双洞八车道大断面隧道地震动力响应数值分析

为研究双洞八车道超大断面隧道在地震力作用下的动力响应特征,以平潭综合实验区牛寨山隧道为工程背景,建立双洞八车道隧道的三维有限元数值计算模型。采用时程分析方法,在模型底部输入水平向地震动荷载,计算隧道结构在地震动荷载作用下的响应,包括位移、加速度及应力的变化。结果表明:最大水平和竖向位移出现在拱顶处,南线浅埋隧道整体呈剪切响应;隧道最大水平加速度出现在南线隧道拱顶偏左处,最大垂直加速度出现在南线隧道拱顶偏右处,南线隧道洞口由于浅埋,关键部位响应差较北线要大;南线的右拱肩埋深最浅,该部位拉应力最大,而北线拱顶的拉应力区最大,拱脚也出现明显的拉或压应力。建议在隧道洞口段的拱顶、拱脚及埋深最浅的部位应加强抗震设防。     

断层破碎带注浆加固对跨断层隧道减震效果的试验研究

隧道跨越断层区段是地震中最容易发生破坏的区域之一。为研究注浆加固断层破碎带对于跨断层隧道的减震机制与效果,设计了断层内有、无注浆加固的2种模型,采用1-g振动台试验,输入汶川地震动记录,测试隧道衬砌的加速度响应和应变响应时程。分析试验结果发现,跨断层隧道的最大加速度响应和最大Arias烈度均位于断层破碎带与上盘岩体交界处,隧道衬砌最大动应变分布在该交界面侧的隧道拱肩部位和断层破碎带侧的拱底部位;注浆加固可以显著减小该处的加速度响应和Arias烈度,并降低隧道衬砌环动应变沿纵向的差异。通过注浆加固破碎带提升断层内隧道周围的地层物理力学特性以减小隧道纵向地层性质差异,可以有效减小跨断层隧道的加速度放大效应与变形差异。     

考虑边坡进洞高程的黄土隧道洞口段动力响应数值模拟

利用Midas-GTS建立边坡-隧道结构模型,对宝兰客专黄土隧道洞口段在地震作用下的动力响应特征进行数值模拟研究,分析边坡进洞高程对洞口段动力响应的影响,在此基础上讨论隧道洞口段受力变形特征及其分布规律。研究表明:坡面最大位移随着仰坡坡度的增大而增大;仰坡坡度越大、进洞高程越高,隧道洞口段的衬砌变形就越大;坡面和衬砌加速度最大值随着仰坡坡度的增大而减小;当洞口段隧道长度Y≥60 m时,进洞高程越大,衬砌加速度越小。洞口段仰拱最大主应力整体大于拱顶最大主应力,但二者变化趋势基本一致;在洞口段0~20 m范围内,由于坡隧系统相互作用交互影响,衬砌结构受力情况较为复杂。     

强震区隧道洞口段的动力特性研究

本文根据南昆线乐善村２号和草庵两座隧道的试验结果,研究了强震区隧道洞口段的抗震性能。文中讨论了洞口段的加速度反应特征、洞口设防长度和破坏形态并指出了洞口段抗震薄弱的部位。     

强震区隧道油口段的动力特征性研究

本文根据南昆线乐善村２号和草庵两座隧道的试验结果,研究了强震区隧道洞口段的抗震性能。本文讨论了洞口段的加速度反应特征、洞口设防长度和破坏形态并指出了洞口段抗震薄弱的部位。     

黄土隧道边仰坡动力响应的大型振动台模型试验研究

设计并完成了1∶80比例尺的高陡黄土边坡大型振动台模型试验。通过输入不同类型、幅值、频率的地震波,探讨地震作用下模型洞口仰坡动力响应规律,以及地震动参数对动力响应的影响。试验结果表明,不同地震波加载的过程中,坡面的PGA随着测点高程的增大而增大,在隧道仰拱和拱顶所处的位置,PGA有突然减小的过程。其中仰拱周围边坡坡面的PGA减小更大,说明隧道的存在对坡面加速度的放大作用具有一定的抑制作用,其中仰拱位置比拱顶位置抑制作用更强。台面峰值加速度越大,仰拱对加速度的抑制作用更加明显,坡顶面的PGA最大,因此坡面越高,加速度的放大效应越明显,并没有出现加速度放大系数饱和的这种状态。试验结果有助于揭示黄土隧道仰坡在地震作用下的失稳机制,为工程的抗震设计提供有益的参考。     

