高度约束MHE算法在伪距单点定位中的应用

针对目前全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)中伪距单点定位(SPP)技术的定位精度已不能满足现代大多数应用场景的需求,提出了一种附加高度约束的滚动时域估计(MHE)算法,以此来改善SPP的定位性能. 附加高度约束的MHE算法是将接收机的位置高度作为非线性约束加入到SPP的估计参数中,并采用近似MHE算法来进一步提高定位精度的优化算法. 结果表明:高度约束的MHE滤波比传统最小二乘(LS)的滤波具有更好的平滑特性,同时随其视窗大小的增加,其定位精度得到了进一步改善. 验证了附加高度约束MHE方案的有效性、可行性,所得结果对SPP的实际应用具有重要的参考意义.      

北斗系统三频单点定位性能研究

针对国内外对北斗三频研究较少的情况,本文采用实际接收数据分析了目前星座结构为5颗GEO卫星,5颗IGSO卫星和4颗MEO卫星的北斗二代系统三路信号(B1、B2、B3)的具体性能;结合实测数据分析B1、B2、3三路信号的信噪比,多径误差以及单点定位精度,推导出处理三频数据的多径误差的数学模型。最后通过实验得知,B3信号的信噪比小于B1、B2,同时较小的多径误差使其定位误差小于B1、B2;研究结果补充了GNSS三频多径误差算法,也在一定程度上对北斗系统三频信号定位性能做出整体评估。     

EGNOS电离层延迟改正数分析

EGNOS是一个广域增强系统,向用户提供电离层改正数是其服务内容的一部分。本文分析了EGNOS电离层改正数的结构,介绍了用户的电离层改正数算法流程。结合EGNOS在中国测试的实际数据,对EGNOS电离层改正数进行了分析。通过对EGNOS的电离层改正数分析可以为我国的广域增强系统提供技术参考。     

Application of the TaiWan Ionospheric Model to single-frequency ionospheric delay corrections for GPS positioning

The performance of a three-dimensional ionospheric electron density model derived from FormoSat3/COSMIC GPS Radio Occultation measurements, called the TaiWan Ionosphere Model (TWIM), in removing the ionospheric delays in single-frequency pseudorange observations is presented. Positioning results using TWIM have been compared with positioning results using other ionospheric models, such as the Klobuchar (KLOB) and the global ionospheric model (GIM). C/A code pseudoranges have been observed at three International GPS Service reference stations that are representative of mid-latitude (BOR1 and IRKJ) and low-latitude (TWTF) regions of the ionosphere. The observations took place during 27 geomagnetically quiet days from April 2010 to October 2011. We perform separate solutions using the TWIM, KLOB, GIM ionospheric models and carry out a solution applying no ionospheric correction at all. We compute the daily mean horizontal errors (DMEAN) and the daily RMS (DRMS) for these solutions with respect to the published reference station coordinates. It has demonstrated that TEC maps generate using the TWIM exhibit a detailed structure of the ionosphere, particularly at low-latitude region, whereas the Klobuchar and the GIM only provide the basic diurnal and geographic features of the ionosphere. Also, it is shown that even for lower satellite elevations, the TWIM provides better positioning than the Klobuchar and GIM models. Specifically, using TWIM, the difference of the uncorrected solution (no ionospheric correction), and the other solutions, relative to the uncorrected solution, is 45 % for the mean horizontal error (DMEAN) and 42 % for the horizontal root-mean-square error (DRMS). Using Klobuchar and GIM, the percent for DMEAN only reaches to about 12 % and 3 %, while the values for the DRMS are only 12 and 4 %, respectively. In the vertical direction, all models have a percentage of about 99 and 70 % for the mean vertical error (VMEAN) and vertical root-mean-square error (VRMS), respectively. These percentages show the greater impact of TWIM on the ionospheric correction compared to the other models. In at least 40 % of the observed days and across all stations, TWIM has the smallest DMEAN, VMEAN, DRMS, and VRMS daily values. These values reach 100 % at station TWTF. This shows the overall performance of TWIM is better than the Klobuchar and GIM.     

