三峡库区的入侵鱼类及库区蓄水对外来鱼类入侵的影响初探

三峡水库已于2010年10月完成175 m的蓄水目标,蓄水后三峡库区形成一个生态位严重空缺的人造湖泊生态系统.近年来,库区及长江上游外来入侵鱼类呈增长态势,已发现外来入侵鱼类23种,且部分已处于种群数量暴发阶段.水库蓄水初期营养盐输入增加和初级生产力的提高通常也利于广适性鱼类和外来种的生存,对外来鱼类的入侵和种群数量的扩散暴发产生一定的促进作用.外来鱼类在生态位竞争上与土著鱼类相比处于明显优势地位,可能将严重危害三峡库区的渔业资源及其水域生态系统的安全.因此,对于三峡库区的鱼类入侵及其所带来的相关效应等问题,应引起密切关注和重视,尽早建立三峡库区入侵鱼类的预警和防治体系,严格评估人为引种活动,深入研究外来鱼类得以成功入侵的原因与机理.     

Biological pollution in the Mediterranean Sea: invasive versus introduced macrophytes

The authors have listed 85 species of macrophytes that have probably been introduced to the Mediterranean. Among them, nine species can be considered as invasive, i.e., playing a conspicuous role in the recipient ecosystems, taking the place of keystone species and/or being economically harmful: Acrothamnion preissii, Asparagopsis armata, Lophocladia lallemandii, Womersleyella setacea (Rhodophyta), Sargassum muticum, Stypopodium schimperi (Fucophyceae), Caulerpa racemosa, Caulerpa taxifolia and Halophila stipulacea (Plantae). These data fit well the Williamson and Fitter's "tens rule", which states that, on average, 1 out of 10 introduced species becomes invasive. Though some features (e.g. life traits, geographical origin) can increase the likelihood of a successful invasion, the success of invaders is far from being predictable. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the number of introduced species to the Mediterranean has nearly doubled every 20 years. Should these kinetics continue, and according to the tens rule, it can be expected that 5-10 newly introduced macrophytes shall become invasive in the next 20 years.     

Distribution and abundance of thaliaceans in the northwest continental shelf of South China Sea, with response to environmental factors driven by monsoon

The distribution and abundance of thaliaceans were studied in relation to physical and biological variables during summer and winter in the northwest continental shelf of South China Sea. Based on the topography and water mass of the surveyed region, it was divided into three subregions: region I (onshore waters of the east Leizhou Peninsula), region II (onshore waters of the east and southeast Hainan Island) and region III (offshore waters from Leizhou Peninsula to Hainan Island). During summer due to a strong southwest monsoon, a cold eddy and coastal upwelling dominated in regions I and II, respectively, whereas the onshore and offshore waters were vertically mixed during winter due to a strong northeast monsoon. A total of 18 thaliacean species (including 3 subspecies) were collected. The mean species richness was higher in summer compared to winter, with the occurrence of higher values during summer and winter at region II and region III, respectively. The average thaliacean abundance is also higher in summer than in winter, with higher values at region I in summer and no significant difference among three subregions in winter. Doliolum denticulatum and Thalia democratica were the dominant species during summer and winter. The results suggested that the seasonal and spatial distribution of thaliacean richness was considered to be the result of physical factors such as temperature and ocean current in summer and winter. Spatial distribution of thaliacean abundance was affected by chlorophyll a concentration increased by the occurrence of coastal upwelling and cold eddy in summer. Southwest and northeast monsoons are shown to play an important role in shaping the distribution of species richness and abundance of thaliaceans in the northwest continental shelf of South China Sea.     