盾构隧道下穿地下建筑物时的地表沉降分析

为研究盾构隧道下穿地下建筑物时的地表沉降特征和地层沉降规律,对沈阳地铁1号线某区间盾构隧道下穿地下结构引起的地层沉降进行了理论分析、数值模拟和工程监测。结果表明：盾构机从不同方向接近地下框架结构端墙的下方时,端墙下方土体出现较大的位移,因此端墙下方土体需加固;盾构机在独立基础下方掘进时,提高同步注浆压力和增加注浆量对减小地表沉降的作用不明显;地下框架结构对土层的约束作用使盾构隧道施工引起的地表最大沉降值减小,沉降槽宽度系数增大,曲线更平缓;忽略地下框架结构刚度的地表沉降数值分析结果与地表位移监测数据接近,可用于指导工程实践。     

富水区隧道合理防排水型式及注浆加固参数研究

以在建的某近接水库公路隧道为工程依托,建立其渗流场和应力场的双场流固耦合计算模型;选取3种不同的防排水型式为研究对象,对注浆圈厚度、注浆圈渗透系数、控制排水量等因素对隧道内排水量和衬砌外水压力的影响规律进行探究,提出了合理的注浆圈加固参数、控制性排水量以及最优的防排水方式等。研究结果表明：增大注浆圈厚度或降低注浆圈渗透系数均能实现减小衬砌外水压力的目的,但并不意味着注浆圈厚度越厚、渗透系数越低,对隧道涌水量的控制效果就越好,而是存在一个相对经济合理的注浆圈加固参数值;隧道控制排水量以及排水型式对于控制衬砌结构外水压力的大小起到决定性的作用;采用环向排水管及盲管＋墙脚设泄水孔的排水型式,这对衬砌结构受力最为有利。     

山岭隧道洞口段地震响应振动台模型试验研究

通过对已有震害的调查发现,洞口段为山岭隧道抗震的薄弱环节,容易发生边坡失稳及衬砌结构的损坏。对隧道洞口段进行了大型振动台模型试验研究。研究结果表明:由于洞口仰坡临空面的存在,在距离洞口一定范围内会出现加速度的"放大效应",这种"放大效应"会导致衬砌间的非一致振动;应变结果显示:衬砌结构主要以横向受力为主,地震附加应力主要集中在拱肩和拱脚,这些部位为衬砌结构抗震的薄弱环节,试验中距洞口一定距离处的衬砌结构最先破坏,故洞口加速度的"放大效应"并不代表衬砌结构地震反应内力的放大,洞口处衬砌结构惯性力不是结构地震反应附加内力的主导部分;洞口仰坡的坡面位移随着高程的增大呈抛物线形增长,衬砌结构整体变形为椭圆形,变形较大的位置为拱肩和拱脚;随着地震波的逐级加载,洞口仰坡发生推动式滑坡,从而引起衬砌结构的破坏,施工缝的存在消耗围岩变形对衬砌结构产生的附加内力,有助于衬砌结构抗震。试验研究结论可供软弱围岩下山岭隧道洞口段的抗震设计参考。     

强震作用下黄土隧道洞口段地震动放大效应研究

针对黄土地区山岭隧道面临的强震灾害现实特点,以强震作用下洞口周边土体与隧道结构的地震动放大效应为主要研究目标,通过建立三维数值模型,重点研究不同坡度、坡高与入洞高程模型的坡面高程方向、水平方向以及衬砌结构的加速度与位移响应规律,提出坡面加固区范围和隧道抗震设防长度建议值。研究结果表明:仰坡高度、坡角及进洞高程的变化,均会对隧道洞口段地震响应规律和破坏模式产生重要影响,缓坡易发生坡底处的剪切破坏,而陡坡易发生坡顶的拉裂破坏;随着边坡高度的增大,边坡的滑动破坏范围逐渐增大;隧道的存在对坡面地震动高程放大效应有明显"抑制"作用,在洞口水平向存在动力响应放大区,范围为2.1～2.8倍洞径;通过分析隧道衬砌沿进深方向的动力响应规律,建议黄土隧道洞口段抗震设防长度最小值为3倍洞径。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.