下生上储式油气富集程度的定量研究方法及其应用——以廊固凹陷大柳泉构造带沙三中亚段为例

为了研究大柳泉构造带沙三中亚段下生上储式油气成藏规律,在源、储、输导、圈闭等成藏要素的发育及分布特征研究的基础上,对其成藏贡献进行了研究.研究表明:油气运移条件与油气保存条件是控制大柳泉构造带油气富集程度的两个最主要的影响因素.油气运移条件包括垂向运移条件,侧向分流条件和侧向运移条件,油气保存条件包括盖层垂向封闭性和控圈断层侧向封闭性.根据钻井资料提出一种新的油气运移、保存条件评价方法,即油气运移指数与油气保存指数.通过分析对比已钻井油气运移、保存指数与油气富集各影响因素的定量关系,建立出预测未钻井圈闭油气富集程度的评价公式.运用该方法对大柳泉构造带沙三中亚段各圈闭油气富集程度进行预测,其结果与当前钻探成果有很高的符合率.     

火山岩储层特征与油气成藏模式研究

火山岩油气藏的勘探历史已经有一百二十多年,经历了偶然发现、初步勘探和深入研究三个发展阶段,火山岩从油气勘探的禁区转变为重要领域.目前火山岩油气藏在油气总量中占的比例并不大,但是已展现出良好的油气前景,成为新的油气增长点,越来越受到油气勘探界的重视.本文分析了火山岩岩性、岩相的研究现状,将火山岩的储集空间分为原生孔隙、原生裂缝、次生孔隙、次生裂缝4个大类,13个小类.火山岩的成藏模式有岩性成藏模式、构造成藏模式、构造-岩性成藏模式、风化壳成藏模式等.针对火山岩储层的复杂性,亟需以火山岩储层地质理论为指导,结合岩心、重磁力、测井、地震资料,建立一套有针对性的研究方法,全面评价火山岩储层特征和空间展布.     

陆相断陷盆地油气网络成藏研究与应用

通过对陆相断陷盆地的形成演化特征的整体剖析和对油气成藏主控因素控油气作用的系统研究,提出了油气网络成藏的新概念.油气网络(路)系指油气自源岩中生成后,在各种动力作用下,顺输导体系向周边运移后的路径在时空中构成的三维立体系统.研究表明,油气网络由四大要素构成,它们分别是形成油气网络的物质来源——烃源灶、聚集油气的网端——圈闭、联接网源与网端的网路——输导体系、促使网路中油气运移的网势——运移动力.与其它形式的网络系统相比,油气网络有3个基本特征:一是油气网络中的物质流动和信息流动在地史过程中不可逆;二是油气网络中物质和信息的流动是以物质损耗和信息损耗为代价;三是存在多种不同类型的运烃运力.各要素在地史过程中同一时期内活跃并联合作用形成油气藏概称为网络成藏作用.网络成藏作用具有3种基本模式,即网源内成藏、网路上成藏、网末端成藏.油气勘探实践中应用网络成藏模式的关键是首先确定主成藏期及主成藏期四大要素的控油气作用范围;然后通过各网络要素叠合作用预测最有利成藏区带;最后通过要素关联机制评价圈闭含油气性并确定钻探目标.论文以渤海湾盆地东营凹陷列举了应用实例.     

地震成藏学核心内容与技术方法体系探讨

地震成藏学是随着地震勘探技术和油气成藏理论的不断发展,为了满足现阶段油气勘探实践需要而提出的一门交叉学科.其主要目的是充分利用先进地震技术解决油气动态成藏问题,促使油气成藏从二维、静态向三维、动态方向发展.本文在石油地震地质学最新研究成果基础上,结合地震研究方法和油气成藏学理论最新动态,通过基本原理、学科特点等的综合分析,重新定义了地震成藏学的概念,厘定了地震成藏学研究思路、核心内容与技术方法体系.认为地震成藏学是在油气成藏理论指导下,充分利用地震信息和先进地震技术对油气成藏的静态地质要素、动态地质过程和油气藏空间分布进行研究,最终实现动态成藏建模的一门科学.认为地震成藏学大致包括四方面研究内容:1)静态成藏要素地震地质研究,2)动态成藏过程地震地质研究,3)油气藏空间分布地震地质综合预测和4)油气成藏地震地质综合评价及建模研究.其中,后三者将成为该学科研究核心和今后攻关主要方向.本文针对地震成藏学的主要研究内容,按照勘探区地质认识程度的不同,分别提出了基于烃源岩地震预测技术、成藏动力地震预测技术、油气输导体系地震预测技术和油气成藏地震演化剖面综合分析等关键技术的地震成藏学解析技术和基于岩石物理模拟、流体置换等地震成藏单元随机模拟技术.     