Understanding the role of the ionospheric delay in single-point single-epoch GPS coordinates

The ionospheric delay is the main source of error for single-point single-epoch (SPSE) GPS positioning when using single-frequency receivers. In contrast to the common slant approach, in this article we focus on its effect in final coordinates through the study of bias propagation in SPSE positioning: we first show an analytical resolution for the propagation problem with highly symmetric satellite configurations. To overcome some of the disadvantages of this first method, we use Santerre’s technique and, finally, present a new numerical methodology that allows us to generalize for a real geometry and obtain an average ionospheric positioning error over a given site. From the results obtained, four working hypotheses that relate the ionospheric shape above the receiver with final position errors are presented and tested. These four hypotheses, which agree with average ionospheric positioning error in 95% of the studied cases, can be related to the construction of the design matrix. Finally, these hypotheses have been used to address a situation where the ionospheric delay is corrected with an ionospheric model.     

北极地区BDS-3伪距单点定位精度分析

针对北斗三号卫星导航系统（BDS-3）在北极地区的定位性能,本文基于METG站和SOD3站分析了北极地区BDS-3的卫星可见数、PDOP 值、单频和双频伪距单点定位精度.经研究发现,北极地区BDS-3卫星可见数和 PDOP 值与GPS卫星一致,B1I频率与B3I频率伪距单点定位精度相当,相比于GPS卫星L1频率伪距单点定位精度略差,B1I／B3I频率组合下的伪距单点定位精度低于任一单频伪距单点定位精度,并且相比于GPS卫星L1／L2频率组合下的伪距单点定位精度略差.      

Galileo改正电离层折射误差高阶项的方法

在研究电离层折射对Galileo测量的影响及电离层折射误差模型的基础上,针对Galileo系统中的4个频率,提出运用四频观测值将电离层折射误差改正至三阶项的方法,并推导了四频载波相位观测值无电离层折射组合方程,从而进一步提高了Galileo的定位精度。     

基于MEMS的室内定位误差修正方法研究

根据室内惯性定位存在误差累积的特点,建立广义似然比检测的方法进行零速度检测,利用Kalman滤波对检测到的"零速度"时刻进行零速修正(zero velocity update,ZUPT),从而有效降低系统累积误差。但行人行走过程中存在的无效振动,导致测得的加速度和角速度数据中出现明显的噪声,这对长时间定位精度产生较大的影响。文中提出在利用Kalman滤波进行误差校正之前首先采用Butterworth低通滤波滤除加速度和角速度数据中由无效振动引起的高频部分,即噪声部分,从而消除行人运动过程中的无效振动对定位精度的影响。     

Galileo single frequency ionospheric correction: performances in terms of position

For GPS single frequency users, the ionospheric contribution to the error budget is estimated by the well-known Klobuchar algorithm. For Galileo, it will be mitigated by a global algorithm based on the NeQuick model. This algorithm relies on the adaptation of the model to slant Total Electron Content (sTEC) measurements. Although the performance specifications of these algorithms are expressed in terms of delay and TEC, the users might be more interested in their impact on positioning. Therefore, we assessed the ability of the algorithms to improve the positioning accuracy using globally distributed permanent stations for the year 2002 marked by a high level of solar activity. We present uncorrected and corrected performances, interpret these and identify potential causes for Galileo correction discrepancies. We show vertical errors dropping by 56–64 % due to the analyzed ionospheric corrections, but horizontal errors decreasing by 27 % at most. By means of a fictitious symmetric satellite distribution, we highlight the role of TEC gradients in residual errors. We describe mechanisms permitted by the Galileo correction, which combine sTEC adaptation and topside mismodeling, and limit the horizontal accuracy. Hence, we support further investigation of potential alternative ionospheric corrections. We also provide an interesting insight into the ionospheric effects possibly experienced during the next solar maximum coinciding with Galileo Initial Operation Capability.     

