth analysis using spatial and temporal data

Urban growth identification, quantification, knowledge of rate and the trends of growth would help in regional planning for better infrastructure provision in environmentally sound way. This requires analysis of spatial and temporal data, which help in quantifying the trends of growth on spatial scale. Emerging technologies such as Remote Sensing, Geographic Information System (GIS) along with Global Positioning System (GPS) help in this regard. Remote sensing aids in the collection of temporal data and GIS helps in spatial analysis. This paper focuses on the analysis of urban growth pattern in the form of either radial or linear sprawl along the Bangalore — Mysore highway. Various GIS base layers such as built-up areas along the highway, road network, village boundary etc. were generated using collateral data such as the Survey of India toposheet, etc. Further, this analysis was complemented with the computation of Shannon’s entropy, which helped in identifying prevalent sprawl zone, rate of growth and in delineating potential sprawl locations. The computation Shannon’s entropy helped in delineating regions with dispersed and compact growth. This study reveals that the Bangalore North and South taluks contributed mainly to the sprawl with 559% increase in built-up area over a period of 28 years and high degree of dispersion. The Mysore and Srirangapatna region showed 128% change in built-up area and a high potential for sprawl with slightly high dispersion. The degree of sprawl was found to be directly proportional to the distances from the cities.     

空间数据结构课程教学模式实践与探索

空间数据结构主要研究数据的各种组织形式以及建立在这些结构之上的各种运算的实现。因此,要学会分析研究计算机加工的数据结构的特性,以便为应用涉及的数据选择适当的逻辑结构、存储结构及其相应的算法,并初步掌握算法的时间分析和空间分析技术,用计算机有效地处理空间数据。针对“空间数据结构”课程在教学中存在的问题,从理论、实践的角度出发,探讨该课程教学模式改革的必要性和可行性,并给出改进的教学方法。     

深度学习赋能地图制图的若干思考

地图制图学包含地图制作与地图应用两大任务,分别与人工智能技术有不解之缘.经历了符号主义智能表达的地图制图专家系统、行为主义智能表达的空间优化决策后,地图制图面临与连接主义下的深度学习的结合,以提升地图制图的智能化水平.本文针对"深度学习+地图制图"命题讨论了3个问题.一是从深度学习方法与地图空间问题解答策略思想的一致性,基于梯度下降、局部相关、特征降维和非线性化性质,回答了两者结合的可行性;二是从地图学独特的学科特点和技术环境分析了两者结合面临的挑战,涉及地图数据组织的非规范性、样本建立的专业需求、几何与地理特征的融合,以及地图固有的空间尺度性;三是分别讨论了地图制作与地图应用融入深度学习的切入点和具体方法.     

A design of three-dimensional spatial data model and its data structure in geological exploration engineering

The key to develop 3-D GISs is the study on 3-D data model and data structure. Some of the data models and data structures have been presented by scholars. Because of the complexity of 3-D spatial phenomenon, there are no perfect data structures that can describe all spatial entities. Every data structure has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is difficult to design a single data structure to meet different needs. The important subject in the 3-D data models is developing a data model that has integrated vector and raster data structures. A special 3-D spatial data model based on distributing features of spatial entities should be designed. We took the geological exploration engineering as the research background and designed an integrated data model whose data structures integrats vector and raster data by adopting object-oriented technique. Research achievements are presented in this paper.     

A design of three-dimensional spatial data model and its data structure in geological exploration engineering

The key to develop 3-D GISs is the study on 3-D data model and data structure. Some of the data models and data structures have been presented by scholars. Because of the complexity of 3-D spatial phenomenon, there are no perfect data structures that can describe all spatial entities. Every data structure has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is difficult to design a single data structure to meet different needs. The important subject in the3-D data models is developing a data model that has integrated vector and raster data structures. A special 3-D spatial data model based on distributing features of spatial entities should be designed. We took the geological exploration engineering as the research background and designed an integrated data model whose data structures integrats vector and raster data byadopting object-oriented technique. Research achievements are presented in this paper.     