白云凹陷东部A井区油气输导体系及其控藏作用

南海北部深水区白云凹陷油气资源丰富,勘探潜力巨大,白云凹陷东部目前已获得多个商业性油气发现,但是该地区油气分布较复杂,油气聚集规律仍有待深入分析.本文基于三维地震、钻井、测井和岩心分析资料,对白云凹陷东部A井区油气输导体系及其控藏作用进行了综合研究.研究表明:研究区发育断裂、不整合面和砂岩输导层三类输导体.断开层位多,长期活动的Ⅰ类断裂为油源断裂,垂向上深部主要起输导油气作用,而浅部垂向和侧向封闭性较好,主要起封堵油气的作用;断开层位少,活动时期短的Ⅱ类断裂主要起封堵油气的作用.砂岩输导层主要为ZJ2段和ZJ3段砂体,输导能力强;而珠海组砂体的区域输导能力较差.T70不整合面主要为削超不整合和平行不整合.靠近洼陷的平行不整合面上、下分别为渗透性的砂岩和灰岩岩层,为油气输导层,东部隆起区的削超不整合则有利于油气聚集.分析得出:沟通白云主洼烃源岩的3号断层系发育的断面脊、ZJ2段和ZJ3段砂岩构造脊以及自西向东发育的不整合构造脊控制了油气优势运移方向,为区域油气运移的优势通道.三种输导体组合形成的复合输导体系类型决定了研究区的油气运移聚集规律:断裂与砂体组成的断-砂复合输导体系表现为断-砂耦合输导、油气近源成藏模式,油气成藏的主要层位为ZJ2段;而断裂与砂体和不整合面复合-网状输导体系则表现为断-砂-不整合-构造脊复合输导、油气远源多层系成藏模式,油气纵向上具有多层系成藏的特征.     

天然地震促进孔隙流体迁移机制的探讨及两类模型分析

随着当今油气勘探工作的深入,油气运移机制的研究愈发重要.近来国内外关于天然地震引起油气井产量变化,油气开采诱发地震的研究报道很多.一系列的观测事实表明强震具有巨大的地下流体运移力,天然地震对油气运移成藏有着显著的影响,很可能是多震油气藏区域油气运移的主要机制.本文从岩石骨架与孔隙流体相互耦合作用机理出发,分析较适合的固液耦合模型(包括宏观和微观模型),探讨和综述天然地震与油气二次运移成藏之间的深层次联系,提出了微宏观模型融合分析的观点,以期从震控油气二次运移的物理学机制角度为复杂多地震区域下的油气藏的勘探、开发提供理论依据和信息参考.     

气烟囱模式识别技术在油气运移通道检测中的应用

气烟囱对油气运移通道和运移模式具有一定的指示作用,而利用原始地震数据或单一地震属性对气烟囱进行解释存在严重的多解性.本文采用基于有监督人工神经网络的多属性模式识别技术对三维地震数据进行气烟囱体检测,并将其应用于渤海辽东湾郯庐断裂带某工区,以摸清油气运移机制和成藏模式,达到预测油气有利分布范围的目的.结果表明,气烟囱体能够更清楚、直观地指示油气沿断裂运移的通道,气烟囱发育部位与浅层气的分布比较一致.研究区内深大走滑断裂是沟通深层烃源岩的主要通道,是油气平面分布的主要控制因素.断裂后期活动形成的次级雁列断层对油气具有调节作用,使得部分油气在浅层新近系储层中聚集成藏,断裂活动性大小的不同决定了油气再次调节作用的大小,从而控制油气富集层位的差异性.气烟囱检测结果与该区钻井揭示的油气富集规律基本一致,从而证明了该方法的有效性和实用性.     

地震成藏学及其应用

地震成藏学是继地震地层学、地震沉积学和油气成藏学之后的一门新兴边缘交叉学科分支,是地球物理勘探技术及其成果与现代油气成藏理论相结合的产物.通过对其研究方法、内容及关键技术分析,认为直接利用地震解释成果(构造解释剖面、岩性反演剖面、烃检测剖面等)进行油气成藏分析是其研究的独特方法,它以精细地震构造解释技术、高精度地震岩性反演技术和稳定的地震弹性参数反演及烃类检测技术为手段,以现代油气成藏理论为指导,结合地震资料及解释成果,在油气潜力预测和勘探开发方面展示出良好的应用前景.以塔南凹陷t46井区为例,发现日产近万方的油气井,论证了高精度地震岩性反演技术在隐蔽油气藏(主要是岩性油气藏)预测中的重要价值.     

T17断块岩性地层油气藏高效勘探开发模式研究

断陷湖盆缓坡带是油气运移的优势指向区,具备形成岩性地层油气藏的优越条件.本文采用地球物理技术与石油地质分析相结合的方法,分析了T17断块岩性地层油气藏的地质特征与油气展布规律,认为：（1）油气成藏受不整合面、岩性及构造因素综合控制;(2)单个含油砂体的油层在上倾部位受储层超覆尖灭线控制,下倾方向受油水界面控制;(3)多个含油砂体叠和构成了岩性地层油气聚集区带,整个区带油气层纵向上呈阶梯状产出,平面上由构造低部位向构造高部位呈条带状展布.据此,总结该区油气藏的高效勘探开发模式,并应用到该断块的勘探开发实践中,取得了较好的效果.     

地震地质综合解释在辽河油田东部凹陷中段构造解释的应用

地震资料解释一个地区时综合使用地震和地质资料非常重要。作者在辽河油田东部凹陷的构造解释中,首先,利用野外观察到的地质构造现象, 建立地质露头模型;然后根据典型露头照片所示的构造特征对断层进行组合和构造解释;进而结合地震剖面特征分析油气的运移、聚集和成藏特征。通过地震地质综合解释的研究,推断出研究区内的走滑断层为油气的主控因素,走滑断层发育地区为油气富集的有利地带,同时对黄沙坨和欧利坨子油田的构造样式以及和油气之间关系进行了分析和研究。     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.