环太湖地区河道和湖泊沿岸带水生植物多样性现状调查

环太湖地区经济发达,人口密集,近年来面临严重的富营养化、生境退化和外来水生物种入侵等环境问题.为明确环太湖地区河道和湖泊沿岸带水生植物多样性现状,于2018年开展本地和外来水生植物多样性调查.结果表明:(1)在环太湖地区共计进行65个群落样方调查分析,记录到38种水生植物,分属22科29属;(2)环太湖地区31个河道样方中入侵沉水植物水盾草重要值最高,其次为另一种入侵漂浮植物凤眼蓝,在34个湖泊沿岸带样方中凤眼蓝重要值最高;(3)环太湖地区河道和湖泊沿岸带样方生物多样性分别随着水盾草和凤眼蓝盖度的增加而降低,表明外来入侵植物影响水生植物生物多样性.环太湖地区湖泊需加强防范凤眼蓝漂浮生长分布范围扩大和水盾草沿河道入侵太湖湖区.这一地区同时面对水生植物覆盖面积减少和外来植物入侵问题,建议进行全太湖流域水生植物分布区域和生物多样性摸底普查,加强对外来入侵植物传播的监控,建立水生植物自然保护区.     

Distribution of Sargassum muticum on the North West coast of Spain: Relationships with urbanization and community diversity

Invasions are common in coastal marine environments where proximity to urban areas should influence the number of non-native organisms due to the likelihood of unintentional introductions from urban centers. Invasive species are widely recognised as important agents of global change, and can colonize new habitats and even cause local extinction of native species. This study was focused on the invasive marine macroalga Sargassum muticum, a problematic invasive species on the West coast of America and in European waters. An intensive survey was carried out along the Galician coast (North West of Spain) from March to August 2008 to determine the current distribution of this species, and its relationship with level of urbanization and native macroalgal diversity. We sampled the presence of S. muticum and native macroalgae in the mid and low intertidal zones of twenty rocky shores distributed along ten rias. Rias were grouped into high and scarcely urbanized based on their population density. Results indicated that S. muticum was present in nine out of the ten rias, confirming its presence in most of the intertidal rocky shores of Galicia twenty years after it was first observed. The presence of S. muticum was not related to the degree of urbanization of the rias, and its distribution and abundance did not seem to be influenced by diversity or functional groups of native algae. In addition, there was a great variability in the percentage cover, number and length of individuals amongst localities and rias suggesting that both large-scale and local processes may play a role in the distribution of this species. This study highlights the importance of future research into the distribution and impact of introduced algae and proves the urgent need for monitoring programmes and increasing efforts to prevent and control new introductions.     

Molecular and morphometric characterisation of the invasive signal crayfish populations in Croatia

The signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852) is a native species to North America. It was introduced to Europe and Japan where it rapidly spread as an invasive species. In Croatia, it is recorded in the rivers Mura and Drava, where it spread downstream from Slovenia, and in the Korana River, where it has been recently illegally introduced. In the invaded areas, signal crayfish outcompetes native crayfish species. Since the knowledge on the genetic diversity of this invasive species is limited, microsatellite markers and sequences of mitochondrial gene for 16S rRNA were analysed to explore the genetic relations between the two Croatian populations (Mura and Korana rivers) as well as their relation to other already studied European populations. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequence fragments of Croatian samples were compared with those from the native range in the west North America. Morphometric characteristics were also studied to determine if there are significant differences between studied populations and if these are concordant with the genetic analyses results. Also, morphometric data were used to assign Croatian signal crayfish into subspecies classification according to Miller’s discriminant function formula, and to compare claw surface area among Croatian, Japanese and North American populations. Based on the results of morphometric characteristics Croatian samples showed Pacifastacus leniusculus leniusculus-like morphology. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on 16S rRNA, positioned Croatian samples into P. leniusculus sensu Larson et al. (2012). Results on microsatellite markers showed that the genetic diversity of P. leniusculus in the Mura River population is slightly higher compared to the Korana River population, but these two populations do not form separated genetic clusters. This study contributes to the knowledge on genetic variability and morphometric characteristics of signal crayfish in Europe and further understanding of its success as an invasive species.     

The impact of environmental factors on the distribution pattern of aquatic plants along the Danube River corridor (Slovakia)

The aim of the study was to evaluate pattern of the aquatic macrophyte species distribution along the Danube fluvial corridor in Slovakia, and to identify the impact of environmental abiotic parameters on macrophyte species diversity. Field sampling was performed in the period 1999–2005 from the boat. Aquatic habitats were divided into 365 survey unit (SU). The survey of aquatic macrophytes and abiotic parameters followed the European standard approach EN 144184 2003. The plant mass estimate (PME – a semi-quantitative estimation of the amount of individual species in a SU, which takes into account three-dimensional development of plant stands) was estimated according to a five-point-scale in each SU; environmental pattern, were assessed over six abiotic parameters (river km, bank type, sediment type, flow velocity class, land-use type, and heavily man-modified water bodies). Altogether, four hydrologic connectivity types of aquatic habitats were distinguished: the Danube River, Open Arms, Separated Arms, and Seepage Water-bodies.

