西北干旱区水资源约束城市化进程的定量辨识——以甘肃省武威、张掖市为例

加快西北干旱区的城市化进程,是实施西部大开发战略和全面建设小康社会的必由之路。而城市化水平的提升,主要取决于驱动力和制动力的大小。通过西北干旱区典型绿洲城市武威和张掖的城市化水平、用水总量、经济总量、产业结构、用水效益、人均用水水平等变化过程的定量分析和比较,发现水资源对城市化进程存在明显的约束作用,水资源约束力是导致城市化进程缓慢的重要因素之一。通过城市化水平与水资源利用关系对数约束模型的推导与分析,发现城市化水平与用水总量之间拟合方程的相关系数,可作为定量识别西北干旱区水资源约束城市化进程的重要指标。根据实际拟合结果,水资源对武威市城市化进程的约束强度为0.937,属于极强约束类型;对张掖市的约束强度为0.438,属于较强约束类型。     

干旱区水资源对城市化约束强度的时空变化分析

水资源对城市化的约束力已经成为干旱缺水地区决定城市化发展速度, 进而决定城市化和社会经济发展规模的重要外营力之一, 科学度量并探讨其时空变化, 对水资源可持续利用与城市化正常推进具有重要意义。以定性与定量分析相结合的方法建立了水资源对城市化 约束强度的综合测度指标体系, 采用熵技术支持下的层次分析法构建出水资源对城市化约束强度的综合测度模型, 并对1985-2005 年河西走廊水资源对城市化约束强度的时空变化进行了分析。结果表明, 河西走廊水资源对城市化的约束强度在空间上总体表现为自东向西逐渐减小, 在时间上表现为由较强约束类型变为强约束类型, 总体呈不断增加态势, 但近年来略有缓解。虽然河西走廊水资源开发利用潜力综合指数与城市化系统综合发展指数都较低, 面临缺水和发展的双重矛盾, 但目前河西走廊大部分地区水资源对城市化的约束强度仍属于较强或强约束类型, 仍然能够通过合理调控实现可持续发展。     

“水资源约束下西北干旱区城市化过程及生态效应”研究进展

在我国西北干旱地区工业化和城市化过程中,以脆弱生态环境为成长背景的城市在发展过程中受到了水资源和周围生态环境等的多重胁迫。为了科学解决这一问题,国家自然科学基金委员会于2003年9月启动了“水资源约束下西北干旱区城市化过程及生态效应研究”的基金重点项目(编号40335049)。本项目以河西走廊为例,把水资源作为先决约束条件,将遵循人文规律的城市化过程与遵循自然规律的水资源与生态环境变化过程有机结合在一起,采用系统集成方法,并引入RS和GIS技术,揭示水资源变化对城市化过程的胁迫机制与规律,分析由此引起的生态效应;对不同强度水资源约束下城市化过程进行动态模拟和情景分析。通过项目负责人方创琳研究员     

水资源约束下西北干旱区生态环境与城市化的响应关系研究——以张掖市为例

我国西北干旱区属生态脆弱敏感地区,自然环境的演化有其相对独特的客观运行规律,而城市化对此类区域生态环境的扰动、影响范围、以及生态环境的响应机理、程度等,是当前乃至未来一段时间区域可持续发展中必须关注的焦点问题之一。在对城市化与生态环境的相互作用研究综述的基础上,以西北干旱区黑河流域张掖市绿洲区为案例,重点探讨黑河流域社会经济生态复合系统中水资源对城市化格局和过程的响应关系,揭示干旱区城市化过程与区域水资源配置的内在反馈机制,并对区域城市化发展与水资源利用变化的响应关系进行量化研究。结果表明:在干旱区,水资源压力随城市化的推进呈现出一定的变化规律,城市化的发展往往是以水资源压力为代价的,然而随着城市化的发展,城市化与水资源的关系不断得以磨合,最终将朝着协调共生的方向发展。     

中国西北干旱区水资源可持续利用对策研究

近50年来，随着水土资源开发利用规模的不断扩大，西北干旱区的工农业与经济得到了快速发展，但同时也引发了一系列的环境问题，如河流下游水量锐减，甚至断流，泉水资源衰减；地下水超采，地下水位持续下降；水质恶化；土地次生盐渍化，沙漠化严重等。文章在详细分析中国西北干旱区水资源的特征以及水资源不合理开发利用所引发的环境问题的基础上，认为实行流域水资源统一规划与管理，发展新绿洲，建立高效节水型农业是实现我国西北干旱区水资源可持续利用的根本途径。     