利用标准单点定位技术评价电离层模型

针对电离层模型的评价问题,提出了标准单点定位的方法,验证了该方法的可行性,并深入分析了GIM模型/Klobuchar模型在空域、时域上对SPP定位精度的影响。实验结果表明:选择GIM模型或Klobuchar模型,中纬地区SPP定位精度最高,低纬地区最差。与Klobuchar模型相比,高、中、低纬地区选择GIM模型的三维定位精度均有较大幅度提升,最大改进达34.20%;在太阳活跃期、低谷期,GIM模型的三维定位精度也明显高于Klobuchar模型,且活跃期GIM模型相对Klobuchar模型的改进率达20.14%,比低谷期高12.25%。从定位精度看,SPP解算选择GIM模型整体优于采用Klobuchar模型。     

Improved precise point positioning in the presence of ionospheric scintillation

Ionospheric disturbances can be detrimental to accuracy and reliability of GNSS positioning. We focus on how ionospheric scintillation induces significant degradation to Precise Point Positioning (PPP) and how to improve the performance of PPP during ionospheric scintillation periods. We briefly describe these problems and give the physical explanation of highly correlated phenomenon of degraded PPP estimates and occurrence of ionospheric scintillation. Three possible reasons can contribute to significant accuracy degradation in the presence of ionospheric scintillation: (a) unexpected loss of lock of tracked satellites which greatly reduces the available observations and considerably weakens the geometry, (b) abnormal blunders which are not properly mitigated by positioning programs, and (c) failure of cycle slip detection algorithms due to the high rate of total electronic content. The latter two reasons are confirmed as the major causes of sudden accuracy degradation by means of a comparative analysis. To reduce their adverse effect on positioning, an improved approach based on a robust iterative Kalman filter is adopted to enhance the PPP performance. Before the data enter the filter, the differential code biases are used for GNSS data quality checking. Any satellite whose C1–P1 and P1–P2 biases exceed 10 and 30 m, respectively, will be rejected. Both the Melbourne–Wubbena and geometry-free combination are used for cycle slip detection. But the thresholds are set more flexibly when ionospheric conditions become unusual. With these steps, most of the outliers and cycle slips can be effectively detected, and a first PPP estimation can be carried out. Furthermore, an iterative PPP estimator is utilized to mitigate the remaining gross errors and cycle slips which will be reflected in the posterior residuals. Further validation tests based on extensive experiments confirm our physical explanation and the new approach. The results show that the improved approach effectively avoids a large number of ambiguity resets which would otherwise be necessary. It reduces the number of re-parameterized phase ambiguities by approximately half, without scarifying the accuracy and reliability of the PPP solution.     

非视距误差改正的超宽带定位模型研究

针对超宽带系统在非视距环境下存在定位偏移的问题,该文采集多组距离下的非视距测距值,分析测距误差的变化规律,提出了一种顾及UWB脉冲信号入射角度的建模方法,其主要思想是将测距值假定为斜边,将其拆分成两个直角边,实现测距值由线状数据分析向面状结构的转换,可以较好地描述测距值与测距误差间的函数关系,建立多面函数拟合模型改正测距值实现定位解算。实验结果表明,该方法能够降低测距误差,提高超宽带系统的定位精度。     

网络RTK的电离层折射估算与改正

本文讨论了目前几类电离层延迟模型,分析了其改正效果,针对网络RTK的特点,给出了一种适合网络RTK定位的电离层延迟估算和处理方法,首先对基准站网的垂直电子总量计算,然后内插用户站处的垂直电子总量,进行估算用户电离层延迟和改正。实验证明,该方法可以取得较理想的网络RTK定位结果。     

亚太地区BDS-3/GNSS组合系统单频单点定位性能分析

针对北斗三号卫星导航系统(BDS-3)向全球提供定位、导航和授时(PNT)服务后的定位性能评估问题,基于MGEX(Multi-GNSS Experiment) WHU2站7天实测数据,从可视卫星数、几何精度衰减因子(GDOP)、定位精度、定位成功率和伪距残差方面分析了BDS-3及BDS/GNSS组合伪距单点定位(SPP)性能.结果表明：在亚太地区,BDS-3具有比美国的GPS、俄罗斯的GLONASS、欧洲的Galileo更优的SPP性能,其水平、垂直和三维精度分别为1.19 m、2.34 m、2.38 m,三维精度比北斗二号卫星导航系统(BDS-2)、GPS、GLONASS和Galileo的SPP精度分别提升了54.8%、27.2%、86.4%和1.2%.此外,BDS/GPS/Galileo组合能获得最优的SPP精度,其水平、垂直和三维精度分别为0.96 m、1.66 m、1.77 m,相较于BDS-2/BDS-3 SPP分别提升了18.6%、19.4%和17.3%.     