In total, 54 aquatic macrophytes were recorded for the whole data set of the Danube fluvial corridor. The PME data of true aquatic macrophytes and the length of SUs created a basis for numerical derivates, relative plant mass (RPM), mean mass indices (MMT, MMO) and the distribution ratio (d).

The results correspond with comparable studies on this topic: the highest macrophytes species diversity occurred in Separated Arms. On the contrary, macrophytes had the lowest richness in the Danube River main channel, although their diversity was slightly higher in heavily man-modified water bodies (such as the hydropower plant's reservoir and the abandoned main channel of the so-called Old Danube). Our results suggest that the lateral connectivity types of the river water bodies, primarily characterised by different hydrologic dynamics and human impact expressed as land-use types are responsible for the variability of aquatic macrophyte assemblages along the Danube corridor in Slovakia.     

云南高原湖泊软体动物β多样性及其组分分析

周转(一个集合体中的物种在另一个集合体中被其他物种代替)和嵌套(物种贫乏的集合体是物种丰富集合体的严格子集)是形成β多样性的两种途径.本文采用Baselga提出的β多样性加法分解方法,对云南高原湖泊软体动物β多样性及其周转和嵌套组分进行了研究.利用多位点方法计算,结果表明云南高原湖泊软体动物总β多样性为0.8903(S?rensen指数法)和0.9419(Jaccard指数法),周转组分分别占总β多样性的80.93%(S?rensen指数法)和88.92%(Jaccard指数法).总β多样性为瓣鳃类腹足类,金沙江水系南盘江水系澜沧江水系元江水系,浅水型深水型.周转组分占总β多样性的比例为瓣鳃类腹足类,元江水系南盘江水系澜沧江水系金沙江水系,深水型浅水型.采用配对的方法计算结果表明,不同湖泊对软体动物总β多样性及其周转、嵌套成分的值分布形式不同.周转的成分分布比较均匀,嵌套成分呈现一种单峰的分布.周转成分最大值为1,最小值为0,表明湖泊对间β多样性存在着完全的周转和完全的嵌套形式,所以相应地要采取多区域保护和重点保护相结合的策略保护云南高原湖泊软体动物.     

Environmental determinants of leech assemblage patterns in lotic and lenitic habitats

Leeches (Clitellata: Hirudinida) are abundant predators or ecto-parasites inhabiting various freshwater habitats; however many biotic and abiotic drivers of their assemblage patterns have been deduced rather than directly tested. To study species richness and composition changes in leech assemblages, 109 sites of running and stagnant water bodies were sampled in three regions of the Czech Republic in 2007–2010, together with several explanatory variables that are known or expected to be important predictors of leech distribution. In total, 17 species of leeches were recorded, varying between 0–7 and 0–9 species in lotic and lenitic sites, respectively. These differences in species richness of lotic and lenitic sites were highly significant, contrary to the abundances, which varied between 0–283 and 0–295 individuals. The main change in species composition was controlled by water temperature and morphological characteristics (e.g. substrate and cover of macrophytes), mostly reflecting the differences between lotic and lenitic habitats. We found the density of benthos (i.e. prey availability) to be the best predictor of species composition in both lotic and lenitic sites, together with the percentage of canopy cover. However, the other significant predictors (i.e. the substrate and water conductivity found to be significant in lotic sites, and the mean annual temperature and PO₄^3? in lenitic sites), differed between these habitats. Other than mean annual temperature and water temperature, which had different effects on species richness in lotic and lenitic sites, there were no other differences between lotic and lenitic sites in terms of how species richness and abundance responded to all other analyzed predictors. Our results stress the importance of prey availability and canopy for leech distribution patterns. Differences in the significant predictors of leech assemblage patterns between lotic and lenitic sites raise fundamental questions about the underlying mechanisms and ecological constraints to leech distribution in these main types of aquatic systems.     