西北干旱区水资源约束下城市化过程及生态效应研究的理论探讨

城市化是西北干旱区实现小康目标的必由之路,然而最大的自然障碍因素是水资源严重短缺。现实的城市化与水资源及生态环境保护之间存在着各种矛盾与胁迫。从城市化过程及其生态效应研究的重要性出发,透过对国内外研究进展的分析与评述,把水资源作为西北干旱区先决约束条件。提出了水资源约束下西北干旱区城市化过程及其生态效应的研究思路,包括选择水资源变化过程与城市化过程之间相互胁迫的驱动因子,揭示水资源变化对城市化过程的胁迫机制与规律;分析城市化过程引起的与水相关的生态效应;建立城市化过程及其生态效应预警指标体系。对不同强度水资源约束下城市化过程进行动态预警和情景分析;选择最节水的城市化发展模式和建设节水型城镇体系等。进而为加快西北干旱区城市化发展进程、改善干旱区生态环境、实现小康目标提供科学的决策依据。     

西北干旱、半干旱区区域可持续发展综合评价模型研究

以西北干旱、半干旱区为研究背景,针对区域可持续发展评价问题,运用Fuzzy数学方法,建立了二级层次结构的综合评价模型。其中,一级评价模型建立在各评价因素子集上,它着眼于各评价因素子集中每一个具体的评价因素,建立隶属度矩阵以及最理想与最不理想单元,计算各区域可持续发展的隶属度。二级评价模型建立在整个评价因素集合上,它着眼于各评价因素子集,在一级评价模型评价计算的基础上,建立综合评价模型,计算各区域可持续发展的隶属度。应用该模型对三西地区某11个区域进行评价,计算出了每一个区域可持续发展的隶属度。     

干旱区水资源可持续有效利用探讨─—以新疆为例

水资源是干旱荒漠区资源组合中最稀缺的资源。水资源是绿洲形成、发展的物质基础,水资源利用与经济发展之间存在互动关系。本文在阐述水资源与绿洲经济发展关系的基础上,分析了新疆水资源利用现状及存在的问题,最后提出水资源持续有效利用对策。     

西北干旱区水资源转化与开发利用模型

干旱地区的内陆河发源于山区,在山前平原地区受干旱气候、地质地貌结构和岩性的影响,地表水与地下水之间具有大数量转化的特点。根据水量平衡原理,通过对西北干旱区内陆河流域山前平原地区河水、地下水、泉水相互转化机制的研究和分析,建立了模拟与计算相结合,兼有预测性质的水资源转化与开发利用模型。模型概念明确,形式简单,所需资料容易获得。在新疆乌鲁木齐河流域实际应用结果表明,模拟的流域最大可能引水量和水资源净可利用量,都远比现状实际引水量和水资源净利用量小得多,水资源开发利用明显过度,每年超采地下水１．２×１０８ｍ３,与当地水文地质部门计算结果非常一致,效果较好。另外,模型预测结果还表明,对于处在完成地表水与地下水联合开发利用阶段的,类似乌鲁木齐河流域的内陆河流域来说,可用水资源的开发已达到极限,再采用传统的提高地表渠系利用率的方法,已不可能增加流域的可用水资源量。这不仅从理论上解决了,水利和水文地质部门长期以来有关地表水和地下水到底如何开发才算合理的争论;也证实了,这样做的结果不但在经济上得不偿失,而且将破坏流域已建有的地下水开采和供水系统,有可能造成更大的经济、社会和生态损失。     

基于SD模型的干旱区城市水资源承载力预测研究

利用系统动力学模型,对乌鲁木齐市１９９３－２０２０年间水资源承载力进行预测分析,为我国西北地区城市发展规划提供了参考意见和研究方法。     

Integrated assessment model of water resources constraint intensity on urbanization in arid area