高光谱遥感及其影像空间结构特征分析

分析了高光谱遥感技术相对于传统的低光谱分辨率遥感的特点,以及其在环境监测等领域的应用。然后分析了高光谱影像的空间结构特征,并指出高光谱影像的空间结构特征在实际应用中也具有很重要的意义。最后,本文使用了统计学分析方法对实验影像的空间结构特征进行了分析,并提出了一个可用于描述高光谱影像空间特征的统计学参数。     

Arc_Mat: a Matlab-based spatial data analysis toolbox

This article presents an overview of Arc_Mat, a Matlab-based spatial data analysis software package whose source code has been placed in the public domain. An earlier version of the Arc_Mat toolbox was developed to extract map polygon and database information from ESRI shapefiles and provide high quality mapping in the Matlab software environment. We discuss revisions to the toolbox that: utilize enhanced computing and graphing capabilities of more recent versions of Matlab, restructure the toolbox with object-oriented programming features, and provide more comprehensive functions for spatial data analysis. The Arc_Mat toolbox functionality includes basic choropleth mapping; exploratory spatial data analysis that provides exploratory views of spatial data through various graphs, for example, histogram, Moran scatterplot, three-dimensional scatterplot, density distribution plot, and parallel coordinate plots; and more formal spatial data modeling that draws on the extensive Spatial Econometrics Toolbox functions. A brief review of the design aspects of the revised Arc_Mat is described, and we provide some illustrative examples that highlight representative uses of the toolbox. Finally, we discuss programming with and customizing the Arc_Mat toolbox functionalities.     

空间数据挖掘的方法进展及其问题分析

本文主要就空间数据挖掘方法和空间数据挖掘存在的问题这两方面进行了研究。采用归纳和总结的方法,研究了每种空间数据挖掘方法的特点和使用范围,指出目前空间数据挖掘方法的局限性,就目前空间数据挖掘存在的问题进行了深入的研究。得出空间数据挖掘是一个非常年轻而富有前景的研究领域,目前只是取得了一定的初步成果,仍有大量的理论与方法需要深入研究。最后本文就空间数据挖掘的今后发展方向进行了研究和归纳。     

促进基础地理信息应用的若干思考

针对基础地理信息资源以往侧重于建设,应用相对不足的问题,分析了政府和企业开展基础地理信息增值开发的特点,建议应积极探索基础地理信息的社会化增值开发,尽快开展基础地理信息数据需求调研,加快建设天地图政务版,加快基础地理信息资源从“供给导向”向“需求导向”的转变。     

多源矢量空间数据可用性评估的可视分析

本文将可视分析引入到多源矢量空间数据可用性评估中,为用户提供探索发现数据可用性的环境.在论证可行性的基础上,制定了多源矢量空间数据可用性评估可视分析应遵循的基本原则.在反映多源空间数据的同时,根据用户需求确定评估内容,触发相应模型计算并可视化表达,将用户需求、人脑认知通过交互界面和计算机算法模型相结合,允许用户按照自身...     

基于空间行为的面向对象空间数据模型

本文根据面向对象空间数据模型的相关概念和特点,将地理空间中的空间行为进行建模后纳入面向对象空间数据模型的框架中。面向对象空间数据模型由数据模型和空间行为模型两个部分组成:数据模型包括空间特征数据和属性特征数据;同时将空间行为模型分为两大类,即静态空间行为模型(地理目标间关系)和动态行为模型(地理目标行为)两部分。在此框架提出的基础上,本文利用二进制、XML流等格式文件对该空间数据模型进行了整合和组织。     

村镇空间结构特征分析

以平原村镇香河县、山地村镇密云县和水乡村镇昆山市为研究区, 分析了村镇空间结构的特征。建立基于网格的村镇选址及空间范围模型, 采用GIS空间分析和建模技术实现; 此外, 空间范围模型根据泰森多边形模型的思想, 提出用土地效益的概念代替距离来确定村镇的空间范围。由于考虑因素更全面, 更具体, 这两个模型可以更好地为村镇的选址与空间范围的确定提供参考。此研究为村镇规划工作提供帮助。     

对基础测绘"十四五"规划的若干思考

着眼于明确机构改革后基础测绘在自然资源管理业务格局中的职责定位、工作重点,以及如何按照新《测绘法》更好地履行"为经济建设、国防建设、社会发展和生态保护服务"的法定要求,分析了"十四五"基础测绘发展的基本形势,据此提出"十四五"规划工作的基本思路和主要遵循,明确了工作重点和相关措施,相关观点已经在"十四五"基础测绘规划编制工作中得到体现。