鄂尔多斯盆地杭锦旗地区山西组储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

山西组致密砂岩是鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界重要的油气产层,其致密化过程对储层质量有重要影响.采用镜下鉴定、阴极发光、扫描电镜、储层物性和包裹体测温等测试分析手段,研究杭锦旗地区山西组储层发育特征、成岩作用和孔隙演化.结果表明:山西组岩石类型主要是岩屑石英砂岩、岩屑砂岩和石英砂岩;储层除有少量原生粒间孔外,还发育大量次生孔隙;...     

川东北元坝地区须家河组储层特征与超致密成因探讨

元坝地区须家河组砂岩的致密化程度极高,以超低孔、超低渗储层为主,属于超致密砂岩。本文基于铸体薄片、阴极发光、扫描电镜和物性等资料,在对砂岩的岩石组分、孔隙类型及物性特征分析的基础上,通过与国内外典型致密砂岩对比,揭示研究区砂岩较其他砂岩致密化程度高的原因,分析超致密砂岩的勘探潜能。结果表明,研究区砂岩具有较高的塑性岩屑、碳酸盐岩岩屑和黏土杂基含量;填隙物以黏土杂基和钙质胶结物为主,较强的硅质胶结作用仅发育于石英砂岩中。孔隙多为黏土杂基晶间微孔,喉道呈窄缝状或不发育,孔喉分选差,偏细歪度。砂岩致密化程度高主要有两方面的原因:一是原始组构差,成分成熟度低,含有较高的塑性岩屑、碳酸盐岩岩屑和黏土杂基含量,导致砂岩在早成岩阶段既已经历了很强的压实作用和钙质胶结作用,致密化时间早,溶蚀作用不发育;二是成岩演化阶段高,砂岩经历了中成岩阶段的压溶及进一步的钙质/硅质胶结,使得砂岩超致密化。与国内外典型致密砂岩气藏对比表明,超致密砂岩有效孔隙少,对天然气的富集能力有限。元坝地区须家河组只有孔隙度近于8%(如长石岩屑砂岩)的砂岩才可成为有利的致密气储层。     

川东建南地区须家河组储层特征及其差异演化过程

川东建南地区须家河组储层非均质性极强,致密化程度极高,为了查明储层差异演化过程,剖析储层差异演化控制因素,运用岩石学和岩石地球化学的多种实验方法,在详细刻画储层岩石学特征的基础上,划分了储层成岩相类型,查明了不同类型砂岩的物性特征和孔隙结构特征,分析了储层的差异性演化过程.研究区砂岩可以划分为4种成岩相类型,即强压实相、溶蚀相、硅质胶结相和强钙质胶结相.溶蚀相砂岩物性最好,强压实相砂岩次之,硅质胶结相和钙质胶结相砂岩物性最差.碎屑组分的差异是造成储层非均质性强和差异性演化的重要原因.塑性岩屑含量的差异,导致早成岩时期压实减孔程度的不同;长石含量的差异,影响了砂岩中溶蚀强度和方解石胶结程度;石英含量的差异,控制了砂岩中硅质胶结作用的强弱;最终,使得储层演化有先有后,空间分布非均质.      

川西须家河组超致密砂岩成岩作用与相对优质储层形成机制

川西须家河组砂岩是我国重要的天然气储层和产层,同时也是我国埋藏深度最大和最为致密的碎屑岩储层之一,在其超致密背景下发育有对天然气聚集有利的相对优质储层.须家河组砂岩埋藏后经历了复杂的成岩作用,相对优质储层中次生孔隙与原生孔隙并存.本文基于对川西须家河组超致密砂岩的岩石学、矿物学、地球化学和其它储层特征研究,总结了川西深埋藏条件下须家河组砂岩的成岩作用特征及其相对优质储层的形成机制.     

川西新场地区上三叠统须家河组二、四段物源及储层特征差异对比研究

随着勘探由常规油气向非常规油气的深入,致密砂岩气逐渐成为勘探热点。川西坳陷新场地区须二段、四段致密砂岩储层是须家河组主要的产气层。受沉积环境、埋深、成岩环境的影响,不同物源下储层砂岩矿物组成、成岩演化以及储集物性等方面存在显著差异。首先,结合前人研究成果,通过砂岩类型和岩屑类型特征分析研究区须二段、须四段的物源方向。其次,通过储层岩石学特征、物性特征、储集空间特征及储集层成岩作用类型探究物源对储层特征的影响。最后,分别讨论不同物源下研究区须二段、须四段储层特征的差异性,揭示物源对储层的控制作用。取得认识如下：（1）须二段主物源区是米仓山—大巴山,须四段主物源区是龙门山;（2）须二段,米仓山—大巴山物源较龙门山物源控制的储层压实作用及硅质胶结作用略强,绿泥石薄膜发育,碳酸盐胶结作用弱。须四段,龙门山物源较米仓山—大巴山物源控制的储层碳酸盐岩屑极大地提高了储层的抗压实能力,长石溶蚀作用显著,方解石胶结作用略弱;（3）龙门山物源体系下,须二段绿泥石胶结和长石溶蚀作用主要改变储层物性,碳酸盐胶结和硅质胶结作用是储层致密化的关键因素;须四段溶蚀作用和相对较弱的压实作用是储层孔隙发育的主要因素,碳...     