Water has become a key restricting factor of the urbanization process in developing arid areas. Based on qualitative and quantitative methods, we constructed an integrated indicator system to assess the status of water resources and urbanization system in arid area, and established an AHP model reformed by entropy technology to evaluate the temporal and spatial variations of water resources constraint intensity on urbanization. This model is applied to the Hexi Corridor, a typical arid area in NW China. Results show that, water resources constraint intensity on urbanization in the Hexi Corridor is bigger in the east and smaller in the west. It has changed from the less strong constraint type into the strong constraint type from 1985 to 2005, yet it decreased appreciably in recent years. At present, most areas in the Hexi Corridor belong to the less strong or strong constraint type. Through rational adjustment of water resources and urbanization system, the Hexi Corridor can still promote water resources sustainable utilization and accelerate the urbanization process. This study suggests that the integrated assessment model of water resources constraint intensity on urbanization is an effective method to analyze the conflicts between water resources and urbanization system in arid area.     

The dynamic coupling model and its application of urbanization and eco-environment in Hexi Corridor

This paper, taking Hexi Corridor as an example, analyzes the alternating intimidation and the dynamic evolving relation between urbanization and eco-environment in arid area of West China. We argue that the harmonious development system of the urbanization and eco-environment would go through four phases: rudimentary symbiotic phase, harmonious developmental phase, utmost increasing phase and spiral type rising phase. Throughout the four phases, the elements of the system would influence each other, coerce each other, and complete the spiral type rising process from low-grade symbiosis to high-grade harmony together. The study on Hexi Corridor shows that the urbanization level in Hexi Corridor has increased gradually from 1985 to 2003 accompanied with the fluctuations of eco-environment state. The response of eco-environment to urbanization has been evident, but lagged behind the urbanization course. At present, the harmonious development system in Hexi Corridor was in its harmonious developmental phase. However, the coupling degree has increased quickly and approached 90 yet, which is signaling that the system is about to enter the utmost increasing phase, and the ecological crisis will enter the latent period. We have found that the coupling degree can well reflect the interactive coercing and dynamic evolving situation between urbanization and eco-environment in Hexi Corridor. From the temporal change of the coupling degree, it can be concluded that urbanization sometimes needs to pay a certain cost for the damage of the eco-environment in its initial stages, but as the urbanization continues, the state of the eco-environment would be meliorated.     

河西走廊城市化与生态环境的动态耦合模型及应用

1 Introduction Since the 21stcentury,the urbanization tide has sweptacross the whole China.However,the urbanization in W est China, especially in Hexi Corridor, is severely restricted by eco-environment.There are various kinds of contradictions and intim …     

Spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation based on corrected TRMM data around the Hexi Corridor, China

Accurate rainfall distribution is difficult to acquire based on limited meteorological stations, especially in remote areas like high mountains and deserts. The Hexi Corridor and its adjacent regions （including the Qilian Mountains and the Alxa Plateau） are typical districts where there are only 30 available rain gauges. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） data provide a possible solution. After precision analysis of monthly 0.25 degree resolution TRMM 3B43 data from 1998 to 2012, we find that the correlations between TRMM 3B43 estimates and rain gauge precipitation are significant overall and in each station around the Hexi Corridor; however, the biases of annual precipitation differ in different stations and are seriously overestimated in most of the sites. Thus, Inverse Distance Weighting （IDW） interpolation method was used to rectify TRMM data based on the difference between TRMM 3B43 estimates and rain gauge observations. The results show that rectified TRMM data present more details than rain gauges in remote areas where there are few stations, alt- hough they show high coherence of distribution. Precipitation decreases from southeast to northwest on an annual and seasonal scale. There are three rainfall centers （〉500 mm） including Menyuan, Qilian and Toson Lake, and two low rain- fall centers （〈50 mm） including Dunhuang and Ejin Banner. Meanwhile, precipitation in most of the study area presents an increasing trend; especially in northern Qilian Mountains （〉5 mm/a）, Badain Jaran Desert （〉2 mm/a）, Toson Lake （〉20 mm/a） and Qingtu Lake （〉20 ram/a） which shows a significant increasing trend, while precipitation in Hala Lake （〈-2 mm/a） and Tengger Desert （〈-3 mm/a） demonstrates a decreasing trend.     