太湖贡湖湾水生植被分布现状(2012年)

贡湖湾是无锡和苏州两市的重要水源地,随着近些年太湖水质的急速恶化,贡湖湾蓝藻暴发现象日益严重,危及饮水安全.为提供贡湖湾水资源管理的理论依据,于2012年开展贡湖湾水生植被野外调查.对8个断面进行为期5天的调查,结果表明:(1)共记录贡湖湾水生植物20科27属34种,单子叶植物和沉水植物分别为优势分类群和生态型;(2)贡湖湾水生植被分布区面积占总水域面积的45.35%,为典型半草型湖泊;(3)共有8种水生植物群落分布,其中马来眼子菜群落分布区面积和生物量最大;(4)贡湖湾水生植被总体表现出北部无水生植被分布,东部生物量高、群落及物种组成复杂,其他区域生物量小、群落组成单一的分布格局.水质恶化和插网捕鱼对贡湖湾水生植被分布现状存在影响,过度清淤可能是造成北部水域裸露的原因.结合贡湖湾水生植被分布现状分析结果,建议在贡湖湾水生植被管理中要开展北部裸水区植被修复,促进湾口区域马来眼子菜群落生长,加强对"引江济太"工程上游来水和贡湖湾水质的监测,并注重外来入侵植物尤其是水盾草群落的监测.     

西藏尼洋河水生生物群落时空动态及与环境因子关系:2.着生藻类

本文于2008-2009年按照季节调查了西藏地区尼洋河着生藻类群落的组成、丰度和多样性,并运用多元统计方法定量分析了着生藻类的空间和季节变化特征及其与主要环境因子之间的关系.结果显示,尼洋河着生藻类共计6门30科49属,其中硅藻为优势着生藻类.着生藻类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在尼洋河中游最高,在中上游河段和中下游河段呈下降趋势,符合中间高度膨胀(mid-altitude bulge)假说.着生藻类的总丰度、物种丰富度以及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在尼洋河沿程不存在显著差异,总丰度在各个季节之间不存在显著差异,但物种丰富度在秋季和冬季存在显著差异,夏、秋季着生藻类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于冬、春季.主成分分析(PCA)表明,随着海拔的升高,着生藻类的物种丰富度和总丰度呈递减趋势;典范对应分析(CCA)表明,尼洋河部分硅藻与理化因子相关联,如:双壁藻(Diploneis)的丰度与总磷相关联,窗纹藻(Epithemia)的丰度与铵态氮相关联,双菱藻属(Surirella)的丰度与pH值相关联;部分绿藻与理化因子相关联,如:小球藻属(Chlorella)、栅藻属(Scenedesmus)、溪菜属(Prasiola)的丰度与水温相关联,小椿藻(Characium)的丰度与硬度相关联,转板藻(Mougeotia)的丰度与表层溶氧、矿化度相关联,新月藻属(Closterium)的丰度与碱度相关联;分类回归树(CART)模型预测了尼洋河着生藻类时空分布与主要环境因子之间的定量关系,即低海拔水域的着生藻类总丰度较高海拔高,高矿化度水域的着生藻类总丰度较低矿化度的高,不能用影响尼洋河着生藻类种类和数量的环境因子来解释着生藻类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数.这些关键环境因子对尼洋河水域着生藻类的时空变化有着重要的指示作用,建议加强对着生藻类及这些环境因子的关注,保障尼洋河水域生态环境的可持续发展.     

Relationship between populations of amphipods and pollution

The composition and distribution of the amphipods inhabiting rocky environments in the French Mediterranean coast have been studied over the past 18 yr with particular emphasis upon pollution. The results from 203 quantitative samples, each consisting of 400 cm² area were analysed as to species, number of specimens, partial dominance, Shannon-Weaver and Margalef Index of diversity and similarity index of Sanders. Included were 35 species of gammarids and 4 species of caprellids which were represented by over 90 000 individuals. An inverse relationship was found to exist between the richness of the population and the degree of pollution. No caracteristic group of species was linked to areas affected by pollution, but certain species were excluded by more severe pollution whereas the number of specimens of some other species increased, a certain balance between two preferential groups as indicated.     