延川南地区下石盒子组致密砂岩气储层特征及成藏条件

延川南地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘晋西挠褶带与渭北隆起交汇处,区内2口钻井在盒6、盒8段试气获得中-高产气流。在前人研究的基础上,对下石盒子组致密砂岩气储层的沉积相类型、储集空间特征、储层物性以及影响气藏发育的主控因素进行分析,认为下石盒子组产气层位一般发育在河道的砂体富集带的心滩微相,储层岩石类型以长石岩屑质石英砂岩为主,岩屑砂岩、岩屑质石英砂岩次之。研究区河道砂体富集带在上部受泥岩封盖,侧向上受逆断层遮挡,形成岩性-地层复合型气藏。     

川中合川地区上三叠统须家河组二段储层特征

合川地区须家河组二段显示出较好的含油气性,通过对该地区岩心及铸体薄片观察分析,对该区须家河组二段的沉积相、岩石学特征、孔喉结构、成岩作用、物性特征及其主控因素进行了深入研究.认识到合川地区须二段岩性主要为岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,属于三角洲前缘亚相沉积,水下分流河道和河口砂坝是主要储集砂体,储集空间类型主要为粒间孔和粒内溶孔,并搞清了合川地区须二段储层的成岩作用、物性特征及其控制因素,对加快合川地区须二段的勘探开发步伐具有重要的理论价值和现实意义.     

川中广安构造须家河组储层研究

根据广安构造须家河组钻测井及化学分析资料的研究,探讨了储层发育的控制因素。研究表明,广安构造须家河组储集岩以细～中粒岩屑砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主,储渗空间主要为残余粒间孔和粒内溶孔,物性较差,多属于孔隙型储层,裂缝—孔隙型较少。储层在纵向上主要发育于须六段下亚段中上部,须四段主要分布在中下部;平面上须六段储层主要集中在广安构造北翼101井区附近,须四段主要发育在广安构造西北翼106井区附近。储层特征主要受沉积、成岩和构造作用的共同控制。     

致密砂岩储层自生矿物特征及其对储集性能的影响——以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长3油组为例

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长3油组是近年来该区油藏评价新层系,分析砂岩中自生矿物特征对储层致密化机理研究有重要的意义。长3油组主要发育岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,平均孔隙度为13.35%,渗透率为4.90×10-3μm2,为低孔低渗透致密储层,目前砂岩处于中成岩阶段A期。通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、电子探针、X射线衍射等技术和手段,研究自生矿物的含量、类型、分布及成岩共生序列等特征。研究结果表明,早期绿泥石包膜有利于原生孔隙的保存,后期孔隙式充填降低了岩石孔隙度和渗透率;伊利石易堵塞孔隙喉道,导致储层物性变差;高岭石沉淀往往与长石溶解伴生,局部溶蚀作用强烈;晚期含铁碳酸盐胶结作用发育,镜下溶蚀现象少见,对储层的发育有破坏作用;石英次生加大边和自生晶粒占据了大量孔隙空间,同时石英也增强了岩石的抗压能力,对孔渗影响不大。总体上,长3油组自生矿物胶结对储集物性起负面效应,是砂岩储层致密化的主要因素之一。     

四川盆地须家河组致密砂岩物源体系的控储作用

为明确四川盆地须家河组致密砂岩物源特征及控储作用,运用储层岩石学测试和镜下分析,研究了物源与储层发育的关系及分布,探讨了物源体系的控制因素。研究结果表明,四川盆地须家河组储层具有成分成熟度较低、物性差异性强、以中-细粒为主、主要为溶蚀孔隙和成岩效应存在两面性5个基本特征;物源控制了储层岩石类型的发育范围,平面展布存在差异性,其可溶矿物组分及含量亦有所不同,导致各地区孔隙发育及规模有所不同;西部龙门山和东北部大巴山是须家河组的主要供源区,前者表现为碳酸盐岩岩屑含量相对较高,后者表现为火山岩岩屑含量相对较高。不同时期造山活动强度的阶段性变化使得物源供应强度及类型也随之变化,储层岩石组分差异分化,进而控制储层垂向非均质性。研究成果可以为该区下一步的油气精细勘探提供借鉴。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.