近60 a河西走廊极端气温的变化特征分析

选取河西走廊具有代表性的11个气象站1953年1月～2013年2月逐月极端最高、最低气温观测资料,运用趋势拟合、小波分析和Mann-Kendall方法,对近60 a来河西走廊年、季极端气温进行了趋势拟合,分析了年和季节的变化规律,并对其时间序列进行了小波及突变分析。结果表明：近60 a来、季极端最高和最低气温都是增高的。极端最低气温的增温幅度明显高于极端最高气温,且秋、冬季极端最高、最低气温增温最强。年极端最高气温演变呈现为二次曲线;年极端最低气温线性递增趋势显著0.337 ℃·（10 a）^-1。年、季极端最高、最低气温空间分布存在差异,夏季最炎热的地区分布在安敦盆地和民勤等与沙漠接壤的地域,偏暖时段更容易出现极端最高气温的极值,冬季最寒冷的地区位于马鬃山区。年极端最高气温存在着5 a左右的主周期性变化,50～60 a超长周期尺度较为明显;夏季极端最高气温的周期变化与年极端最高气温的周期变化有相似之处。年极端最低气温的变化表现为3 a、6～8 a、10～12 a周期和50～60 a超长周期尺度;冬季还存在40 a超长周期尺度。年极端最高气温暖突变出现在1996年,夏季极端最高气温暖突变出现在2006年;年极端最低气温暖突变出现在1993年;冬季极端最低气温暖突变出现在1977年。     

基于水资源约束的中国城镇化SD模型与模拟

中国城镇化正处于快速发展阶段,尽管经济和社会发展主控要素还在发挥重要作用,但水资源在生产、生活和生态方面发挥主控作用的局面愈益明显。在中国城镇化系统动力学（system dynamics,SD）模型基础上,从水资源供给、需求和水环境等层面将水资源作为主控要素嵌入原有模型中,拓展出基于水资源约束的中国城镇化SD模型,并对水资源利用进行了多情景模拟。结果表明：① 系统存流量和灵敏度检验证明模型模拟效果良好,具有可操作性。② 部门用水效率一定时,产业发展对水资源供需平衡的影响比人口增长更为明显。③ 在实行节水农业、节水工业、高生活需水、高生态环境需水和高再生水利用的综合协调方案中,2050年中国城镇化的发展约共需6789.70亿 m³水资源,基本实现水资源供需平衡。     

河西走廊近50年来地表水资源时间序列的小波分析

小波分析（wavelet Analysis）是时间-频率分析领域近年来迅速发展的一种新技术,具有多时间尺度、多层次和多分辨的特性。应用小波分析原理对甘肃河西走廊近50a来的径流、降水、气温等影响地表水资源时间序列的因素进行了分析,结果表明,水资源具有多尺度振荡的特点,具有2～4a,5～9a,12～15a,以及20a左右的周期变化。径流与降水和气温具有同步的时间序列,但是它们的主要周期尺度不同。小波分析的应用对河西走廊水资源趋势和预测研究提供了一个新的方法和思路。     

塔里木河流域绿洲城镇发展与水土资源效益分析(英文)

This paper examines the spatial pattern of land and water resources as well as urbanization and their interactions in the Tarim River Basin, Xinjiang, China. In order to do so, we extract the data associated with efficiency of land and water resources and urbanization for the years of 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2008. Specifically the paper investigates the extent to which agglomeration of population and economic activities varies geographically and interplays with spatial pattern of resources efficiency through computation of Global Moran’s I index, Getis-Ord Gi* index and a coordinated development model. The method used provides clear evidence that urbanization, land and water resources efficiency have shown uneven spatial pattern due to oasis distribution, climate, and initial phase of urban development. Some conclusions can be drawn as follows.(1) Agglomeration and dispersion of urbanization are not consistent with those of land and water resources efficiency.(2) Evolution of the hot and cold spots of urbanization, and land and water resources efficiency, in different trajectories, indicate that there are no significant interactions between them.(3) The evidence that numbers of hot and cold spots of the three factors present varying structures reveals the dominance of unequal urban development in the study area.(4) Significant differences are also found between sub-river basins in terms of the three factors, which is a reflection of the complex physical geography of the area.(5) The degree of coordinated development of cities in the Tarim River Basin is generally low in part as a reflection of difference in spatial patterns of the three factors. It is also shown that the pattern of the degree of coordinated development is relatively stable compared with evolution of hot and cold spots of the three factors.