Breeding habitat selection by houbara bustard(Chlamydotis [undulata] macqueenii) in Mori,Xinjiang, China

The breeding habitat selection by houbara bustards in Mori, Xinjiang, China during the breeding seasons from April to June 1998–2000 was studied. Most of habitats chosen for breeding were short sub-shrubby and open areas close to high bushy patches. The nesting females clearly prefer low covered areas and avoid densely covered and high vegetation sites. The number of herb species was significantly smaller at nest sites than at randomly selected sites. Only the distance to the closest fox den contributed the most to discrimination between successful and predated nests. The average distance to the closest fox den was significantly longer at successful nests than at depredated nests. Vegetative density, plant species richness, topography and distance to the closest fox den are possibly the most important factors that determined the nest sites selection of houbara bustard. The displaying males clearly prefer low covered areas and avoid densely covered and high vegetation sites. The vegetation density and number of plant species at display sites was significantly lower than that at randomly selected sites. The average distance to the closest bushy patch was significantly shorter at display sites than at random sites. Plant species richness, vegetative density, vegetative cover and distance to the bushy patches are possibly the most important factors for the display sites selection of houbara bustard

     

Environmental drivers of tadpole community structure in temporary and permanent ponds

About 87 % of the anuran species that occur in Brazil possess a larval stage, i.e., tadpoles. Throughout this stage of development, tadpoles are subject to predation and the conditions of their aquatic habitat, including environmental heterogeneity, physical and chemical properties of the water, and hydroperiod of the water body. We assessed the patterns of species composition and richness of tadpoles in permanent and temporary ponds, with the objective of evaluating how morphometric, physical and chemical factors of the ponds and environmental heterogeneity (surrounding vegetation and substrate cover and aquatic vegetation) affect anuran occupation of these environments. The study was performed in five permanent and four temporary ponds. Tadpoles of 20 anuran species differed in species composition between permanent and temporary environments. Environmental factors were significant drivers for tadpole richness: turbidity and dissolved oxygen were significantly related to richness in permanent ponds, while water temperature and pH were significantly correlated to richness in temporary environments. Higher species richness was related to the heterogeneity of the ponds and greater complexity associated with the stratification of the surrounding vegetation. In general, the results suggest that species sorting of tadpoles is probably related to the high environmental variation among permanent and temporary aquatic habitats. The spatial heterogeneity of these two types of environments increases local diversity by accommodating species that are unique to only one habitat type.     

Breeding habitat selection by houbara bustard(Chlamydotis [undulata] macqueenii) in Mori,Xinjiang, China

The breeding habitat selection by houbara bustards in Mori, Xinjiang, China during the breeding seasons from April to June 1998–2000 was studied. Most of habitats chosen for breeding were short sub-shrubby and open areas close to high bushy patches. The nesting females clearly prefer low covered areas and avoid densely covered and high vegetation sites. The number of herb species was significantly smaller at nest sites than at randomly selected sites. Only the distance to the closest fox den contributed the most to discrimination between successful and predated nests. The average distance to the closest fox den was significantly longer at successful nests than at depredated nests. Vegetative density, plant species richness, topography and distance to the closest fox den are possibly the most important factors that determined the nest sites selection of houbara bustard. The displaying males clearly prefer low covered areas and avoid densely covered and high vegetation sites. The vegetation density and number of plant species at display sites was significantly lower than that at randomly selected sites. The average distance to the closest bushy patch was significantly shorter at display sites than at random sites. Plant species richness, vegetative density, vegetative cover and distance to the bushy patches are possibly the most important factors for the display sites selection of houbara bustard

     

Breeding habitat selection by houbara bustard (Chlamydotis[undulata] macqueenii) in Mori, Xinjiang, China