Contribution of ionospheric irregularities to the error of dual-frequency GNSS positioning

This paper investigates the third-order residual range error in the dual-frequency correction of ionospheric effects on satellite navigation. We solve the two-point trajectory problem using the perturbation method to derive second-approximation formulas for the phase path of the wave propagating through an inhomogeneous ionosphere. It is shown that these formulas are consistent with the results derived from applying perturbation theory directly to the eikonal equation. The resulting expression for the phase path is used in calculating the residual range error of dual-frequency global positioning system (GPS) observations, in view of second- and third-order terms. The third-order correction includes not only the quadratic correction of the refractive index but also the correction for ray bending in an inhomogeneous ionosphere. Our calculations took into consideration that the ionosphere has regular large-scale irregularities, as well as smaller-scale random irregularities. Numerical examples show that geomagnetic field effects, which constitute a second-order correction, typically exceed the effects of the quadratic correction and the regular ionospheric inhomogeneity. The contribution from random irregularities can compare with or exceed that made by the second-order correction. Therefore, random ionospheric irregularities can make a significant (sometimes dominant) contribution to the residual range error.     

On the estimation of higher-order ionospheric effects in precise point positioning

GPS Solutions - Higher-order ionospheric effects, if not properly accounted for, can propagate into geodetic parameter estimates. For this reason, several investigations have led to the development...     

NeQuick电离层模型在中国地区的应用

电离层延迟是影响GPS绝对定位精度的主要因素,对单频接收机尤为明显,Galileo系统广播星历拟采用NeQuick模型作为其电离层模型。本文介绍了NeQuick模型及其模型最优化,给出了利用NeQuick模型计算电离层总电子含量(TEC)的方法,利用国内部分观测台链提供的北京和武汉的TEC,并与NeQuick模型所给出的结果进行对比分析,最后给出NeQuick模型在中国地区使用的初步结论。     

Enhancement of the accuracy of single-epoch GPS positioning for long baselines by local ionospheric modelling

Single-epoch relative GPS positioning has many advantages, especially for monitoring dynamic targets. In this technique, errors occurring in previous epochs cannot affect the position accuracy at the current epoch, but careful processing is required, and resolving carrier phase ambiguities is essential. Statistical ambiguity resolution functions have been used to determine the best values of these ambiguities. The function inputs include as a minimum the known base station position, the approximate roving antenna “seed” position, and the dual-frequency carrier phase measurements from both receivers. We investigate different solutions to find the ambiguity function inputs that achieve the highest ambiguity resolution success rate. First, we address the rover seed position. A regionally filtered undifferenced pseudorange coordinate solution proves better than a double-differenced one. Multipath errors approximately repeat themselves every sidereal day in the case of static or quasi-static antennas; applying a sidereal filter to the pseudorange-derived positions mitigates their effects. Second, we address the relative carrier phase measurements, which for medium to long baselines are significantly affected by ionospheric propagation errors imperfectly removed during differencing. In addition to the International GNSS Service ionospheric model, we generate a local pseudorange-based ionospheric correction. Applying this correction improves the quality of the phase measurements, leading to more successful ambiguity resolution. Temporally smoothing the correction by means of a Kalman filter further improves the phase measurements. For baselines in the range 60–120 km, the mean absolute deviation of single-epoch coordinates improves to 10–20 cm, from 30–50 cm in the default case.     

MVMD-ARMA残差修正电离层预测模型的研究及应用

针对变分模态分解端点效应处理方法的缺陷和分解过程中需要人为地控制输入参数,会严重影响预测结果,且ARMA模型本身在极值点附近预测精度就不高的问题,该文提出了MVMD-ARMA残差修正电离层预测模型,加强对分解时端点效应的控制,并通过阈值条件,自动选取最优参数,且对预测结果进行了残差修正。实验结果表明,改进模型的绝对残差均值为0.95TECU,分别比ARMA模型和VMD-ARMA模型小0.20TECU和0.11TECU;残差标准差均值为0.67,分别比ARMA模型和VMD-ARMA模型小0.17和0.09;平均相对精度的均值为88.64%,分别比ARMA模型和VMD-ARMA模型高2.56%和2.23%。