The breeding habitat selection by houbara bustards in Mori, Xinjiang, China duringthe breeding seasons from April to June 1998-2000 was studied. Most of habitats chosen forbreeding were short sub-shrubby and open areas close to high bushy patches. The nesting re-males clearly prefer Iow covered areas and avoid densely covered and high vegetation sites. Thenumber of herb species was significantly smaller at nest sites than at randomly selected sites.Only the distance to the closest fox den contributed the most to discrimination between successfuland predated nests. The average distance to the closest fox den was significantly longer at suc-cessful nests than at depredated nests. Vegetative density, plant species richness, topography anddistance to the closest fox den are possibly the most important factors that determined the nestsites selection of houbara bustard. The displaying males clearly prefer Iow covered areas andavoid densely covered and high vegetation sites. The vegetation density and number of plant spe-cies at display sites was significantly lower than that at randomly selected sites. The average dis-tance to the closest bushy patch was significantly shorter at display sites than at random sites.Plant species richness, vegetative density, vegetative cover and distance to the bushy patches arepossibly the most important factors for the display sites selection of houbara bustard.     

Predicting fish species richness and assemblages with climatic,geographic and morphometric factors: A broad-scale study in Chinese lakes

The present study was designed to investigate the relative importance of climatic (temperature and precipitation), geographic (altitude) and morphometric (lake area) factors in predicting fish species richness and assemblages in Chinese lakes at a large spatial scale. Two recursive partitioning tree-based approaches: Classification and Regression Trees (CARTs) and Multivariate Regression Trees (MRTs) were employed to generate predictive models respectively. Six fish assemblages were thus defined from the MRT model. The results indicated that lake altitude was the main determinant for predicting fish assemblages in Chinese lakes (30.43%), followed by precipitation of the driest month (10.47%), temperature annual range (3.62%) and annual mean temperature (3.15%). Validated CART model implied that precipitation of driest month, maximum temperature of warmest month and lake area were the main predictors in determining fish species richness patterns. Overall, our results indicated that the altitudinal extent and range of climatic variation was sufficient to overshadow the area effect in predicting fish species richness and assemblages in Chinese lakes. At the macroecological scale, the effect of temperature and precipitation on fish richness and assemblages also suggests future changes in fish diversity as a consequence of climate change.     

Optimizing early detection of non-indigenous species: Estimating the scale of dispersal of a nascent population of the invasive tunicate Ciona intestinalis (L.)

Knowledge of dispersal and establishment during the early stages of invasion is essential for allocating monitoring effort, detecting nascent populations and predicting spread. The scarcity of these data, however, provides little guidance for monitoring programs. Here we present data on the adult distribution and the subsequent pattern of larval recruitment from a nascent population of the invasive tunicate Ciona intestinalis in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Existing niche models indicate the entire study site is suitable for recruitment, suggesting an equal probability of detection throughout the site. In contrast, we found a heterogeneous pattern of larval recruitment, including areas of zero recruitment. By fitting a dispersal kernel, we show Ciona is not capable of naturally dispersing between bays, restricting further spread, and provide guidance for future monitoring. Our results also highlight how large-scale models, although important, lack the small-scale patterns essential for monitoring and early detection of invasive species.     

What governs macrophyte species richness in kettle hole types? A case study from Northeast Germany

Kettle holes are small, pond-like, depressional wetlands in young moraine landscapes. They mostly undergo a wet-dry cycle and have a high potential for biological species diversity. However, their biodiversity and habitat function is often greatly impacted by surrounding intensive agricultural land use practices.In this study, we used statistical analysis of a large data set from the federal state of Brandenburg (Northeast Germany) to characterise the macrophyte species richness of kettle holes in an interregional context and to determine the factors that influence macrophyte occurrence. We proposed that (1) specific environmental factors, (2) hydrogeomorphic kettle hole types and (3) the regional topography have a major impact on macrophyte species richness. The evaluation of the data was performed using the General Linear Model (GLM) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Each of the analysed factors addresses different parts of the macrophyte species richness, including the target variables overall species richness, plant life and growth forms as well as Red List species.None of the analysis showed effects of the tested environmental factors on overall macrophytes species richness, but on the richness of plant life and growth forms as well as on Red List species. We identified hydroperiod, depth, shore width, kettle hole area, pH, electric conductivity, carbonate hardness and oxygen as key factors for the prediction of species richness of plant life and growth forms. Furthermore, we demonstrate that hydrogeomorphic kettle hole types account for relevant parts of variation in species richness and are useful interregional and integrative indicators to identify kettle holes with protection priority for macrophytes.